The document discusses two models of job satisfaction and turnover - Mobley's model and the unfolding model. Mobley's model views turnover as a multi-stage process where dissatisfied employees evaluate and plan to leave their jobs. The unfolding model proposes five paths employees may take, such as responding automatically to a familiar problem or being pushed to leave by a poor performance review. Recent research found support for the unfolding model's paths in exit interviews. The document also applies the models to an example of a server who loses shifts and decides to find a new job with more hours.

1. JOB SATISFACTION & TURNOVER

2. Agenda
• Definitions.
• Introduction.
• TURNOVER : MOBLEY'S MODEL.
• TURNOVER : THE UNFOLDING MODEL .
• TURNOVER : Current research on THE UNFOLDING MODEL .
• SATISFACTION & TURNOVER : Applying the models to a real world scenario.
 SATISFACTION & TURNOVER : Applying MOBLEY'S MODEL to a real world
scenario.
SATISFACTION & TURNOVER : Applying THE UNFOLDING MODEL to a real world
scenario.
• JOB SATISFACTION & TURNOVER : Concluding thoughts
• References

3. Definitions
• Job Satisfaction Definition: Britt & Jex (2008) describe job satisfaction as the
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors employees hold toward aspects of their job.
• Turnover Definition: The rate that employees enter and leave an organization
during the year (Jacobs, 2012).

4. Introduction
• Over the years researchers and managers have become more concerned about
the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover rates in organizations
(Britt & Jex, 2008; Mobley, 1977; Lee & Mitchell, 1994; Jacobs, 2012).. As the
economy pulls out of the recession organizations are becoming more concerned
with their rates of turnover rising as more job opportunities are entering the job
market.

5. Introduction (cont..)
• Organizations are not only concerned with losing their top employees but they
are also worried about the costs associated with recruiting, selecting and training
new employees as a result of previous employees leaving (Britt & Jex, 2008).
• Research has found that job satisfaction is linked to turnover, in that employees
who are more satisfied with their jobs tend to be less likely to leave their jobs
(Jacobs, 2012).

6. TURNOVER: MOBLEY'S MODEL
• The first model that evolved and dominated the field for a great amount of time
was Mobley’s (1977) Model of the Turnover Process. This model demonstrates
just how complex the decision for an employee to quit truly is. Mobley (1977)
suggests that an employee’s decision to leave a job occurs in multiple stages.
• The following figure presents a modified version of Mobley’s Model (1977) that
displays the decision process employees go through when confronted with the
idea of leaving their job.

7. TURNOVER: MOBLEY’S
MODEL .(Cont..)

8. TURNOVER: THE UNFOLDING MODEL .
• The next model that will be presented is one that has been recently developed
and is gaining acceptance into the turnover literature.
• This new model was developed by Lee and Mitchell (1994) and is identified as
the Unfolding Model. This model takes what was demonstrated in Mobley’s
Model (1977) and presents a new perspective on the turnover process that is
different from what Mobley Model (1977) describes.
• Mobley’s Model (1977) first starts with the idea that the employee evaluates
their job when deciding to quit. Lee and Mitchell (1994) in contrast argue that
employee’s don’t just randomly evaluate their job unless there is a situation that
gives them a reason to evaluate their current position.

9. TURNOVER: THE UNFOLDING MODEL (Cont..)
• This model presents five distinct paths employees can experience that result in
the leaving their current job.

10. TURNOVER: THE UNFOLDING MODEL. (Cont..)
Path 1
• Script Drive Decision: A predetermined script is a behavioral response
an employee responds automatically with because they already have
previous experience with that particular situation (Lee & Mitchell, 1994).
Path 2
• Push Factors: An employee believes they are performing well at their
job. However, a recent job performance review from their supervisors
said other wise and pushes the employee to quit .
Path 3
• Pull Factors: Recently John was e-mailed a job offer from one of his
organization’s competitors. He has always admired this competitor and
the job offer showed they would pay him more to do the same job, so
John leaves his current organization for the competitor.

11. TURNOVER: THE UNFOLDING MODEL. (Cont..)
Path 4a
• Quit Job Impulsively: In a recent annual performance review, John’s
supervisors told John he felt John was not working very hard. John
on the other hand knew that he had been putting in extra effort
lately and as a result John quit right on the spot because he felt
unappreciated.
Path 4b
• Job search then quit: After the negative news from John’s
performance review, instead of quitting right then he goes home
and conducts a job search first before telling his boss he quits.

12. TURNOVER : Current research on THE UNFOLDING
MODEL .
• Kulik, Treuren, and Bordia (2012) conducted a study to test the validity of the
Unfolding Model.
• In this study the researchers came into an organization as an outside party where
they took exit interviews from employees leaving an organization and analyzed
the reasons the employees provided for why they were leaving.
• They used these responses to see if they supported the different paths described
in the Unfolding Model.

13. TURNOVER : Current research on THE UNFOLDING
MODEL . (Cont..)
• After analyzing the 228 exit interviews, the researchers found that:
22%
15%
31%
7%
25%
Turnover Percentage due to reasons related to Paths based on Unfolding Model
Path 1
Path 2
Path 3
Path 4a
Path 4b

14. SATISFACTION & TURNOVER : Applying the models
to a real world scenario.
• Scenario :
Sara is a server at a casual dining Mexican restaurant, where she has worked
there for three years. Since the holidays are close, the restaurant has recently
started hiring more servers to keep up with the volume of customers that dine out
during the holidays.
Recently due to this over-hiring, Sara has gone from having five shifts to just
three shifts and she even lost one of her shifts where she had a large section of
tables. This made Sara upset with her manager because by losing her shifts she is
losing money. As a result of Sara’s loss in shifts she has decided she will look for
another job where she can make more money.

15. SATISFACTION &
TURNOVER :
Applying MOBLEY'S
MODEL to a real
world scenario.

16. SATISFACTION & TURNOVER : Applying THE
UNFOLDING MODEL to a real world scenario.
For Your opinion
which path Sarah choose to leave due to her reasons ? (Based on THE
UNFOLDING MODEL )

17. JOB SATISFACTION & TURNOVER : Concluding
thoughts (Cont..)
• There is a relatively strong relationship between job satisfaction and turnover.
• There are a variety of other models in the turnover literature that present new
ideas for how job satisfaction relates to turnover however these two models are
the ones with the most support currently in research.
• This information is critical for industries where turnover rates are relatively high
such as service industries and food industries.

18. JOB SATISFACTION & TURNOVER : Concluding
thoughts
• Research has found that the annual turnover rate for food service managers is
around 67% (Ghiselli, La Lopa, & Bai, 2001).
• This is an extremely high turnover rate and this means that the food-service
industry is experiencing a high amount of costs due to turnover. This is why
understanding the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover is
significant.
• If managers are provided knowledge about this relationship and ways to
improve employee satisfaction, they will be able to reduce their turnover rates
significantly and save on the costs of hiring new employees.

19. References
• http://whatsyourjobattitude.weebly.com/job-satisfaction--turnover-
intentions.html
• http://whatsyourjobattitude.weebly.com/mobleys-model.html
• http://whatsyourjobattitude.weebly.com/mobleys-model-simplified.html
• http://whatsyourjobattitude.weebly.com/the-unfolding-model.html
• http://whatsyourjobattitude.weebly.com/the-unfolding-model-broken-
down.html
• http://whatsyourjobattitude.weebly.com/recent-research.html
• http://whatsyourjobattitude.weebly.com/real-world-application.html
• http://whatsyourjobattitude.weebly.com/conclusion.html