Organizational behavior is the study of how human behavior impacts organizational performance. It examines how individuals, groups, and structures affect behavior within organizations. The field draws from psychology, sociology, communication, and management. Key contributors include Frederick Taylor with scientific management, Elton Mayo with the Hawthorne Studies, and theorists who developed models like the autocratic, custodial, supportive, and collegial models of management. Understanding organizational behavior can help improve areas like innovation, customer service, and responding to change.
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Organizational Behavior Theories and Models Explained
1. By
Narendra Salunke
Google Classroom Code: qt57wbr
CO1: DESCRIBE the major theories, concepts, terms, models,
(Remembering) frameworks and research findings in the field of
organizational behavior.
4. Organizational Behaviour
Organizational Behaviour is a field of study that
investigates the impact that individuals, groups and
organizational structures have on behaviour within
organization for the purpose of applying such knowledge
towards improving an organizations effectiveness.
Organizational Behaviour can be defined as the
understanding, prediction and management of how
human behaviour affects the performance of the
organization
7. General Rules (Universal Rules)
Human Resource have been, are and
will continue to be the major
challenges and critical to competitive
advantage
The answer to the successful
Organization: “People are the key”
9. Importance of OB
9. Improving Ethical Behaviour
10. Group Dynamics
1. Stimulating Innovation & Change
2. Improving Customer Services
3. Responding to Globalization
6. Balancing work life
7. Managing Work force Diversity
8. Improving People Skill
4. Responding to Economic Pressure
5. Creating positive work
environment
Imp of OB
14. I. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
One to One relationship in Organization
People used to work in small group or alone
Faced exploitation by employer as there were no stipulated
conditions to regulate the employment conditions
The growth of factory system further aggravated the
conditions of employment
15. Adam Smith (1723 – 1790)
Economist
Published book: “The Wealth of Nations” (An Inquiry
in to Nature & Causes of Wealth of Nations) in 1776
Advocated division of labor
Gave the example of manufacturing pins to illustrate
his point
16. Robert Owen (1771-1858)
(New Lanark Mill)
First to recognize, how the growing factory system is
demeaning to the workers
HRM Pioneer
Proposed Legislative Reforms regarding Standard
Working Day 0f 10.5 Hrs
Refused to employ children below the age of 10 yrs
Improved Living Conditions of Employee
Father of Personnel Administration
Silent Monitor Concept
17. Silent Monitor:
The 'silent monitors' were hung next to each worker in
the mills, with each side displaying a different colour.
•'Bad' behaviour was represented by the colour black;
•indifferent' was represented by blue;
•'good' by yellow;
•and
•'excellent' by white.
18. Charles Babbage(1792-1871)
Mathematician
Author of the book “Economy of Machinery &
Manufactures” in 1832
Father of Modern Computing
First Mechanical Calculator & Analytical Engine
Supporter & Advocate of Division of Labor: Saves
Time, Reduce Wastage, High skills can be attained
Devised Profit Sharing Plan
19. Adrew Ure & Charles Dupin
(1778-1857 & 1784-1873)
British & French Academician
Advocated the study of Management
20. Henry R. Towne (1844-1924)
Author of research Paper: “The Engineer as an
Economist”
Emphasized the need to consider Management as
separate field of study
Emphasized the importance of Business Skills for
running business
Need to develop Management Principles
21. Max Weber (1864 to 1920)
Sociologist
Claimed that the Industrial Revolution's focus on
efficiency constrained the worker to a kind of
"prison" and "stripped a worker of their individuality"
Proposed Bureaucratic model or Bureaucratic
management: organization shall be rested on rational
and legal principles and maximized technical
efficiency."
23. Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)
(Started working as apprentice in Midvale Steel Co. & rose to the
post of Chief Engineer in 6 years)
Father of Scientific Management
Machine model of Organization
Wrote the revolutionary book: “Principles of
Scientific Management”: Gave 4 Step scientific
management plan
a. Develop Science for each element of Job
b. Scientifically Select employees & Train them to do these Jobs
c. Supervise employees to follow the prescribed method to follow
the Job
d. Continue to plan the work but use the workers to actually get the
work done
24. •Tackled “Soldiering Problem”
1. Fear of loosing Jobs
2. Faulty Wage System
3. Use of Outdated Methods
•Two Major Management Practices evolved:
a. Piece Rate Incentive System
b. Time & Motion Study
25. Frank & Lillian Gilbreth
(1868-1924 & 1878-1972)
Frank Gilbreth: Father of Motion Studies
Motion Studies:
- Finding out best sequence & Minimum no. of motions
required to complete a job
- Exploring new ways of eliminating unnecessary motions
Devised a classification scheme to label 17 basic hand
motions
30. Elton Mayo
Hawthorne Experiment
- AT & T Founded in 1876 (Divided in 1984)
- By 1929: 40,00 workers were there in Western Electric
Plant of Hawthorne (Chicago, USA)
- In 1927, Researchers Elton Mayo & Fritz Roethlisberger
were invited to join the research
- Consisted of 4 - Parts
31. 1. Illumination Experiment
Carried out to find out relationship between Output &
Illumination
2. Relay Assembly Test Room Experiment
32. • Group of 6 Girls was selected
• Informal Environment was maintained
• Productivity & Morale went high
• Conclusion: Socio-psychological Factors such as
Feeling of being Important, Recognition,
Attention, Participation, Non Directive
Supervision held the key for higher production
33. 3. Mass Interview Program:
Regarding Work, Working Conditions, Supervision
Direct Questions: Responses were guarded
Indirect Method: Confirmed the importance of Social
Factors at Work
34. 4. Bank Wiring Test Room Experiment
Carried out by Roethlisberger & Dickson
Objective: To develop new method of observation &
Finding out the causes of restricting the output
Group of 14 workers were selected
Observations:
-Employees were restricting their o/p
- Group has evolved with their own “unofficial”
productivity norms
- Isolation, Harassment & Punishment to Non-
followers
35. Contribution
Organization is also a social system, wherein group
psychology plays an important role, hence informal
group efforts shall more be relied.
Productivity of the employee is not the function of
only physical condition of the work & Money Wages
paid to them.
Employee can be motivated by psychological and
social wants
Productivity of the employee depends heavily upon
satisfaction of the employee in their work situation.
36. IV. Organizational Behaviour
The study of group was emphasized in Human Relations
Movement
Research based new approached developed in late 1950’s
and early 1960’s: called “Organizational Behaviour
1970s: Theories of Motivation, Leadership, Job
Satisfaction
1980s: Organizational Culture, Team Work, Political Skills
in an Organization
1990s: Personal Integrity, Character, Virtues, Ethics
2000s: Fred Luthans: POB (Positive Organizational
Behaviour): Confidence, Hope, Optimism
37. Models of OB:
Sr. No. Model Name
(Driving Power)
Description
1 Autocratic
(Authority/
Power)
•Manager has the power to command his/her
employee
•Psychological Result is “Increased Dependence on
Boss”
2 Custodial
(Security:
Salary/Money)
•Organization satisfy security & Welfare needs of
employees
•Focuses on better employee satisfaction,
•Results in dependence on Organization rather on
Boss
3 Supportive
(Support)
•Depends on leadership instead of Power or Money,
•Support employees Job performance,
•Psychological result is the feeling of participation
and task involvement
4 Collegial
(Team Work)
•Management is seen as joint contributor rather than
boss
•Employee response to this situation is responsibility
•Psychological result is “Self discipline”, enthusiasm
38. Sr. No. Model Name Organizations
1 Autocratic
(Authority)
•Military
•Police Force etc
2 Custodial
(Salary/Money)
•Government & Semi Govt. Organizations
•Public Sector Banks
3 Supportive
(Support)
•NGOs
•Educational Institutions
4 Collegial
(Team Work)
•Wipro
•Infosys
•HDFC
5 System Model
(Emotions)
•Google
•Facebook
•TCS
Models of OB:
39. Behavioural Bias
Indiscipline & Irresponsible Behaviour
Law of Diminishing Returns
Unethical Practices & Manipulation
Not an absolute answer
45. Questions in University Exams
1. Define “OB”. Explain theoretical behaviouristic framework and
its practical implications in handling professionals at
organization. (April 2018)
2. Explain four models of OB with suitable examples. (April 2018)
3. “Organizational Theories study organizations to identify how
they solve problems and How they maximize efficiency and
productivity” Do you agree or disagree with statement? Why?
(Oct 2017)
4. Define OB. Explain various models of OB (Oct 2017)
5. Why Organizational Behaviour is needed to study in modern
era? Explain. (April 2015, Oct 2016)
6. Explain various theoretical frameworks of OB. (Oct 2016)
7. “Behaviour is predictable : so there is no need to study OB
formally.” Comment. (April 2016)
46. Model Answer to Q3
Statement & Clearly state do you agree or disagree 1M
(If you are agree with statement)
Connection between employee behaviour and
Organization Productivity & Problem Solving 1M
Explain in brief, how following theories help predict the
employee behaviour
Cognitive Theory
Behaviouristic Theory
Social Cognitive theory (2M each =) 6M
Overall Representation of Answer 2M
47. MCQs
Q. Which of the following field of study is one of the
contributors in developing OB?
a. History
b. Political Science
c. Fine Arts
d. None of these
48. Q2. Who proposed Legislative Reforms regarding
Standard Working Day and Age of workers?
1. Charles Babbage
2. Adam Smith
3. Robert Owen
4. Henry Gyantt
49. Q3. Who is considered as father of scientific
management?
a. Adam Smith
b. Charles Babbage
c. Elton Mayo
d. Frederick W Taylor
50. Q4. Who gave the Cognitive Framework of OB?
a. Edward Tolman
b. Evan Pavlov
c. John Watson
d. Albert Bandura
51. Q5. Which of the following model of OB is based on
dictating power of Manager/Owner?
a. Autocratic Model
b. Custodial Model
c. Supportive Model
d. Collegial Model