1. B. STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS (Submit your answer at our G classroom Account- Assignment
section; Participate in the discussion ( date and time )
1. Explain the significant outcomes in the historical eras of nursing’s research for specialized
knowledge
a. Curriculum era (1900-1940s)
- This era specialized the knowledge the outcome laid the foundation for the continued
growth and development of nursing as a distinct and knowledgeable profession.
b. Research era (1950-1970s)
- Research era had boosted the nursing knowledge by weaving the research education,
and it was elevated the nursing impact by fostering the practical advancement and scholarly
growth.
c. Graduate education era (1950-1970s)
-This era standardized the program on nursing research and it marked the distinct body of
knowledge and to empahasize the importance of theoretical foundation in nursing education and
research.
d. Theory era (1980-1990s)
-Theory era witnessed the substantial integration of nursing theory , and it foster the
understanding about nursing phenomena.It influencing by seminal works like Carper’s patterrns
of knowing and Fawcett’s theory-research relationship and to continue developing and refine
nursing education,enabling the application to specialized theoretical knowledge to impart
nursing care.
e. Theory utilization era (21 st Century)
-During the 21st century theory utilization era is emphasize and applied by the nursing
theories such as guide clinical practice, research, and the education that lead to improved
patients outcomes and enhanced the nursing profession. Theory utilization era witnessed the
integration of nursing theories and to contribute the advancement and specialization in the
nursing knowledge
2. Identify the early theorists and briefly explain their work’s historical significance
a. Curriculum era (1900-1940s)
The early theorists of curriculum era was Hampton Robb, Mary Adelaide Nutting, Lavinia
Dock, Annie Goodrich. And to advocate the structure of training and standardized curriculum
for nursing. Their efforts already contributed significantly to elevate the nursing to
recognized the profession field.
b. Research era (1950-1970s)
The early theorists of Research era areHildegard Peplau, Virginia Henderson, Ernestine
Wiedenbach.These theorists concentrated creating the nursing theories that emphasized the
centered care and the crucial functions of nursing that their contributions laid the foundation for
the evidence of based nursing practices and the provided framework for nursing interventions.
c. Graduate education era (1950-1970s)
The early theorists are Dorothy Johnson, Martha Rogers, Sister Callista Roy, during these
era contributed the evolution of nursing theories closely aligned the expansion of nursing
education.Their works yielded conceptual framework that effectively directed advance in
nursing education and shaping the responsibilities with the nurses that hold the master’s and
doctoral degrees.
d. Theory era (1980-1990s)
The early theorists are Madeleine Leininger, Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, Margaret Newmana
during these era the theorists introduced the field promoting the nursing care and to recognized
the significance well being of human experiences and satisfying health context.
e. Theory utilization era (21 st Century)
2. The early theorists are Patricia Benner, Jean Watson, Katharine Kolcaba they focused
on the application of nursing theories in both clinical and educational context. These theories
collectively contributed to enhanced the quality care of patient thst providing structures for
improving the quality care of nursing.
3. What is the meaning of a discipline versus a profession?
Discipline is what we learnt from our elder and we create it while Profession is what we
want or to apply in ourselves in the near future.
4. Nursing science has been characterized by two branching philosophies of knowledge as
discipline developed.
Describe the nature of these two philosophical stances and how each form contributes to
nursing knowledge:
a. Rationalism
Rationalism in nursing prioritizes logical reasoning, critical thinking, evidence-based
practices, and patient care advancements through reasoned analysis.
b. Empirism
In nursing, empiricism entails gathering real-life data to construct knowledge, enrich
comprehension, and enhance patient care methodologies with tangible evidence.
5. What are the theory components and their contribution to the theory?
The components of theory are concepts, theoretical definition of concept and operational
definition of concept and their contribution to the theory is to describe and classify
the phenomena, and to establish the meaning and to provide the measurement.
