Wine is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting grapes or other fruits without added sugars, acids, enzymes or nutrients. It is produced using various types of yeast that convert the sugars in grapes into alcohol. The document discusses the history of winemaking around the world, important wine regions like Rioja and Ribera del Duero in Spain, wine classification systems indicating quality and aging, the winemaking process, and the top 10 wine producing countries with Italy being the largest producer.

2.  Wine is an alcoholic beverage often made of
fermented grapes juice.
 without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes
or other nutrients..
 Wine is produced by using various types of
yeast which convert them into alcohol.

3.  Wine is usually made from one or
more varieties of the European
species Vitis vinifera, such as Pinot
Noir, Chardonnay, Cabernet
Sauvignon, Gamay and Merlot. When
one of these varieties is used as the
predominant grape (usually defined by
law as a minimum of 75% or 85%), the
result is a varietal, as opposed to a
blended, wine.

4.  Archaeological evidence suggests that the earliest
known production of wine, made by fermenting
grapes, took place as early as 8,000 years
ago in Georgia 7000 years ago in Iran, and
6,100 years ago in Armenia.
 These locations are all within the natural area of
the European grapevine Vitis Vinitera
 Throughout history, has been highly regarded by
senior Western society, around him have signed
treaties and major historical events of the West.
 In Egypt, Greece and Rome, was worshiped
Dionysus or Bacchus (god of the vineyards) and
the Bible refers to wine in several passages,
among others which relates the Last Supper of
Jesus.
 In China 4,000 years ago, they knew the
fermentation of the grape.

6. Main wine regions:
•La Rioja – located in northern Spain. Where
Spanish Rioja wine is produced.
•Penedes – Where Spanish sparkling wine, or cava, is
produced.
•Ribera del Duero – Fairly new area of wine
growing.
• Galicia – Ribeiros, Valdeorra, Albariños (D.O.
Rías Baixas).
•Andalusia – The Sherry wine district of Spain.

7.  Every bottle of wine is required to contain its quality and aging
which are based on specific laws.
• Vino de Mesa – The lowest quality wine.
• Vino de la Tierra – Better quality with few requirements of grape
varieties, yields, or aging.
• Vinos de Calidad con Indicación Geográfica – Wine’s made in a
certain region using grapes from that same region, higher quality.
• Vinos de Denominación de Origen (DO) – Wines of high quality
that require better barrels, aging requirements, yields, & vineyards.
• Vinos de Denominación de Origen Calificada (DOC) – Wine that
has achieved high levels of quality over a long period of time

8. • Reserva – applies to red wines aged
• Vino noble (quality wine) – Minimum for a minimum of 36 months, at least
ageing period of 18 months 12 months in oak and the rest in the
bottle; white and rosé wines aged for
• Vino añejo (aged wine) – Minimum aging 18 months, to include 6 months in
period of 24 months , wood.
• Vino viejo (old wine) – Minimum ageing • Gran Reserva – Red wines aged for a
period of 36 months when the ageing minimum of 60 months at least 18
process is of a strong oxidative nature due
to the action of light, oxygen, hot or a months in oak, white and rosé wines
conjunction of all aged for 48 months, to Include 6
months in wood
• Vino de crianza (crianza wine) – Red
wines aged a minimum of 24 months, of
which 6 are spent in oak containers with a
capacity of 330 liters. White and rosé
wines aged at least 18 months.

9. Craftsman of wooden barrels and
casks. A cooperage is a company
Cooper
that produces such casks.
Wine scientist or wine chemist; a
student of oenology. A winemaker
Oenologist may be trained as oenologist, but
often hires a consultant instead
A restaurant specialist in charge of
assembling the wine list, educating
Sommelier the staff about wine, and assisting
customers with their wine selections
A person who specializes in the
science of grapevines—can also be
Viticulturist someone who manages vineyard
pruning, irrigation, and pest control

10.  Stemming
 Crushing
 Pressing
 Fermentation
 Maceration : Characters Fermentation begin during maceration : ethanol
is the major solvent for pigment and tannin extractions
 Maturation in Oak : Wine maturation in new oak cooperage is often used
to add elements of flavor complexity

11. Country
Production
Rank (with link to wine
(tonnes)
article)
1 Italy 4,580,000
2 France 4,541,820
3 Spain 3,610,000
4 United States 2,211,300
5 China 1,657,500
6 Argentina 1,625,080
7 Australia 1,133,860
8 South Africa 921,700
9 Chile 915,238
10 Germany 720,000