1. ‫اؽبرات‬ ٖ‫تخصص‬ ٖ‫علو‬ ِ‫دٍفصلٌبه‬
ُ‫ؽوبر‬ ،‫اٍل‬ ‫عبل‬1‫تبثغتبى‬ ٍ ‫ثْبر‬ ،1393
‫ت‬ :‫شىاخت‬ ‫بر‬ ٌ‫اراد‬ ‫تأثیر‬‫تاریخی‬ ‫سیر‬ ‫در‬ ‫أملی‬
ٖ‫رعَل‬ ‫رعَل‬‫پَر‬
ٖ‫خَارسه‬ ُ‫داًؾگب‬ ِ‫فلغف‬ ٍُ‫گز‬ ٖ‫علو‬ ‫ّ٘ئت‬ َ‫عض‬
ٖ‫ًَٗغ‬ ‫آرٗب‬
ٖ‫خَارسه‬ ُ‫داًؾگب‬ ِ‫فلغف‬ َٕ‫داًؾج‬
ُ‫چك٘ذ‬ٓ‫ٱَث‬ ‫ٕىز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ َْٕ‫سإط‬ ٌْٔ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ډشٺبثڄ‬ ٤‫ٍياث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ډٺبڅ‬ ‫أه‬ :
ٓ‫ډ‬‫سبٍٔو‬ ٧‫څلب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٫ً١ً‫ډ‬ .‫إز‬ ٍ‫دَىاهش‬ ،‫ځٌاٍى‬‫وٚبن‬ ٔ‫ٕذ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬ ‫ثبٕشبن‬ ‫ىيٍان‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ٍٕ ٍ‫ث‬ ٫ً١ً‫ډ‬ ٓ‫سبٍٔو‬ َٕٕ ‫ثىبثَأه‬ .‫إز‬ ٍ‫ډٮٕب‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٫ً١ً‫ډ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ‫ئچٕبڇ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ًٙى‬
«ِ‫ػٕم‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٹجڄ‬»،«ِ‫ػٕم‬ ‫ىيٍان‬»‫ي‬«ِ‫ػٕم‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬»ٌ‫ىٔيځب‬ ‫اثشيا‬ .‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫سٺٖٕڈ‬ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬ ْ‫َب‬
ٍ‫ُډٕى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫ٽچٕي‬ ‫ٙوٕٞز‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫ىٍډٺبڇ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سجٕٕه‬ ،َْٚ‫ث‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍْ‫سبطَٕځٌا‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬‫وٚبن‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ًٙى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ٓ‫ٽچ‬ ٣ً٦‫ه‬ ٔ‫ٕذ‬ .‫إز‬ ٌ‫وٚي‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ْ‫ىوٕب‬ ‫ػٌة‬ ٌ‫ځٖشَى‬ ًٍ٥ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫آوُب‬ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ‫ؿَا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ًٙى‬
ٍ‫ٽ‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ‫و٪َٔبر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٵَ١ٕبر‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ومًى‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬«ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬»ٓ‫ډ‬ َٓ‫َمَا‬ ‫ٍا‬‫ٽىىي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫دَىاهش‬ٍ‫ى‬ .‫ًٙى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ‫ٹٖمز‬ ‫أه‬ٕ٘‫د‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ًٙى‬َٟ‫ٵ‬،‫وٕٖشىي‬ ٌَٗٔ‫د‬ ‫ٹبثڄ‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ْ‫َب‬
‫ٍَٕبٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وُبٔز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫إز‬ ٫‫ىٵب‬ ًٍ‫ىٍه‬ ْ‫ي‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ٓ‫اٝچ‬ ٣ً٦‫ه‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬،ٍ‫ډٖئچ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اي‬ ْ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫دَىاهش‬ ،‫إز‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ٍ‫اٙب٭‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اي‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ٕٓ‫إب‬ ‫اًٝڃ‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٖٓ‫ٽ‬ ‫٭ىًان‬ ٍ‫ث‬‫ثب‬ ٔ‫ٕذ‬ .‫ًٙى‬
ٌٍ‫اٙب‬‫ٽڄ‬ ٍ‫ث‬‫٥جٕٮز‬ ‫ي‬ ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ٓ‫٥جٕٮ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٙي‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ،‫ٽًأه‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬
ٌ‫ىٔيځب‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ‫دبٔبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫إز‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ‫ثب‬ ًٖ‫َم‬ ‫ٽبډال‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ‫ؿَا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ًٙى‬
‫ٵٕچًٖٵبن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ َْٞ‫ډوش‬ ٌٍ‫اٙب‬ ‫ىٍوُبٔز‬ .‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٬‫ياٹ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ْ‫ىوٕب‬ ‫إشٺجبڃ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٬ٕٕ‫ي‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬َْٝ‫ډٮب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫اوي‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫سبطَٕځٌا‬ ‫ډجلض‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬. ‫ًٙى‬
ُ‫کل٘ذٍاص‬‫ٽًأه‬ ،ِ‫ػٕم‬ ،ٍ‫وٕـ‬ ،ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ،‫كٺٕٺز‬ ،‫ٙىبهز‬ ،ٌ‫اٍاى‬ :

2. ‫اشارات‬ٌ‫ايل/شمار‬‫/سال‬1‫/بهاريتابستان‬1131
6
1.ِ‫هقذه‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٣‫ٕٺَا‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫اځ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫دبٕن‬ ،‫ىاٍوي‬ ٓ‫ٱَٕاهالٹ‬ ٍْ‫ٍٵشب‬ ‫اوٖبوُب‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬ ‫ؿَا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫دَٕٕيوي‬ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاى‬
َٕ‫ٱ‬ ٍ‫ٍٵشب‬ ٣‫ٕٺَا‬ .‫وياٍوي‬ ‫وبىٍٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٍٕز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ىٹٕٺ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ؿًن‬‫ٙىبهز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٙ‫وب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫اهالٹ‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫وبىٍٕز‬،ٓ‫آٍاو‬ ٓ‫(ډلجًث‬ ‫ىاوٖز‬1391ٛ ،69ََ َٟ‫ٵ‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٌ‫٭ٺٕي‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫ثبٕشبن‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .)
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫يا‬ ‫كَٽز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ ‫ايڃ‬ :‫ثًى‬ ٍُْ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٍ‫ځًو‬َ‫ث‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٤‫ٵٺ‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ ‫ىيڇ‬ ‫ىاٍى؛‬
ٙ‫ىا‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ‫آوُب‬ .‫وياٍى‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َ‫ث‬ َْٕ‫سبط‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ َ‫ډًط‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ْ‫ډلشًا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډجيا‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫شىي‬
ٓ‫وم‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫آن‬ ،‫ىاٙز‬ َْٕ‫سبط‬ ََ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫اډٕبڃ‬ ‫ٔب‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َ‫اځ‬ .‫إز‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬‫ىٍٕز‬ ‫سًاوٖز‬
( ‫ٽچٕٶًٍى‬ ‫ئچٕبڇ‬ ،َٝ‫ډٮب‬ ‫ىيٍان‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫ثبٙي‬W.K. Cliffordٓ‫ٽٚش‬ ‫ٝبكت‬ ‫ډظبڃ‬ ،ٖٕٓ‫اوڂچ‬ ‫ٵٕچًٖٳ‬ )
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ْ‫ا‬‫إز‬ ٍ‫ٽُى‬ ْ‫كي‬ ‫سب‬ ‫اٽىًن‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٍٵش‬ َ‫ٕٶ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ثبٍَب‬ ٗ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ٽٚش‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫آيٍى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٙټ‬ ‫اي‬ .ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽىي‬
:‫ي‬ ‫ثبٙي‬ ٍ‫ىاٙش‬ ُ‫وٕب‬ َٕ‫سٮم‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫وجبٙي‬ ‫ډىبٕت‬ ٓ‫ٽٚش‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ډمپه‬
«ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ٙي‬ ‫ډًٵٸ‬ ‫اي‬ ،‫ٽىي‬ ‫كَٽز‬ ٓ‫ٽٚش‬ ٍ‫آوپ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٹجڄ‬ ،‫ََكبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ٍ‫ٱچج‬ ٌ‫ىَىي‬ ٍ‫آُا‬ ْ‫َب‬
ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓٔ‫ىٍٔب‬ ْ‫ٕٶََب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍْ‫ثٖٕب‬ ،َْ٦‫ه‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ‫ثيين‬ ٓ‫ٽٚش‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ځٶز‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ثب‬ .‫ٽىي‬
‫٥ًٵبن‬ ٍْ‫ثٖٕب‬‫َب‬‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ٽٚش‬ ‫ٽىٕڈ‬ ‫ځمبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٓ‫إب‬ ٓ‫ث‬ ‫ثىبثَأه‬ ،‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثَى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٕبڅڈ‬ ‫ػبن‬
‫ٕوز‬ ْ‫سَىٔيَب‬ ‫اي‬ ... ‫ٽَى؛‬ ‫سًٽڄ‬ ‫هيا‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫اي‬ .‫ځٚز‬ ‫ثبُووًاَي‬ ‫ٕبڅڈ‬ ِٕ‫و‬ َ‫ٕٶ‬‫ىٍثبة‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ځَٕاو‬
‫اډٕي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍإن‬ ْ‫ا٭شٺبى‬ ،‫ثئىٖبن‬ .‫ٽَى‬ ‫ثَٕين‬ َٕ ُ‫ا‬ )ٓ‫(ٽٚش‬ ‫دٕمبوپبٍان‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٕبُويځبن‬ ٍْ‫ىٍٕشپب‬-
،‫آيٍى‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٘‫ثو‬....‫إز‬ ‫ډىبٕت‬ ‫ىٍٔب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍٵشه‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أمه‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٽبډ‬ ٓ‫ٽٚش‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ َ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ډجى‬.»
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٱَٷ‬ ًٓ‫اٹٕبو‬ ٤ٕ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ٽٚش‬ ‫دبٔبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اډب‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٽچٕٶًٍى‬ .‫ًٙى‬ٓ‫ٽٚش‬ ‫ٝبكت‬ ٌٍ‫ىٍثب‬ ‫ډب‬ :‫دَٕي‬
:‫ځٶز‬ ‫هًإَڈ‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬
«ٍ‫ٝبىٹبو‬ ‫اي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽَى‬ ‫ا٭شَاٳ‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ .‫إز‬ ‫ډٖبٵَان‬ ‫ډَٿ‬ ٓ‫ياٹٮ‬ َٞ‫ډٺ‬ ‫اي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ځٶز‬ ‫هًإَڈ‬ ً‫ب‬‫ډٖچم‬
‫إشل‬ ٍ‫ث‬‫اي‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ْ‫ًٕى‬ ٍ‫يػ‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ا٭شٺبى‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ىاٙشه‬ ‫ٝياٹز‬ ‫اډب‬ ‫ىاٙز؛‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٓ‫ٽٚش‬ ‫پبڇ‬
،‫ثًى‬ ٗ‫ا‬ ْ‫ٍي‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫ًٙاَي‬ ‫ؿىبن‬ ٓ‫ثَإب‬ ‫وياٙز‬ ‫كٸ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫َُٔا‬ ‫وياٍى؛‬]ٓ‫ٽٚش‬ ‫إشلپبڇ‬ ٍ‫ث‬[
‫ٵَيوٚبوين‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ،‫ثًى‬ ٌ‫وٕبيٍى‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٝجًٍاو‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٝيٷ‬ َٕ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍٗ‫ثبي‬ ‫اي‬ .‫ًٙى‬ ‫ډٮشٺي‬
٘ٔ‫سَىٔيَب‬‫ٔبٵز‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ث‬( »Clifford, 1879, p 177.)
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډ٦چت‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ٽچٕٶًٍى‬ ٓ‫يٹش‬.‫ثًى‬ ‫ثبٕشبن‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ َٟ‫دٕٚٶ‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫َمبن‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ‫سلز‬ ‫ٽبډال‬ ،‫وًٙز‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ډًػ‬ ٓ‫يٹش‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ َ٪‫ډيو‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫اي‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬ َ‫اځ‬ٍ‫ٝجًٍاو‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬ ‫كبٝڄ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاوي‬

3. 7
‫تاريخي‬‫سير‬‫در‬‫تأملي‬:‫شىاخت‬‫بر‬ٌ‫اراد‬‫تأثير‬‫رسًلي‬‫رسًل‬//‫پًر‬‫يًوسي‬‫آريا‬
ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ٤‫ٵٺ‬ ‫اډب‬ ‫ثبٙي؛‬ ‫ًٙاَي‬ٔ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫وٕٖز‬ ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ َٟ‫دٕٚٶ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اٝڄ‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫ه‬‫َڈ‬ ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ ‫٭ٺڄ‬ ‫ىَي؛‬
.‫إز‬ ‫اٝڄ‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ياډيا‬ ٌُ‫اويا‬ ‫َمبن‬ ٍ‫ث‬
( ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬ ُ‫ا‬Soren Kierkegaard‫سب‬ ‫وُبى‬ ‫اٵًڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍي‬ َٟ‫ٵ‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ٱچج‬ ،ًٕ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ )
( ِ‫ػٕم‬ ‫ئچٕبڇ‬ ٍ‫ث‬WilliamJamesٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫اي‬ .‫ٍٕٕي‬ ،ٓٔ‫آډَٔپب‬ ‫دَاځمبسٕٖز‬ ‫ٵٕچًٖٳ‬ ،)«ٌ‫اٍاى‬
ً٦‫ډٮ‬ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٳ‬( »The Will To Believeٍ‫ډٺبڅ‬ ‫أه‬ ٓ‫اٝچ‬ ‫ډ٢مًن‬ .‫ٽَى‬ ‫ػَف‬ ‫ٍا‬ َٟ‫دٕٚٶ‬ ‫ىي‬ ََ )
‫ؿىي‬ ََ .‫إز‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫سبٍٔن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ډىبٕجبر‬ ‫سلچٕڄ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫٭٦ٶ‬ ٍ٦‫وٺ‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫أه‬
( ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ‫ډظڄ‬ ٓ‫ٽٖبو‬Arthur Schopenhauer( ٍ‫وٕـ‬ ‫ي‬ )Friedrich Nietzsche)ٍ‫ُډٕى‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬
ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ٗ‫سال‬ٍ‫ى‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ‫آٍاء‬ ،ًٓٔ‫ځ‬ ٍ‫ځِاٵ‬ ‫ثيين‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وياٙشىي‬ ‫ٍا‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ َٕ‫سإط‬ ‫ي‬ ُ‫اډشٕب‬ ‫ٽياڇ‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ‫اډب‬ ،‫ثًىوي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ډٖبڅ‬ ‫أه‬‫ي‬ ٍ‫اوياهش‬ َٓ‫وڂب‬ ٫ً١ً‫ډ‬ ٍ‫سبٍٔوـ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ايڃ‬ ،ٍ‫وًٙش‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫ثبٙي‬ ٍ‫ډٮٕب‬ ‫ډب‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫سًاوي‬
ٓ‫اٝچ‬ ‫ډ٢مًن‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىٔي‬ ‫هًإَڈ‬ .‫ٙي‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٍ‫دَىاهش‬ ٍ‫ډٖبڅ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٔ‫ٕذ‬
‫ٹٖمز‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬ ٍ‫آوپ‬ ٣َٙ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ٓ‫ىٵب٭‬ ‫ٹبثڄ‬ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىٔي‬ ‫هًإَڈ‬ ٔ‫ٕذ‬ .‫ځَىى‬ ‫ػيا‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ُائي‬ ْ‫َب‬
‫ٽًأه‬ ‫َمـًن‬ َْٝ‫ډٮب‬ ‫ٵٕچًٖٵبن‬(W.O.V. Quine( ‫ىًٔٔيًٕن‬ ،)Donald W. Davidson،)
( ‫دبسىڈ‬Hilary Putnam( ‫ئشڂىٚشبٔه‬ ‫ي‬ )LudwigWittgenstein‫ٍا‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٌ‫أي‬ ًْ‫ول‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽياڇ‬ ََ )
‫ىا‬ ٫‫ىٵب‬ ‫ٹبثڄ‬‫٭ىًان‬ ٍٕ ‫سلز‬ ،‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ډىبٕجبر‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ،ٓ‫اٝچ‬ ٫ً١ً‫ډ‬ ٔ‫د‬ .‫اوي‬ ٍ‫وٖش‬«‫ٹجڄ‬
ِ‫ػٕم‬ ُ‫ا‬»،«ِ‫ىيٍاوؼٕم‬»‫ي‬«ِ‫ػٕم‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬»ٌّ‫يا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ َ‫ًٽ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫الُڇ‬ .‫ٽَى‬ ‫هًإَڈ‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬«ٌ‫اٍاى‬»ٍ‫ى‬
.‫َٖز‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫وٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٹٞي‬ ،‫ډٕڄ‬ ‫ٙبډڄ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫ځَٵش‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ‫آن‬ ٬ٕٕ‫ي‬ ْ‫ډٮىب‬
1.‫ج٘وش‬ ‫اس‬ ‫قجل‬
‫ٵٕچًٖٵ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫أمبن‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ډٺيڇ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫٭ٺالوٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٵُڈ‬ ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٹجڄ‬ ‫بن‬‫ثًىوي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٹبئڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىاوٖشىي‬
‫ډٺيڇ‬ ‫ٵُڈ‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫أمبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٓ‫ّش‬‫ى‬ٕ ِ‫ن‬‫آ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬ .‫ثبٙي‬ ٓ‫ي٭ٺالو‬ ٌَٔ‫د‬ ٍٕ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ‫أمبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬
ٓ‫ډ‬:‫إز‬ ‫أه‬ ٍٗ‫ٙٮب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىاوي‬«ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫أمبن‬‫ثٶُمڈ‬ ‫سب‬ ‫آيٍڇ‬.»‫أمبن‬ ٗ‫دبىا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٵُڈ‬ ‫آځًٕشٕه‬ ٔٔ‫ٹي‬
‫ډ‬ٓٓ‫ډ‬ ‫أمبن‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ‫ثٕبئٍڈ؛‬ ‫أمبن‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ثبٕٙڈ‬ ‫ٵُڈ‬ ًْ‫ػٖشؼ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫وجبٔي‬ ‫ډب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ ‫ډٮشٺي‬ ‫اي‬ .‫ىاوٖز‬‫آئٍڈ‬
:‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ‫سَٞٔق‬ ٨‫ډًا٭‬ ‫ٽشبة‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اي‬ .‫ثٶُمٕڈ‬ ‫سب‬«ٓ‫ثٶُم‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫سب‬ ٍ‫ثٕبي‬ ‫أمبن‬( »Muller 1985,
43.7,9).ٌ‫ځب‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ٓ‫٭ٺالو‬ ‫سلٺٕٸ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٭ٺالوٕز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫ث‬ ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬ ،‫ٍي‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬‫ٔٺٕه‬ ٍ‫ث‬
ٓ‫وم‬:‫ٍٕي‬«‫وٕٖز‬ ٍ‫ٽب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ]ٓ‫ٔٺٕى‬ ‫[أمبن‬ َٞ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫كي‬ ٓ‫ث‬ ‫اڅشِاڇ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سٞمٕڈ‬ ،]ٓ‫[٭ٕى‬ ٓ‫آٵبٹ‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬(»ٓ‫ٽ‬
،ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬1374ٛ ،75ٓ‫ډ‬ ٓ‫ََأمبو‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ډٺيڇ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٵُڈ‬ ،‫اي‬ ِ‫ٴ‬‫ډوبڅ‬ ‫ٵٕچًٖٵبن‬ .)‫ىاوٖشه‬ ‫ډٺيڇ‬ .‫ىاوٖشىي‬

4. ‫اشارات‬ٌ‫ايل/شمار‬‫/سال‬1‫/بهاريتابستان‬1131
8
َ‫ث‬ ‫ٵُڈ‬‫٭ٺ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫ٽالٕٕټ‬ ًٍ٥ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اوئٚمىيان‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٍْ‫ا٭شجب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٙ‫وب‬ ،‫أمبن‬ُ‫ا‬ .‫اوي‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ‫ٹبئڄ‬ ‫ڄ‬
‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ .‫ثبٙي‬ ٌ‫آډي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٵُڈ‬ ‫ٹبڅت‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٹج‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍٕ٢‫ٹ‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ځٌاٙشه‬ ٍ‫ٝل‬ ،‫ا٭شٺبى‬ ‫ٔب‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ،ًٕٓٔ
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ‫ډٮَٵز‬ ٍ‫ډٺًڅ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أمبن‬ ‫ٍي‬ٓ‫وم‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫أه‬ ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬ ‫اډب‬ ،‫ځَٵز‬،‫ډٺبثڄ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫ي‬ .‫دٌَٔٵز‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫هًى‬ ٓ‫كش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٭ٺالوٕز‬ ٣َٙ ٕ٘‫د‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫أمبن‬:‫ىاوٖز‬«ٓ‫ؿڂًوڂ‬ ‫أه‬ٍ‫ى‬ ،]ٓ‫ثب٥ىٓ[ًَى‬ َٕٕ
،َٞ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫كي‬ ٓ‫ث‬ ْ‫ًٍٙډىي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز؛‬ َٞ‫ك‬ ‫كيي‬ ٓ‫ث‬ ْ‫ًٍٙډىي‬ ،٘‫ډَاسج‬ ْ‫ډىشُب‬.‫إز‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ،‫هًى‬
ْ‫ب‬‫ىٹٕٺ‬ َٞ‫ك‬ ‫ي‬ ‫كي‬ ٓ‫ث‬ ْ‫ًٍٙډىي‬ ‫ؿًن‬ ‫اډب‬‫إز‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ٖٓ‫اوٶ‬ ‫إز؛‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ٖٓ‫اوٶ‬».)‫(َمبن‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٫‫َٙي‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ٓ‫ًَى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ،ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬.‫ًٙى‬‫ًٍٝسجى‬ ‫ووٖشٕه‬ ‫اي‬ ‫٥َٔٸ‬ ‫ثئه‬ْ‫ي‬
‫ي‬ُٓ‫اڅ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډشپچمبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاٙز‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ٍ‫اڅجش‬ .‫آيٍى‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ‫سَٔه‬ ٌ‫ٕبى‬ ِٕ‫و‬
‫أه‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ْ‫ډجىب‬ ‫ٽياڇ‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ ،‫اوي‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ‫اوؼبڇ‬ ‫اي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٹجڄ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ٽب‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫اوي‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ‫َڈ‬ ٓ‫ىاوبو‬
‫ثٖٕب‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ‫٭ٕه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هبڇ‬ ٍ‫ثٖٕب‬ ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫ٽب‬ ‫ؿىي‬ ََ .‫وپَىوي‬ ٕٕٔ‫سب‬ ْ‫ٍا‬‫َُٔا‬ ،‫ثًى‬ ٍْ‫اولٞب‬ ٍ
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ‫أمبن‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ٤‫ٵٺ‬ ْ‫ي‬.‫ځًٚى‬ ْ‫ي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬ ‫ىٔڂَان‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌ‫ٍا‬ ،ٍ‫اثشپب‬ ‫َمٕه‬ ،‫دٌَٔٵز‬
ٍ‫اٍائ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ َ‫ثٕٚش‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٕبى‬ َ‫ٽمش‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٖٓ‫ٽ‬ ‫ووٖشٕه‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬
.‫ىاى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ‫ثىٕبى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٝڄ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ .‫ىاوٖز‬‫ډٖشٺڄ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫اي‬ َ٪
‫كبڅز‬ ٍ‫َم‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ډىبٕجبر‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ .‫إز‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬ ‫ډشٶبير‬ ْ‫َب‬َٕ‫سبط‬ ‫ايڃ‬ :‫ٽىي‬
َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ .‫ٙىبهز‬ َ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ٫ً‫و‬ ،‫ًٕڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙىبهز؛‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬ ٓ‫َٖش‬ ‫ىيڇ‬ ‫اٍاىٌ؛‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬
ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٓ‫ډلَٽ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫اثِا‬ ً‫ب‬‫َٝٵ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ،ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬‫وبئڄ‬ ‫آن‬ َ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫إز‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ْ‫ي‬ .‫آٔي‬:‫ځًٔي‬
«ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ىٍٔبٵز‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬ ٍ‫َم‬ٌِٕ‫اوڂ‬ ٍ‫ٍٙش‬ ،‫ٽىي‬‫٥جٕٮز‬ ،ٓ‫دٕبد‬ ‫آوُب‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سپبډڄ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٓ‫ډَئ‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ٹبثڄ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٗ‫هًى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثوٚي‬ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ِْٕ‫ؿ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫اډب‬ .‫ٕبُى‬
ٓ‫ډبىاډ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًٙى‬ ٬‫ياٹ‬ ‫ُډبن‬ ْ‫يٍا‬ٓ‫وم‬ َٕٕ‫سٲ‬ ِ‫ََځ‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ‫يػًى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬‫ٽىي‬»،‫ة‬ ،ٍ‫(ًٙدىُبي‬1392ٛ ،
49.)
ٓ‫ډ‬ َْ‫ث‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ډ٦چٸ‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ي١ًف‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ْ‫ي‬‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫٭ٕىٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٝبڅز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىاوي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫إشيالڃ‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ،‫كبڅز‬ ‫ىيډٕه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫إز‬ ‫ډًُٚى‬ ٍ‫ٹ٦ٮ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ .‫ىَي‬‫ٽىي‬
ٍ‫و‬ ،ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ًٌ‫ٹ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ًٌ‫ٹ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫اي‬ .‫ؿِٕوي‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ‫ډشٶبير‬ ‫٭ٕه‬ ‫ىي‬:‫ځًٔي‬
«،‫وٕٖز‬ ٤ٕٖ‫ث‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٽبډ‬ َٓ‫هًىآځب‬ ٓ‫كش‬ ‫څٌا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز؛‬ ‫٭ٕه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًَه‬ ‫ډٖشچِڇ‬ ‫الػَڇ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫ََځًو‬
‫ٔټ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٙىبهش‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ډٮچًڇ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ )ْ‫ًُٙى‬ ‫اىٍاٻ‬ ًٌ‫ٹ‬ ٓ‫(ٔٮى‬ ًٍ‫اډ‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ډب‬ َٓ‫آځب‬ ‫َمـًن‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬

5. 9
‫تاريخي‬‫سير‬‫در‬‫تأملي‬:‫شىاخت‬‫بر‬ٌ‫اراد‬‫تأثير‬‫رسًلي‬‫رسًل‬//‫پًر‬‫يًوسي‬‫آريا‬
َ‫اډ‬ ‫أىؼب‬ ‫كبڃ‬ .‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫سٺٖٕڈ‬ ٌ‫ٙىبٕىي‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫٭بڅڈ‬‫ومبٔبن‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ډظبث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډىلَٞا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډ٦چٺب‬ ‫ډٮچًڇ‬
ٓ‫ډ‬‫ًٙى‬»،‫اڅٴ‬ ،ٍ‫(ًٙدىُبي‬1392ٛ ،157.)
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫سبٽٕي‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ٗ‫هًى‬ ‫٭ٕه‬ ٗ‫هًى‬ ‫َمِډبن‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ َ‫ډڂ‬ ،‫ثٚىبٕي‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫سًاوي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ،‫إز‬ ‫ډلبڃ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثبٙي‬:‫إز‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫آٔي‬ ٓ‫ىٍډ‬ ‫اىٍاٻ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬ ‫ځًٔي‬«٤‫ٵٺ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ًَه‬ ،‫ثىبثَأه‬
‫ډظبث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ٓ‫ډ‬ َ‫ځ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍٓ‫وم‬ ِ‫ََځ‬ ‫هًى‬ ،ٌ‫ٙىبٕىي‬ ‫ًَه‬ ....‫َُٔا‬ .ٌ‫ٙىبٕىي‬ ٍ‫ډظبث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫و‬ ،‫ٙىبٕي‬ًٍٞ‫س‬ ‫سًاوي‬
...‫ًٙى‬ ‫٭ٕه‬ ‫ٔب‬»ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫كبڅز‬ ‫ًٕډٕه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اي‬ ‫أىؼب‬ ُ‫ا‬ .)‫(َمبن‬‫ثلض‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ٫ً‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٍٕي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬‫ي‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٙي‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬ ‫ىيڇ‬ ‫كبڅز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٓ‫َٖش‬ ‫َمـىبن‬ ‫اي‬ .‫ٽىي‬‫كبڃ‬
ٓ‫ډ‬‫َُٔا‬ ‫هَٕ؛‬ :ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫أه‬ ْ‫ي‬ ‫دبٕن‬ ‫إز؟‬ ّٓ‫چ‬‫٭‬ ٫ً‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫ثبڅٮپ‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ‫آٔب‬ ‫دَٕي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫اي‬ .‫اوي‬ ‫ياٹٮٕز‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ًٌ‫ػچ‬ ‫ىي‬ ،ِٕ‫ؿ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫اوي‬ ‫إڈ‬ ‫ىي‬ ،‫اوي‬ ‫َمبن‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬:‫ځًٔي‬
«ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ َْٕ‫سبط‬‫ث‬ ٌ‫ٙىبٕىي‬ ‫ًَه‬ ٓ‫َمبو‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ،‫٭چٕز‬ ٍ‫و‬ ٘‫ثىٕبو‬ ‫ځٌاٍى‬‫ًَه‬ ‫ب‬
‫اوي‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ َ١‫كب‬ ‫٭ٺڄ‬ َ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ُډبو‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫سًٍٞاس‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ٓ‫ياډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫َُٔا‬ ....،‫إز‬ َ‫ځ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬
ٍ‫اٵپب‬ ٍ‫ٍٙش‬ ٌ‫ىڅوًا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ٕبُى‬ ‫٭ٕه‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډٮ٦ًٳ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ُ٘‫سًػ‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ً‫ب‬‫٭مًډ‬ ،‫ٽىي‬ ٍ‫سپَا‬
‫ٽىي‬ ٓ‫سيا٭‬ ‫ٍا‬ ًٓٝٞ‫ثو‬»ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬163.)
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫ا٭ٕبو‬ ،‫ٙىبهز‬ ٓ‫يٹش‬‫ٹجڄ‬ ،‫ٽبيى‬ٍ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ٛ‫هب‬ ‫سًٍٞار‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٔ‫د‬ .‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ َ١‫كب‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫وِى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ىٔڂَان‬:‫ٽَى‬ ٍٝ‫هال‬ ٌٍ‫ځِا‬ ٍٕ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ َ٪‫و‬ ‫سًان‬
1-‫أه‬ ٌ‫ٙىبٕىي‬ ‫ًَه‬ ‫ي‬ َ‫ځ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ًَه‬ ‫اي‬ َٕ‫سٮج‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٔب‬ ،ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ًٌ‫ٹ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ًٌ‫ٹ‬ ‫ٔب‬ ،ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬
.‫اوي‬ ‫َمبن‬2-ٕ‫اوڂ‬ ،ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ٌِٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ىَي‬
.‫ٽىي‬ ‫ډلٺٸ‬3-ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سٮٕٕه‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َٕ‫سبط‬‫ًَه‬ ‫وِى‬ ‫سًٍٞار‬ ‫ٽياڇ‬ ‫ٽىي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٕجت‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ًٙوي؛‬ َ١‫كب‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓٔ‫ػب‬ ََ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ًٙى‬‫إز‬ ‫يا١ق‬ ‫أىؼب‬ ‫سب‬ .‫ثجَى‬ ‫هًاَي‬
ٍ ًٍ‫ډِث‬ َٟ‫ٵ‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ‫ىي‬ ََ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ٵٕچًٖٳ‬ ‫اي‬ ،‫ََكبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اډب‬ ،‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ٗ‫ډويي‬ ‫ا‬
ٓ‫ډٖبئچ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ْ‫ي‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ .‫إز‬ ‫ډىي‬ ٍ‫٭الٹ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫َٝٵب‬ ْ‫ي‬ .‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫و‬ ‫إز‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ َْٞ‫٭‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ .‫إز‬ ٗ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٌّ‫دَي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ٵَ٭‬ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ‫آن‬ ٬‫سج‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ُٖٔز‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٓ‫سچٺ‬ ‫ډُڈ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ً‫ث‬ ٖٓ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىيډٕه‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ .‫ٙيوي‬ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫اډب‬ ،‫ىاى‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬ ٌ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ى‬
.‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ثٕٚش‬ ‫ډَاست‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬
‫وٚبن‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ َْ‫ثٕٚش‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫ځٶش‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًٍ٥ ‫َمبن‬ ‫اډب‬ ،‫ځَإز‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ‫َمبوىي‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٤‫ډَسج‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ‫إب‬ ٌ‫أي‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫اي‬ .‫ىَي‬‫٭‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٝبڅز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٹبئڄ‬ ‫٥َٳ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ُ‫ا‬ .‫ثَى‬‫ٕىٕز‬

6. ‫اشارات‬ٌ‫ايل/شمار‬‫/سال‬1‫/بهاريتابستان‬1131
10
ْ‫ا‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ،‫إز‬ ًٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ي‬ ٠‫ډل‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،ٍْ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫هالٳ‬ َ‫ث‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫اډب‬ .‫إز‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬
ٍ‫آوـ‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ ‫ىاىن‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬ ،َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ًْٕ ُ‫ا‬ .‫ٹيٍر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډٮ٦ًٳ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ :‫إز‬ ٛ‫هب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډشٮٕه‬
ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ،‫ډٮَٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫ٽٖت‬ ٍ‫و‬ ‫إز‬ ٍْ‫ػب‬ ‫ي‬ ٍْ‫ٕب‬«‫ٹيٍر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډٮ٦ًٳ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬»‫سؤَت‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫إز‬
ٕ‫ثى‬‫بن‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ْ‫َب‬٫‫َٙي‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬ .‫إز‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ا‬ ًٌ‫ػچ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫اي‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ .‫دَىاُى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬ ٍ‫ؿڂًو‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫أه‬ ،‫إز‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ‫ومًى‬ ُ‫ثب‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ َ‫اځ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽىي‬‫ُثبن‬ ٣‫اٍسجب‬ ْ‫ي‬ .‫ځَٕى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ‫ىٹز‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إٙبء‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫يٽچمبر‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىَي‬:‫إز‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ‫ُثبن‬ ٍ‫ٕبهشب‬ ‫ځًٔي‬«‫ٹيڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫اوشٺبڃ‬ ًَٔٞ‫س‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫٭ٞج‬ ٓ‫ډلَٽ‬ ،‫ايڃ‬ٍ‫وًث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ًَٔٞ‫س‬ ‫أه‬ ،ٌ‫آوڂب‬ .ٌٍ‫إشٮب‬ ‫ووٖشٕه‬ :‫ٔبثي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ثيڃ‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫هًى‬ِ‫ډَٽ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٹچمَي‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ُ‫ٵَا‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٽبډڄ‬ ُ٘‫ػ‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ٍ‫ََثب‬ ‫ي‬ .ٌٍ‫إشٮب‬ ‫ىيډٕه‬ :‫ځَىى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ ‫ډشٶبير‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ػئي‬ ً‫ب‬‫سمبډ‬ ْ‫ٹچمَي‬‫دٌَٔى‬»،ٍ‫(وٕـ‬1390ٛ ،167.)
َْٕ‫ځ‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬ ‫ٵَأىي‬‫سجئڄ‬ ‫ډٶًُڇ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ثٕيٍوڀ‬ ٌّ‫يا‬ ََ .‫إز‬ ‫َمٕه‬ ٍ‫ډٚبث‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ډٶًُڇ‬ ََ
ٓ‫ډ‬ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬ ‫ٽىي‬ ‫ٝيٷ‬ ُٓ‫ډٚبث‬ ‫ډًاٍى‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ًٙى‬164ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬ .)‫َٕؾ‬ ‫ٵَآٔىي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ځًٔي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ثپب‬ ،َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ‫ٹچمَي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٹچمَي‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٌٍ‫ځ‬ ‫ىي‬ ،ٌٍ‫إشٮب‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ .‫وٕٖز‬ ٍ‫ٽب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫١َيٍس‬‫سب‬ ‫ځَٕى‬
ٌّ‫يا‬ ‫ثب‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ .‫ثَٕي‬ ٌّ‫يا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ِْٕ‫ؿ‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬‫آٔي؟‬«‫ٕوه‬ ‫َىڂبڇ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثبئٍڈ‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫ث‬ ٓ‫َمڂ‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫إٙب‬ ٔ‫وٶ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ِْٕ‫ؿ‬ ‫إٙب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ځٶشه‬ٌٍ‫إشٮب‬ َ‫ډڂ‬ ‫وٕٖشٕڈ‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ‫ٝبكت‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ىاوٕڈ‬ٓٔ‫َب‬
ٌ‫دئي‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫يػ‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫إٙب...ٽ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬‫وياٍوي‬ ‫س٦بثٸ‬ ٓ‫اٝچ‬ ْ‫َب‬»‫إشيالڃ‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ‫٥َٳ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬ .)‫(َمبن‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ُ َ‫اځ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽىي‬ٌٍ‫إشٮب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سٺٖٕڈ‬ ْ‫ب‬‫َٝٵ‬ ٍ‫و‬ ،‫ثًى‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ‫ډى٦جٸ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٹٕٸ‬ ‫ثبُومًى‬ ‫ثبن‬،‫ىٕز‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬
‫ُثبن‬ ٍ‫َم‬ ‫أه‬ٓ‫وم‬ ‫يػًى‬ ‫ډشٶبير‬ ْ‫َب‬ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬ ‫ىاٙز‬163ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫اٽىًن‬ ْ‫ي‬ .):‫دَٕي‬«‫كٺٕٺز‬ ٔ‫د‬
ٌٍ‫إشٮب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ّٽ‬َ‫ډشل‬ ٌ‫ٕذب‬ ‫ؿٕٖز؟‬‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ثَْٚ؛‬ ٔ‫وٶ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ٹٕب‬ ‫اٹٖبڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ٫‫اوًا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډَٕڄ‬ ْ‫ډؼبَُب‬ ،‫َب‬
‫ډؼمً٭‬ :‫ٽالڇ‬٘ٔ‫آٍا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىځَځًن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سٚئي‬ ٍ‫ٕوىًٍاو‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٙب٭َاو‬ ً‫ول‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ ٤‫ٍياث‬ ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ
‫الُڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ٹبوًو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫طبثز‬ َْ‫اډ‬ ‫آىډٕبن‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫ډيايڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫٥ًالو‬ ‫ٽبٍثَى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬ ،‫اٽىًن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز؛‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٫‫االسجب‬‫ومبٔي‬»ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬165ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍٕ‫سًػ‬ ٍ‫ځًو‬ ‫ثئه‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ًٍْٝ ٍ‫ٕبهشب‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬ .)ٓ‫يڅ‬ ‫ٽىي‬
‫آو‬ ْ‫ي‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬َ‫ب‬‫َٝٵ‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ‫يػًى‬ ٍ‫ـ‬«‫إز‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬»ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫يػًى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ؿڂًو‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ٔ‫د‬ ‫؛‬‫آٔي؟‬
«ٓ‫ډ‬ ٨‫كٶ‬ ‫ىٔڂَان‬ ‫سٮَ١بر‬ َ‫ثَاث‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ْ‫ٵَى‬ ََ ٍ‫سبآوؼبٽ‬‫٭ٺڄ‬ ،ٓ‫٥جٕٮ‬ ٤ٔ‫َٙا‬ ‫سلز‬ ،‫ٽىي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ثپب‬ ‫ٍٔب‬ ‫ي‬ ٓٔ‫ىيٍي‬ ‫ٹٞي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ً‫ب‬‫٭ميس‬ ‫ٍا‬ َّ‫پ‬‫سٶ‬ ًٌ‫ٹ‬ ‫ٔب‬َٕ‫سإط‬ ‫سلز‬ ،‫كبڃ‬ ‫٭ٕه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،ٓ‫آىډ‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ .‫ځَٕى‬
‫١َيٍر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډالڃ‬‫َب‬‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽىي‬ ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ٍّ‫چ‬‫ځ‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ډبٔڄ‬ ،ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ْ
ٓ‫ډ‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ‫ىوجبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ٦ٔ‫َٙا‬ ‫ٝچق‬ ‫دٕمبن‬ ‫إز.......أه‬ ٘‫آٍاډ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٝچق‬ ‫ډلشبع‬ ‫ٍي‬‫ٍٕي‬

7. 11
‫تاريخي‬‫سير‬‫در‬‫تأملي‬:‫شىاخت‬‫بر‬ٌ‫اراد‬‫تأثير‬‫رسًلي‬‫رسًل‬//‫پًر‬‫يًوسي‬‫آريا‬
‫الُڇ‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍٕ‫سٖم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سٮَٔٴ‬ .... :‫إز‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓٔ‫ډٮمب‬ ‫ډٕڄ‬ ‫َمبن‬ ‫ٽٖت‬ ‫ػُز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ځبڇ‬ ‫ووٖشٕه‬
‫ا‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ثَهًٍىا‬ ‫ي‬ ٫‫االسجب‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٫‫اثيا‬ ًٍ‫اډ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إٙب‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫٭بڇ‬ ٍ‫٭شجب‬ٍ‫ث‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ٓ‫ُثبو‬ ٍْ‫ٹبوًوڂٌا‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ي‬ .‫ځَىى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ثَٹَا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫ٹًاوٕه‬ ‫ووٖشٕه‬ ‫هًى‬ ٍ‫وًث‬‫ٕبُى‬»ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬123.)
ْ‫ٍإشب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ػُز‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ٔ‫د‬«‫ٹيٍر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډٮ٦ًٳ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬»ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫اډب‬ ،‫إز‬«‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫ّه‬ٕ‫سٮ‬»
ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ‫وٕٖز؛‬ ٓ‫ٽبٵ‬ ‫َمٕه‬«ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍهٞز‬ ٓ‫آىډ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ُْ‫دَىا‬ ‫هٕبڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ىَي‬
‫ډبڅټ‬«ٓ‫كٺٕٺ‬»‫إز‬ ًٓٙ‫ٵَاډ‬ ٤‫ٵٺ‬ ‫ي‬ ٤‫ٵٺ‬ ،‫ثياوي‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬»ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬162ًٓٙ‫ٵَاډ‬ ‫)؛‬
ٌٍ‫إشٮب‬.‫َب‬«ٌٍ‫إشٮب‬ ،‫أڈ‬ ٌ‫ثَى‬ ‫ٔبى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ثًىوٚبن‬ ‫ډًًَڇ‬ ‫ډب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫َٖشىي‬ ٓ‫سًَمبس‬ ‫كٺبٔٸ‬ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫َٖشىي‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬
‫اوي‬ ٍ‫ځٚش‬ ‫ٍډٸ‬ ٓ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٵًَٕى‬ ‫إشٮمبڃ‬ ٣َ‫ٵ‬ ُ‫ا‬»ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬165ٍ‫وٕـ‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ .)«‫سَٔه‬ ‫وبة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ياالسَٔه‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ډمپه‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ثب‬ ٓ‫ُويځ‬‫كٺٕٺز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ‫وٕبُډىي‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ .‫إز‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫ډبڅټ‬ ٓ‫آىډ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ځَىى‬
‫إز‬»ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬103ْ‫ثَا‬ ٓٙ‫سال‬ ََ ‫ي‬ ٘ٔ‫وٕبَُب‬ ْ‫ثَډجىب‬ ‫إز‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ٫‫اهشَا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫اي‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ .)
ٔ‫ومب‬ ‫ياٹٮٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ٓ‫١َيٍس‬ ‫ىاىن‬ ‫وٚبن‬،‫(ٕٕؼًٔټ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫سَىٔي‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ1388،
ٛ115‫ٹيٍر‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٤ًٕ‫س‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٓٔ‫وَٕيَب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ياكي‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ُډٕى‬ ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ‫ٽڄ‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ .)
،ِ‫(إذٕىپ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ٹيٍر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډٮ٦ًٳ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫آطب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ٔپ‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اوي‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫هچٸ‬ َْٚ‫ٱَٕث‬1388:
209‫ي‬210ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ىٍٕز‬ ‫ثىٕبن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٔ‫د‬ .)ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬ ‫َڈ‬ .‫ٽىي‬
َ‫ث‬ ‫ډٺيڇ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ،‫ىي‬ ََ :‫ىاٍوي‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ډىبٕجبر‬ ٌٍ‫ىٍثب‬ ًٖ‫َم‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ډٚبث‬ ْ‫ال‬‫ٽبډ‬ ٓ‫و٪َٔبس‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ّٓ‫چ‬‫سؼ‬ ‫َمبن‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ‫اډب‬ .‫ىاوىي‬.ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ٕبهش‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىاوي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اٝبڅز‬ ‫ىي‬ ََ‫ډ‬ ٫َ‫ٵ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىَىي‬ٓٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ثب٭ض‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍْ‫ٽب‬ ،‫ىاوىي‬ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ‫ًٙى‬
‫ډًٍى‬ ‫ډٖشٺڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډؼِا‬ ٌ‫دئي‬ ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ډظبث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٖٓ‫ٽ‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫ًٙى‬ ‫٥َى‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬
.‫ٽىي‬ ًٌ‫ػچ‬ ُ‫ډمشب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډُڈ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫٭بڅڈ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اي‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٙي‬ ‫ثب٭ض‬ ‫َمٕه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثًى‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ،‫ىاى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ‫سلٺٕٸ‬
2.‫ج٘وش‬ ‫ٍٗل٘بم‬
‫أي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ‫ي‬ ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬‫ډبوىي‬ ،‫ػُبن‬ ِ‫ػ‬ ِْٕ‫ؿ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽَىوي‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌ
ٓ‫ډ‬ ،ٌ‫اٍاى‬َ‫ث‬ ،ِ‫ػٕم‬ .‫ىاى‬ ٤ٖ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌ‫أي‬ ‫َمٕه‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ‫ئچٕبڇ‬ .‫ثبٙي‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َ‫ډًط‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ْ‫ډجىب‬ ‫سًاوي‬
‫ّڄ‬‫م‬‫ډپ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هًإز‬ ،ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬ ٬١ً‫ډ‬ ْ‫ٍإشب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٍ‫وٕـ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ‫هالٳ‬
ٓ‫ډ‬‫إز‬ ‫ډٮشٺي‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ .‫ىاوٖز‬«‫او‬ ْ‫ډًاٍى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٓ‫وم‬ ‫ٖبن‬ٌَُ‫ث‬ ‫٭ٺڄ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫َٝٵب‬ ،‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫ٽٚٴ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫سًاوي‬
‫ٵَٝز‬ )‫(َُٔا‬ ‫ځَٕى؛‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫كپڈ‬ ‫سٮچٕٸ‬ ٌ‫ٍا‬ )‫سًاوي‬ ٓ‫(وم‬ ،‫٭ٺڄ‬ ‫ډبوين‬ ‫وبٽبڇ‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثجَى‬

8. ‫اشارات‬ٌ‫ايل/شمار‬‫/سال‬1‫/بهاريتابستان‬1131
12
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫ٕشبوي‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ًٓٔ‫ًٕىػ‬ ‫ي‬ ْ‫ډىي‬ ٌَُ‫ث‬ٓ‫٭مچ‬ ٓٚٔ‫اوي‬ ‫ٝالف‬ ،ْ‫ډًاٍى‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫څٌا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًٙى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫اٹش٢ب‬ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ځَٕى‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ َٓ‫ٍا‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫ٽىي‬‫ثبٙي‬ ‫اي‬ ٍ‫َٝٵ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًٕى‬ ،‫آن‬ ٍ‫وشٕؼ‬(»،ْ‫هَٖي‬ ‫ي‬ َْ‫اٽج‬
1389ٛ ،100ٓ‫ډ‬ ٓٔ‫ػب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هًإز‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ‫اي‬ ،‫سَسٕت‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ .)ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫٭ٺڄ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاوي‬
ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ،‫ثٕبثي‬ ْ‫ًٙاَي‬ ‫وشًاوٖز‬ ‫٭ٺڄ‬ ‫يٹز‬ ََ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫وٕٖز‬ ‫ډٮشٺي‬ ‫اي‬ ‫َمـىٕه‬ .‫ثبٙي‬ ٌ‫ٍٕٕي‬ ‫ثٖز‬ ‫ثه‬
ٓ‫ډ‬‫يٹ‬ ٤‫ٵٺ‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ‫ًٙى؛‬ ‫ډٮشٺي‬ ِْٕ‫ؿ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سًاوي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ ‫سمبٔالر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هًإز‬ ٓ‫ش‬ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽىي‬ ‫ىهبڅز‬ ‫سًاوي‬
«‫إٝڄ‬ ٘‫ځِٔى‬»ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سٮَٔٴ‬ ٣َٙ ٍٕ ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫إٝڄ‬ ٘‫ځِٔى‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ .‫ثبٙي‬‫اػشىبة‬ ،‫ثًىن‬ ٌ‫ُوي‬ :‫ٽىي‬
ٌ‫ُوي‬ ٘‫ځِٔى‬ ،‫ثبٙي‬ ٍ‫وياٙش‬ ٓ‫ثَُويځ‬ ٓ‫ٽچ‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ٘‫ځِٔى‬ َ‫اځ‬ .‫ثًىن‬ ‫ػجَان‬ ‫ٱَٕٹبثڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ٌَٔ‫وبد‬
‫اػشىب‬ ‫اوشوبة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫وشًان‬ ٌ‫ََځب‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثًى‬ ‫ووًاَي‬‫ي‬ ،‫ثَځِٔىٕڈ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙٺًٷ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ٔپ‬ ‫ثبٕٙڈ‬ َِٔ‫وبځ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽَى‬ ‫ة‬
٘‫ځِٔى‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ ‫ىٍأه‬ ،‫ثبٙي‬ ٍ‫وياٙش‬ ‫ػجَان‬ ‫ٵَٝز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثبٙي‬ ًٍْ٥ ٘‫ځِٔى‬ ٌ‫ََځب‬ ‫َمـىٕه‬
،ٓ‫(آًٍثبٔؼبو‬ ‫ډًاػُٕڈ‬ ‫إٝڄ‬1383ٛ ،11ٓٚ‫ځِٔى‬ ‫اڅلبى‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫هيا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ا٭شٺبى‬ ‫اوشوبة‬ ،ِ‫ػٕم‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ .)
َٕ‫سإط‬ ‫َڈ‬ .‫ىاٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٣َٙ ٍٕ ََ ‫َُٔا‬ ‫إز؛‬ ‫إٝڄ‬ٓ‫وم‬ ‫َڈ‬ ،‫ىاٍى‬ ٓ‫ُويځ‬ َ‫ث‬ ّٓ‫چ‬‫ٽ‬‫ٍا‬ ‫ٽياڇ‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ‫سًان‬
ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ٔ‫د‬ .‫وياٍى‬ ‫يػًى‬ ‫ػجَان‬ ‫ٵَٝز‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫وپَى‬ ‫اوشوبة‬«ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬»ُ‫ٽبٍٕب‬ ٓ‫يٹش‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬
‫ٽچٕٶًٍى‬ ‫ډظڄ‬ ٓ‫ٽٖبو‬ ‫ا٭شٺبى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ .‫ثبٙي‬ ‫إٝڄ‬ ٘‫ځِٔى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬«،ٖٓ‫ٽ‬ ََ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ػب‬ ََ ،ٍٕٚ‫َم‬
‫ه‬ ،ٓ‫وبٽبٵ‬ ‫ىالٔڄ‬ ْ‫ډجىب‬ َ‫ث‬ ِْٕ‫ؿ‬ ََ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ا٭شٺبى‬‫إز‬ ‫وبىٍٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٦ب‬»(Clifford, 1879, P 181)‫اډب‬ .
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٤‫ٱچ‬ ٓ١َ‫ٵ‬ َ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ډجشى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٹبوًن‬ ‫أه‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ََ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ثَأه‬ ٓ‫ډجى‬ ‫ٹبوًن‬ ‫أه‬ ‫َُٔا‬ .‫ىاوي‬
،ْ‫هَٖي‬ ‫ي‬ َْ‫(اٽج‬ ‫ٽىي‬ ٍْ‫هًىىا‬ ‫ه٦ب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫َِٔى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٹٕمز‬1389ٛ ،104ِ‫ػٕم‬ .)
ٓ‫وم‬ ٍ‫ٍٵشب‬ ‫ډٮٺًڃ‬ ٤‫ٵٺ‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ډٮشٺي‬‫ي‬ ‫ٽىي‬ٍ‫ػىج‬ َ‫ث‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سبٽٕي‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫اي‬ ٓ‫ٱَٕ٭ٺالو‬ ْ‫َب‬:‫ٽىي‬«‫اٵَاى‬
‫َٖشىي‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫إشيالڃ‬ ‫ي‬ َ‫سٶپ‬ ‫ډوچًٷ‬ ،‫َٖشىي‬ ‫َٕؼبن‬ ‫ي‬ ًٍٙ ‫ي‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ ‫ډوچًٷ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ََؿىي‬»،ِ‫(ًٙڅش‬1388،
ٛ204،‫اي‬ ‫ا٭شٺبى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ .)«َ٦‫ه‬ ٍ‫ډُچپ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٣ً‫ٕٺ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىأٍڈ‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫ىاوٖشه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اډٕي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سمبٔڄ‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ډب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ه٦ب‬ ‫ي‬‫ځ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ‫څٌا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ََإٕڈ‬،َٕٓ‫ه٦بس‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ىيٕش‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ،‫ىي‬ ََ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽىٕڈ‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ًو‬
‫ًٙوي‬ ٫‫اٹىب‬»،ْ‫هَٖي‬ ‫ي‬ َْ‫(اٽج‬1389ٛ ،104ٍ‫ث‬ ٤‫ٵٺ‬ ‫ٽچٕٶًٍى‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ٖٓ‫ٽ‬ ،ْ‫ي‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ .)
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ثُب‬ َٕٓ‫ه٦بس‬‫ثََبن‬ ‫َمـىٕه‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ .‫ىَي‬‫وٺي‬ ‫هًى‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫دبٕپبڃ‬ ْ‫ثىي‬ ٣َٙ ْ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ٓ‫وم‬ ‫٭ٺڄ‬ ‫ؿىي‬ ََ ‫دبٕپبڃ‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ .‫ٽىي‬‫سًا‬ٍ‫ډٮٺًالو‬ َ‫اځ‬ ،‫ٽىي‬ ‫اطجبر‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هيا‬ ‫٭يڇ‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫يػًى‬ ‫وي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ،‫ثٕىئٕٚڈ‬‫ًٍٝر‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫َٖز‬ ‫هيا‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫َُٔا‬ .‫إز‬ ٍ‫ٽب‬ ‫ثُشَٔه‬ ‫هيا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ا٭شٺبى‬ ‫ََكبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ثٕىٕڈ‬
‫ىٕز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ِٕ‫ؿ‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ‫اډب‬ ،‫ٽَىٔڈ‬ ‫ه٦ب‬ ‫ډب‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫وٕٖز‬ ‫هيا‬ ‫ٔب‬ ،‫أڈ‬ ٌ‫ٍٕٕي‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډب‬
ٓ‫وم‬‫ثب‬ ‫ٝبىٷ‬ ‫ثبيٍډبن‬ َ‫اځ‬ ٍ‫ىٍكبڅٕپ‬ ،‫ىَٕڈ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٍٕشڂب‬ ‫ٙي‬ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬ ‫ًٙٔڈ‬8،ِ‫ػٕم‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ .)

9. 13
‫تاريخي‬‫سير‬‫در‬‫تأملي‬:‫شىاخت‬‫بر‬ٌ‫اراد‬‫تأثير‬‫رسًلي‬‫رسًل‬//‫پًر‬‫يًوسي‬‫آريا‬
ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ،ًٟ‫ىٍ٭‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وٕٖز‬ ٫‫ىٵب‬ ‫ٹبثڄ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ىڅٕڄ‬ ‫اډب‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ‫ىٍٕز‬ ‫دبٕپبڃ‬ ْ‫ډي٭ب‬«ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬»‫ٍا‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬ ‫ٽَى‬ ‫ٹچمياى‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ىٍٕز‬ ٍٕ‫سًػ‬ ‫سًان‬98‫ډٮٺًڃ‬ ٍٕٚ‫َم‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ ‫ثب‬ ًٖ‫َم‬ ْ‫ي‬ .)
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫دبٕپبڃ‬ ‫وٺي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫وٕٖز‬ٖٕ‫و‬ ٍ‫أىڂًو‬ ٍٕٚ‫َم‬ ‫ځٶز‬‫ىالٔڄ‬ ٓ‫إب‬ َ‫ث‬ ً‫ب‬‫َٝٵ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ثبيٍَبٔمبن‬ ‫ډب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ز‬
‫٭ًا٥ٴ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اكٖبٕبر‬ ،‫هًإز‬ ‫أه‬ ،‫ډًاٍى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍْ‫ثٖٕب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ‫ثذٌَٔٔڈ؛‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىَٕڈ‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬ ٠‫ډل‬ ٓ‫٭ٺچ‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سٮٕٕه‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډب‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ‫ػُز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬،ٓ‫(آًٍثبٔؼبو‬ ‫ٽىي‬1383ٛ ،8.)
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سجٕٕه‬ ٍ‫ؿڂًو‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫ځٶش‬ ‫أىؼب‬ ‫سب‬‫ا‬ ‫اډب‬ ،‫ٽىي‬ٍ‫ٕبُيٽب‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ ُ
‫ډٚمًڃ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍْ‫ثبي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫ََځًو‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ .‫إز‬ ٍ‫وڂٶش‬ ِْٕ‫ؿ‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫ؿڂًو‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َٕ‫سبط‬«ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬
ٍ‫ثبي‬»ٓ‫وم‬٘‫ځِٔى‬ ٤‫ٵٺ‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ‫ىاوي؛‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َٕ‫سإط‬ ‫سلز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫اوي‬ ‫إٝڄ‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ي‬ ٕٓ‫إب‬ ٘‫ثو‬ .‫ځَٕوي‬
‫ثب‬ ٓ‫يٹش‬ ‫ىَي‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ‫ثشًاوي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫أه‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ‫ډُڈ‬"ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬"‫ى‬‫إٝڄ‬ ٘‫ځِٔى‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ
‫ٝبىٷ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٍٕز‬ ٌ‫آډي‬ ‫ثيٕز‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫وًٚى‬ ‫س٢مٕه‬ َ‫اځ‬ ‫َُٔا‬ ‫إز؛‬ ‫ٝبىٷ‬ ًٍ‫ډِث‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ،‫ٍيثَئٕڈ‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫َڈ‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ .‫إز‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ًَ‫َٕب‬ ‫أه‬ ،‫إز‬‫ډٮشٺي‬ ‫اي‬ ‫اډب‬ ،‫ىٍٕز‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ثبٙي‬ ‫ه٦ب‬ ‫سًاوي‬
‫٥َٔٸ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫ثبيٍٽٖت‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬«ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬»َٖ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ٝبىٷ‬ ،ٛ‫هب‬ ٤ٔ‫َٙا‬ ‫سلز‬ ‫ي‬ْ‫ثَا‬ ْ‫ي‬ .‫ز‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٽمټ‬ ٗ‫ا‬ ٕٓ‫ٍياوٚىب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫َڈ‬ َ‫اډ‬ ‫أه‬ ‫س٢مٕه‬َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ډٺيډ‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫اي‬ .‫دَاځمبسٕٖڈ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ځَٕى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ً‫ال‬‫اي‬ :‫ځَٕى‬«‫َٖشىي‬ ٍْ‫١َي‬ ‫كٕبر‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫اَياٵ‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫أه‬ ٍْ‫َٕٚب‬ ٘‫وٺ‬
‫ٽىي‬ ‫َيأز‬»،ِ‫(ًٙڅش‬1388ٛ ،203،‫ىيڇ‬ ،)«ًٍٍٝ‫ى‬ ‫سىُب‬ ‫ي‬ ،ٓ‫ًٍٝس‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٌ‫٭ٺٕي‬ ‫ٔټ‬،ٓ‫س‬"ٓ‫كٺٕٺ‬"
ٍ‫ث‬ ًٕٖٓ‫ډل‬ ‫ي‬ ٘‫ثو‬ ‫ٍ١بٔز‬ ‫وشبٔغ‬ ٓ‫سؼَث‬ ًٍ٥ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ًٙى‬ ٬‫ياٹ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫٥جٸ‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ ٍ‫آٔى‬ ََ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬
‫ثبٍآيٍى‬(»،َ‫ٙٶچ‬1388ٛ ،159ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫س٢مٕه‬ ‫ايڃ‬ ٓ‫ئْځ‬ .)‫هًإز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽىي‬‫اوٖبن‬ ‫٭ًا٥ٴ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫س٢مٕه‬ ٓ‫ئْځ‬ ‫ىيډٕه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اي؛‬ ْ‫وبثًى‬ ٍ‫و‬ ‫َٖشىي‬ ‫اي‬ ‫كٕبر‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ‫ػُز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍٕٚ‫َم‬‫كٺٕٺز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽىي‬
‫ٵ‬ٓ‫وم‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ٔ‫د‬ .‫آيٍوي‬ ٓ‫ثبٍډ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓٚ‫ثو‬ ‫ٍ١بٔز‬ ‫ًأي‬‫اوشوبة‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٱَٕډٮٺًڃ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٱَٕډٶٕي‬ ‫ٙٺًٷ‬ ‫سًاوي‬
‫وٚبن‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ،‫إز‬ ‫إٝڄ‬ ٘‫ځِٔى‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،‫هيا‬ ‫يػًى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ‫٭يڇ‬ ‫ٔب‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫ډظبڃ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ .‫ٽىي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬‫أه‬ ،‫ٍا‬ ‫دَاځمبسٕټ‬ ‫اٝڄ‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ .‫ىاٍى‬ ‫اڅلبى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وٖجز‬ َْ‫ثٕٚش‬ ٍ‫ثٖٕب‬ ‫ٵًأي‬ ‫هيا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ا٭شٺبى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىَي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ ٍ‫ځًو‬:‫ٽىي‬«‫ٽمټ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ډٶًُډ‬ ََ َٕ‫سٮج‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ً٘ٙ‫ٽ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫إز‬ ‫٭جبٍر‬ .....ٓ‫دَاځمبسٕپ‬ ٗ‫ٍي‬
‫آن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٣ً‫ډَث‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ ْ‫دٕبډيَب‬ َْٕ‫ٍىځ‬»،ِ‫(ػٕم‬1391ٛ ،40‫اٝڄ‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ٽبٍثٖشه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ثب‬ ٔ‫ٕذ‬ .)
ٓ‫ډ‬،َ‫(ٙٶچ‬ ‫ىَي‬ ‫سً١ٕق‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫ډٶًُڇ‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ٽًٙي‬1388ٛ ،159‫أه‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٗ‫ا‬ ‫ٝيٷ‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ْ‫ي‬ .)
‫ثى‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ْ‫ي‬:‫ٽىي‬....«ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫َٖشىي‬ ٓٔ‫آوُب‬ ‫ٝلٕق‬ ‫سًٍٞار‬‫ي‬ ‫سٞئٸ‬ ،‫ػٌة‬ ‫سًاوٕڈ‬
ٓ‫وم‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫َٖشىي‬ ٓٔ‫آوُب‬ ٤‫ٱچ‬ ‫سًٍٞار‬ .‫ٽىٕڈ‬ ‫سلٺٕٸ‬‫ډب‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ،‫ٝلٕق‬ ‫سًٍٞار‬ ‫ىاوٖشه‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ‫سًاوٕڈ؛‬

10. ‫اشارات‬ٌ‫ايل/شمار‬‫/سال‬1‫/بهاريتابستان‬1131
14
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫أؼبى‬ ٓ‫٭مچ‬ ‫سٶبير‬ ‫ٔټ‬‫ٽىي‬»،ِ‫(ػٕم‬1391ٛ ،131‫َڈ‬ ‫ٝيٷ‬ ‫ډ٦بثٺز‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ‫ٍى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ .)
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬:ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ځًٔي‬
«،‫كٺٕٺز‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫وبډ‬ ٌّ‫يا‬ ََ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫ځًو‬ ‫آن‬‫ډبٕز‬ ‫سًٍٞار‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬ ٍٝ‫هب‬ ،‫ثڂًٔي‬ ‫ٙمب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سًاوي‬
ُ‫ا‬ ‫إز‬ ‫٭جبٍر‬ ‫آن‬ ْ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫ي‬«‫سًاٵٸ‬»‫ثب‬ ‫آوُب‬«‫ياٹٮٕز‬»‫٭يڇ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫إز‬ ‫٭جبٍر‬ ‫ٽٌة‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًٍ٦‫َمبو‬ ،
‫دَاځمبسٕٖز‬ .)‫(ياٹٮٕز‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫آوُب‬ ‫سًاٵٸ‬‫ډٖچڈ‬ َْ‫اډ‬ ‫٭ىًان‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫سٮَٔٴ‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ََىي‬ ‫ځَأبن‬ ‫سٮٺڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬،‫دٌَٔوي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ٓ‫ُډبو‬ ‫وِا٭ٚبن‬ ‫اډب‬‫اٝ٦الف‬ ‫ىٹٕٸ‬ ٓ‫ډٮى‬ ‫ًٙى‬ ‫ًٕاڃ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ًٙى‬«‫سًاٵٸ‬»‫ي‬ ‫ؿٕٖز‬
‫ٽياڇ‬ ،‫ىَىي‬ ‫يٵٸ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ‫ډب‬ ‫سًٍٞار‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثبٙي‬ ِْٕ‫ؿ‬ ‫ياٹٮٕز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ًٍ٪‫ډى‬ ٓ‫يٹش‬ ،‫ياٹٮٕز‬ ‫ىٹٕٸ‬ ْ‫ډٮىب‬
‫إز‬»ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬130.)
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ٍ‫أىڂًو‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬:‫ىَي‬
«‫و‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ‫ٝلٕق‬ ًٍٞ‫س‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫ث‬ ٍ‫٭بډ‬ ٌ‫٭ٺٕي‬‫أه‬ .‫ثبٙي‬ ٗ‫ا‬ ٍ٥ً‫ډَث‬ ‫ياٹٮٕز‬ ‫ثيڃ‬ ٍ‫ٖو‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ْ‫دَٕي‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫سَٔه‬ ‫ډٮمًڃ‬ ‫ثب‬ ٓ‫ٹٕب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫٭بډ‬ ‫و٪َٔبر‬ َٔ‫ٕب‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ٌ‫٭ٺٕي‬ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝلٕق‬ ‫سًٍٞار‬ .‫ٽىي‬
َ‫ٵپ‬ ٍ‫ىًٔا‬ ْ‫ٍي‬ ‫ٕب٭ز‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثجىئي‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ؿٚمبوشبن‬ .‫َٖشىي‬ ‫آوُب‬ ‫ثيڃ‬ ٍ‫وٖو‬ ْ‫ب‬‫كٺٕٺش‬ ًٖٓ‫ډل‬ ‫إٙبء‬
‫ا‬ ‫ثيڃ‬ ٍ‫وٖو‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ٝلٕق‬ ًَْٔٞ‫س‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىٔي‬ ‫هًإَي‬ ،‫ٽىٕي‬‫دئي‬ ‫ًَىشبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ّع‬ٍ‫ډي‬ ٍ‫ٝٶل‬ ُ
ٓ‫ډ‬ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٙمب‬ ًٍٞ‫س‬ ‫اډب‬ .‫آٔي‬"ْ‫ٽبٍَب‬"ُ‫ٕب‬ ‫ٕب٭ز‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ َ‫(ډڂ‬ ‫إز‬ َ‫ٽمش‬ ٓ‫اڅمظى‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫آن‬
ٓ‫وم‬ ‫دٕيا‬ ٍٟ‫سٮب‬ ‫ياٹٮٕز‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫يػ‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫َُٔا‬ ‫إز؛‬ ‫سبٕٔي‬ ‫ٹبثڄ‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫اډب‬ )‫ثبٕٙي‬ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫يٹش‬ ‫اډب‬ ... ‫ٽىي‬
"ٓ‫ٕىؼ‬ ‫ُډبن‬ ٘‫وٺ‬"‫ٹبثچٕز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٔب‬ ،‫ٕب٭ز‬"٫‫اٍسؼب‬"‫آن‬ َ‫ٵى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٕوه‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ىًٙا‬ ،‫ځًٕٔي‬‫سًان‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍْ‫ثَىا‬ ٍ‫وٖو‬ ِْٕ‫ؿ‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٙمب‬ ‫سًٍٞار‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىٍٔبٵز‬‫ٽىىي‬».)‫(َمبن‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ َٟ‫ٵ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫وٕٖز‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ډى٦ٺ‬ ٓ‫ٕبىځ‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ياٹٮٕز‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ٣‫اٍسجب‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ث‬ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ،‫ًٙى‬
،‫(ٍإڄ‬ ‫إز‬ َ‫س‬ ٌ‫دٕـٕي‬ ٍ‫ثٖٕب‬1391،235ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ‫ٝيٷ‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ .):‫ٽَى‬ ‫ثٕبن‬ ٍ‫أىڂًو‬ ‫سًان‬
«‫ه‬ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫كٺٕٺ‬ ٌ‫٭ٺٕي‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٓٚ‫ثو‬ ‫ٍ١بٔز‬ ‫ٞچز‬"ٌ‫ٽىىي‬ ٓ‫ثٕى‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٓ‫ٙبٖٔشڂ‬"ٌ‫٭ٺٕي‬ َ‫اځ‬ .‫إز‬ ‫آن‬
ٕ٘‫د‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫اوش٪بٍار‬ ‫أؼبى‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٌ‫٭ٺٕي‬ ‫أه‬ ْ‫ثَډجىب‬ ‫ٙمب‬ َ‫اځ‬ ،ٌ‫آوڂب‬ ٤‫ٵٺ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫آوڂب‬ ،‫ثبٙي‬ ٓ‫كٺٕٺ‬ ٓ‫ډٮٕى‬
ٓ‫ثٕى‬ٍ‫أىپ‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٬٦‫ٹ‬ ،ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ،‫ٽىٕي‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ ‫ىأٍي‬ ٌ‫٭ٺٕي‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬"ٍ‫و‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ثبٕٙي‬ ٓ١‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙمب‬"،‫أه‬
ٓ‫ثٕى‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫اوش٪بٍار‬‫ٕبهز‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٌ‫ثَآيٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫َب‬»،َ‫(ٙٶچ‬1388ٛ ،167‫ؿىٕه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ .)
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٓ‫كبڅش‬ٍ‫ډظبث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سًاوي‬«ٓ‫هًث‬»ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬ ‫ًٙى‬ ٌ‫ىٔي‬ ‫َڈ‬160‫وشبٔغ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٌُ‫اويا‬ ‫سب‬ ‫اٽىًن‬ ‫َُٔا‬ .)
َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍْ‫ثٖٕب‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ ْ‫ډٮىب‬ ،‫دَاځمبسٕٖڈ‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ .‫إز‬ ٌ‫هًٍى‬ ٌَ‫ځ‬ ٍ‫اوش٪ب‬ ‫ٹبثڄ‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ډٮٕه‬ٍٔٓ‫٭چم‬ ْ‫َب‬
«‫ٝبىٷ‬»ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫أه‬ ‫اوي‬«‫ډٶٕي‬»،‫(ٍإڄ‬ ‫اوي‬1391ٛ ،224‫َڈ‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫كش‬ ‫ٍي‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ .)

11. 15
‫تاريخي‬‫سير‬‫در‬‫تأملي‬:‫شىاخت‬‫بر‬ٌ‫اراد‬‫تأثير‬‫رسًلي‬‫رسًل‬//‫پًر‬‫يًوسي‬‫آريا‬
ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫كبڅش‬ ‫ثب‬ َٔ‫ډٲب‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٽبډ‬ ٍْ‫ٕبُيٽب‬«ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬»ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ ‫إٝڄ‬ ٘‫ځِٔى‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٍ‫ىٍٽب‬ ،‫ٽىي‬
،‫ځَٕوي‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ‫َڈ‬ ٍ‫ٽىب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫يٹش‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ‫ډوشچٴ‬ ْ‫اػِا‬ ‫سَسٕت‬ ‫ثئه‬ .‫وٕٖز‬«‫ٝيٷ‬»‫و‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ٓٙ‫ب‬
ُ‫ا‬«ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬»ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫س٢مٕه‬ ‫ٍا‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ثب٭ض‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫اوٖؼبڇ‬ ‫َمٕه‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ٽىىي‬ٍ‫ث‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٌ‫ىٔيځب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ًٙى‬
.‫ًٙى‬ ‫سجئڄ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ډىبٕجبر‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٍْ‫ډٮٕب‬ ‫٭ىًان‬
ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ،‫ٙي‬ َ‫ًٽ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًٍ٦‫َمبو‬«ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬»٘‫ثو‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ‫َمـًن‬‫كٺٕٺز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫اوٖبو‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ْ‫َب‬
‫ثيين‬ ‫إز؛‬ ٍ‫ثَهًٍىا‬ ٓٔ‫ومب‬.‫ًٙى‬ ٍ‫ځَٵش‬ ٌ‫وبىٔي‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ًٙى‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ‫سٺچٕڄ‬ َْ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ٔب‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬
ٓ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫كش‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ،ٍ‫وٕـ‬ ‫ؿًن‬ ،‫هًى‬ ‫دٕٕٚىٕبن‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍٖٔ‫ډٺب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٓ‫ثَػٖشڂ‬ ٍ‫ډٖئچ‬ ‫َمٕه‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ،ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٽىب‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ‫٥َٳ‬ ٬‫وٶ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫٥َٳ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫آوُب‬ .‫ىَي‬ٍٕ ََ ‫َمـىٕه‬ .‫ځٌاٙشىي‬
‫هًى‬ ٍ‫ډَسج‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫آوُب‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫دبٕٔه‬ ٍ‫ث‬‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٽياڇ‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ ‫ٍيى؛‬ ‫ثبال‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ٽٕٚيوي‬
ٕٓ‫ٍياوٚىب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ډٶَي١بس‬ ‫اي‬ :‫ىاٍى‬ ٓ‫١ٮٶ‬ ٣‫وٺب‬ ‫َڈ‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاٙز‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ٍ‫اڅجش‬ .‫وياٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٽبٍَب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ػَٔبن‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫دَاځمبسٕٖڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ٘‫ٝيٹ‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ،‫هًى‬٘‫ثو‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٽياڇ‬ ََ ‫١ٮٴ‬ .‫ٽىي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫َب‬‫سًاوي‬
‫هش‬ ‫اي‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ‫ٍى‬ ٍ‫ث‬،َ‫(ٙٶچ‬ ‫إز‬ ِٕ‫ثَاوڂ‬ ‫ثلض‬ ٍ‫ثٖٕب‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ‫ٝيٷ‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ً‫ب‬ًٝٞ‫ډو‬ .‫ًٙى‬ ‫ڈ‬1388:
162-187ٓ‫ډ‬ ٨‫كٶ‬ ‫َمـىبن‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ٓٔ‫ځَٕا‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٕٓ‫إب‬ ‫ډ٦بڅت‬ ،‫يٝٴ‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ثب‬ .)ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽىىي‬‫ثٕىٕڈ‬
‫آن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫ٝي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫َمـىبن‬ َٓ‫ٽًسب‬ ٍ‫يٹٶ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬ ‫َب‬.‫ځَٕوي‬
3.‫ج٘وش‬ ‫اس‬ ‫پظ‬
‫دَاځمبسٕٖز‬ ‫ؿىي‬ ٍََ‫ى‬ ،ِ‫ػٕم‬ ًٌْٔ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َب‬‫ٽًٕٙيوي‬ ،‫ثٕٖشڈ‬ ‫ٹَن‬ ‫ايڃ‬ ٍ‫وٕم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وًُىَڈ‬ ‫ٹَن‬ َ‫اياه‬
‫آوُب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫وپش‬ ‫ډُمشَٔه‬ .‫وجًىوي‬ ‫ډًٵٸ‬ ‫ؿىيان‬ َ‫اډ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫آوُب‬ ‫اډب‬ ،‫ىَىي‬ ٍ‫اٙب٭‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫و٪َٔبسٚبن‬ ‫سب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هًإشىي‬‫ي‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٓٔ‫ػب‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ثٕبډًُوي‬ ‫ٵٕچًٖٵبن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سًاوٖشىي‬
‫اٽظ‬ ‫اډب‬ .‫ٙي‬ ‫ٹبئڄ‬ ٗ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ٍياو‬ ‫كٕبر‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ‫٥َٳ‬ ٓ‫ث‬ ‫ثبُسبة‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ٵٕچًٖٵبن‬ َََ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاوٖشىي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫وبىٍٕز‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫آن‬ ٓ‫اوٖبو‬ ‫٭ًا٥ٴ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سمبٔالر‬ ‫ىهبڅز‬ ٍ‫ځًو‬.‫ٽَى‬«‫ٹَين‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٵالٕٶ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍْ‫ثٖٕب‬
ٓ‫اٝچ‬ ٌِٕ‫اوڂ‬ ....‫ٽىىي‬ ٍٕ‫سًػ‬ ٖٓ‫ك‬ ‫سؼبٍة‬ ْ‫ډجىب‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫٭بڅڈ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډب‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽًٕٙيوي‬ ْ‫ډشمبى‬
ُْ‫دَيا‬ ‫ثچىي‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬‫ډب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ ‫آن‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬‫ثَٕٕڈ‬ ‫ډ٦چٸ‬ ‫ٔٺٕه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٹ٦ٮٕز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫٭بڅڈ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫ى‬»
، ‫وٕب‬ ًْ‫(٭چ‬1385:138‫ي‬139« .)ُْ‫ثچىيدَيا‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ډٌَت‬ ٓ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ٵٕچًٖٵبن‬ٓ‫٥چج‬ ٌ‫ػب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َب‬ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٓ‫ايڅ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫ىوجبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫ٍا‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫آوُب‬ .‫ثَىوي‬ ‫اٍص‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ىٽبٍر‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ‫ػئي‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٍ‫دي‬‫ي‬ ‫ځٚشىي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ًٍٞ‫س‬‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽَىوي‬ٍ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫يځَو‬ ،‫ثبٙي‬ ‫ډب‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٌ‫ىٕشڂب‬ ‫ٔب‬ ٍ‫ډى٪ًډ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثَٕين‬ ‫بٔي‬

12. ‫اشارات‬ٌ‫ايل/شمار‬‫/سال‬1‫/بهاريتابستان‬1131
16
‫ٽىٕڈ‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ ‫آن‬ ٓ‫ډجبو‬ ٍٕ‫سًػ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٌ‫ىٕشڂب‬ ‫أه‬ ‫هًى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثوًإَڈ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٓ‫ثب٥چ‬»ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬
139ٌِٕ‫اوڂ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اَياٳ‬ ٓ‫سمبډ‬ ٓٔ‫سىُب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽىٕڈ‬ ٜ‫ډٚو‬ ‫ٍا‬ َ‫وٶ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫سىُب‬ ‫ثوًإَڈ‬ َ‫اځ‬ .)‫ٍا‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ْ‫َب‬
‫ٽب‬ ٓ‫ُثبو‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ٌٍ‫ىيثب‬‫ٽًأه‬ ٍ‫ځَؿ‬ .‫ثجَٔڈ‬ ‫وبڇ‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫إز‬ ٓ‫ٽبٵ‬ ،‫ثَځَىاوي‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ َ‫س‬ ٓ‫ٵى‬ ‫ډال‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ٗ‫ا‬ ٌّ‫دَي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽبٍوبح‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ډوبڅٶز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ٬١ً‫ډ‬‫ثب‬ ‫ٽبٍوخ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٌٍ‫ځ‬ ‫٥َٔٸ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ي‬ ،‫ىَي‬
‫ي‬ ‫سَٔه‬ ًٗ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٕوز‬ ‫٭ىًان‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽبٍوبح‬ .‫هِٕى‬ ٓ‫ثَډ‬ ‫ډوبڅٶز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ځٶش‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ‫ٵٕچًٖٵبن‬ ٕٓ‫إب‬ ‫اًٝڃ‬
‫ډٕب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ،‫ٵَى‬ ‫سَٔه‬ ‫ډىٖؼڈ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٰٕ‫سجچ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫ډى٦ٺ‬ ‫دًُٔشًٕٖٔڈ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،‫ئه‬ ٍ‫كچٺ‬ ٌ‫ځَي‬ ‫ن‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ،‫ٽَىوي‬‫هًإز‬
ٓ‫كش‬ ‫اي‬ .‫ٽىي‬ ‫سٮَٔٴ‬ َ‫ػج‬ ٤‫ثٖبئ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٔب١ٕبر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډى٦ٸ‬ ‫اٝ٦الكبر‬ ٍ‫يٕٕچ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫٭َٵ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫٭چم‬ ‫ډٶبَٕڈ‬
ٌٍ‫ځِا‬ٌٍ‫ځِا‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫ٍياوٚىبهش‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ډشٮچٸ‬ ٓ‫سؼَث‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ًٌُ‫ك‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬ ‫ُٖٔز‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ٕٙم‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ْ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬،‫(ٽبٍوبح‬ ‫ىاوٖز‬1385ٛ ،25ٌٍ‫ځِا‬ ‫ثٕه‬ ٍ‫ٽب‬ ‫أه‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫ٽبٍوبح‬ .)‫ٝيٹٚبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،ٓ‫سلچٕچ‬ ْ‫َب‬
ٌٍ‫ځِا‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫اوي‬ ‫ٝبىٷ‬ ‫ىٍكبڃ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٹجڄ‬ٌ‫ٵُمٕي‬ ٓ‫سؼَث‬ ‫٥َٔٸ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٝيٹٚبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،ٓ‫سبڅٕٶ‬ ْ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ِٔ‫سمب‬ ،‫ًٙى‬‫َمٕه‬ ْ‫ب‬‫ىٹٕٺ‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ .‫إز‬ ٕٓ‫إب‬ ٍ‫ثٖٕب‬ ٓ‫سؼَث‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ََ ْ‫ثَا‬ ِٔ‫سمب‬ ‫أه‬ .‫ځٌاٙز‬
‫ثٕه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ِٔ‫سمب‬‫إز‬ ‫يا١ق‬ ٍ‫و‬ ِٔ‫سمب‬ ‫أه‬ ْ‫ب‬ٕ‫إب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٍٕبوي‬ ٍ‫وشٕؼ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ِٔ‫سمب‬ ‫أه‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬ ْ‫ي‬ .‫ثَى‬
،‫(ٽًأه‬ ٓ‫ٹ٦ٮ‬ ٍ‫و‬1392:39-74‫ي‬ ‫ٍٔب١ٕبر‬ ‫ٝيٷ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٹ٦ٮٕز‬ ‫ىاى‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ‫سَسٕت‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ .)
ْ‫ي‬ .‫وياٍى‬ ‫يػًى‬ ٍْ‫١َي‬ ‫ٝيٷ‬ ‫ٽياڇ‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اوي‬ ‫ٕىن‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ََىي‬ ،ٓ‫ٕٙم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډى٦ٸ‬ ‫ٔب‬ ،‫ٵِٕٔټ‬
ٕ‫ىيډ‬ ‫٥َٔٸ‬ ‫َمٕه‬ ُ‫ا‬ٌ‫ىاى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ُثبن‬ ‫ٝبىٷ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ډٮىبىا‬ ‫ػمالر‬ ٍ‫سَػم‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ،ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ػِڇ‬ ‫ه‬ْ‫َب‬
ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬ .‫ىاٍى‬ ُ‫وٕب‬ ٓ‫سَٽٕج‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫سلچٕچ‬ ِٔ‫سمب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫سَػم‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ‫إبٕب‬ ‫َُٔا‬ ‫ٽَى؛‬ ٗ‫ډويي‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫كًا‬
ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ثًى‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٽًأه‬«ْ‫ب‬‫َٝٵ‬ ٓ‫سؼَث‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫دٕٚبسؼَث‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ِٔ‫سمب‬
‫آ‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ‫إز‬ ِْٔ‫سمب‬ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٽٕٚين‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ىًٙا‬ ‫وٖجشب‬ ‫ډب‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٽٕٚين‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫وـ‬
‫إز‬ ‫إٓبن‬ ‫وٖجشب‬ ‫ډب‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ،‫آن‬»،ٓ‫(ٍيٍس‬1392:248-249ُ‫ا‬ ًٍ‫يٵ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډظال‬ ‫ٵِٕٔټ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ .)
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ ‫ډى٦ٸ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٔب١ٕبر‬ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ ‫ٵِٕٔټ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډى٦ٸ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٔب١ٕبر‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫َڈ‬ ٓ‫ٕٙم‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫ًٙى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬‫ډٮَٵز‬ ‫سَسٕت‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ .‫ًٙى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سٚپٕڄ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌ‫سىٕي‬ ‫َڈ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٙجپ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ َْٚ‫ث‬‫وٚبن‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬ .‫ىَي‬
ٌٍ‫ٽىب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٤‫ٵٺ‬ ،ٍ‫أىپ‬ ‫ىيڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫إز‬ ٍ‫دًٕٕش‬ ‫َڈ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ْ‫ال‬‫اي‬ ٍ‫ٙجپ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ثًى‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ْ‫ي‬ .‫وٕٖز‬ ٓ‫ثبُثٕى‬ ‫ٹبثڄ‬ َٕ‫ٱ‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٘‫ثو‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ،ٍ‫أىپ‬ ‫ًٕڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ىاٍى‬ ‫ثَهًٍى‬:‫ځًٔي‬
«‫ډٮَٵز‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ثبيٍَب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬ ٓ‫سمبډ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫هًاوي‬ ‫ډب‬‫سبٍٔن‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ػٲَاٵ‬ ‫ډٖبئڄ‬ ‫سَٔه‬ ٓ‫ٕ٦ل‬ ُ‫ا‬ ،‫ًٙى‬
‫ٹبوًن‬ ‫سَٔه‬ ‫ٍّٳ‬ ‫سب‬ ٍ‫ځَٵش‬‫إز‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫دبٍؿ‬ ،‫ډى٦ٸ‬ ‫ي‬ ٠‫ډل‬ ‫ٍٔب١ٕبر‬ ٓ‫كش‬ ‫ٔب‬ ٓ‫اسم‬ ‫ٵِٕٔټ‬ ْ‫َب‬
ٍ‫څج‬ ‫سىُب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ٍ‫ٕبهش‬‫ىاٍى‬ ٓ‫سمب‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ثب‬ ٘ٔ‫َب‬(»،‫ٽًأه‬1392:66-67.)

13. 17
‫تاريخي‬‫سير‬‫در‬‫تأملي‬:‫شىاخت‬‫بر‬ٌ‫اراد‬‫تأثير‬‫رسًلي‬‫رسًل‬//‫پًر‬‫يًوسي‬‫آريا‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ٦‫ٍاث‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫اُ٥َٵ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىٔئڈ‬‫ى‬.‫ػُبن‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ٦‫ٍاث‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ‫اُ٥َٳ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٔي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډٮَٵز‬ ‫ثًىن‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ‫اٽىًن‬ٓ‫وم‬ ‫هشڈ‬ ‫ػب‬ ‫َمٕه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽب‬ ‫اډب‬ .‫ځٌاٍى‬،‫ًٙى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ‫اي‬:‫ىَي‬
«‫ٹٖمز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍٟ‫سٮب‬‫او٦جبٷ‬ ‫ثب٭ض‬ ٓ‫د‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫د‬ ،)‫اوٖبن‬ ‫(ډٮَٵز‬ ‫ډٕيان‬ ‫أه‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍٕٙ‫كب‬ ْ‫َب‬
‫ٹٖمز‬ ٘ٔ‫آٍا‬ َٕٕ‫سٲ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌٍ‫ىيثب‬ٓ‫ىٍيو‬ ْ‫َب‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫آن‬ٍُٗ‫ا‬ ،‫آن‬ ‫ىوجبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ .‫ًٙى‬‫ډٕبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ‫ٝيٷ‬ ْ‫َب‬
ٌٍ‫ځِا‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬ٌٍ‫ځِا‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬ ٬ًُٔ‫ثبُس‬ .‫ًٙى‬ ٬ًُٔ‫ثبُس‬ ‫ډب‬ ْ‫َب‬،‫ٙبن‬ ٓ‫ډى٦ٺ‬ ٓ‫دًٕٕشڂ‬ ‫َڈ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ َ٥‫هب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫َب‬
ٌٍ‫ځِا‬ ٓ‫ثبُأٍُبث‬‫ىاٍى‬ ‫ىوجبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ْ‫َب‬».)‫(َمبن‬
ََٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ډًاػ‬ ٓ‫ډٚپچ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٌ‫ځب‬‫ٙج‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫إز‬ ‫الُڇ‬ ٍ‫ځًو‬ ‫ثئه‬ ،‫ًٙٔڈ‬‫ي‬ ‫ػَف‬ ٓ‫ډٮَٵش‬ ٍ‫پ‬
‫سٮئڄ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سبٽٕي‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ .‫ىَٕڈ‬ ‫اوؼبڇ‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫آُډًى‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫وٕٖز‬ ٌٍ‫ځِا‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫ٽىي‬ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ‫ًٙى‬
ٌٍ‫ځِا‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫يٕٕٮ‬ ٍ‫ډؼمً٭‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ډلټ‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫َب‬ٍ٦‫وٺ‬ ‫دىغ‬ ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ْ‫ي‬ .‫هًٍى‬
‫ًٕڇ‬ ‫٭٦ٴ‬ ٍ٦‫وٺ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ٹبئڄ‬ ‫٭٦ٴ‬«‫و٪بڇ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ػمالر‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ډٮىبٙىبهش‬ ِ‫سمَٽ‬ َٕٕ‫سٲ‬.‫إز‬ ‫ػمالر‬
ٓ‫سلچٕچ‬ ‫طىًٔز‬ ‫سَٽٕت‬ )ٓ‫(ٔٮى‬ ٍ‫ٙىبٕبو‬ ٗ‫ٍي‬ ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ ‫يكير‬ ....،ٓ‫ؿُبٍډ‬ )‫(ي‬-ٓ‫سَٽٕج‬
‫إز‬(»،‫ٽًأه‬1388ٛ ،100ٓ‫سلچٕچ‬ ِٔ‫سمب‬ ،‫سَسٕت‬ ‫ثئه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫)؛‬-ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ځٶش‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ًٌٕٙ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫سَٽٕج‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ډٕبن‬.‫ٍيى‬
ٌٍ‫ځِا‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ػمالر‬ ‫و٪بڇ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ػمالر‬ ُ‫ا‬ ِ‫سمَٽ‬ َٕٕ‫سٲ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اي‬‫ؿىٕه‬ ‫ډٮَٵز‬ ‫ٽڄ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬:‫ځًٔي‬
«ٓ‫ډ‬ ٜٕ‫سٚو‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډب‬‫ٔټ‬ ْ‫٭بى‬ ًٍ٥ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ػمچ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫ٽڄ‬ ٓ‫كش‬ ٓ‫٭چم‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٍٕٕڈ‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫هيډز‬ ٓ‫سؼَث‬ ْ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫ډٖشٺڄ‬ ٍ‫اثِا‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٽًسب‬ ٍ‫ثٖٕب‬ ‫ډشه‬،َ٪‫و‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍَٔ٪‫ٽىي....و‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫آوُب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ََٔټ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ....‫إز‬ ٓ‫ٵَاياو‬ ٓ‫ډٚبَيس‬ ٓ٥َٙ ‫ػمالر‬ ‫ډٖشچِڇ‬ٓ‫ډٚبَيس‬ ٤ٔ‫َٙا‬ َ‫اځ‬ ‫ځًٔي‬
‫هب‬ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ‫سىُب‬ ...‫اډب‬ .‫ىاى‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ‫ٍم‬ ٓٝ‫هب‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٌ‫ډٚبَي‬ ‫ٍئياى‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫ثبٙي‬ ٍ‫ثَٹَا‬ ٓٝ
‫آوُب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ََٔټ‬ َ‫اځ‬ .‫إز‬ ٓ‫ډٚبَيس‬ ٓ٥َٙ ‫ػمالر‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ډٖشچِڇ‬ ‫إز‬ ّ‫ڄ‬‫ٽ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫ثٖبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًٍ‫ډٌٽ‬
ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫وياٍى‬ ‫يػًى‬ ٓ‫ثٕبو‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍُ‫ډًاػ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اډب‬ ،‫إز‬ ‫وبىٍٕز‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ،‫كبڃ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫ىٍآٔي‬ ‫وبىٍٕز‬
‫ا‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫ٽياڇ‬‫إز‬ ٓ‫وبىٍٕش‬ ‫أه‬ َٞ‫ډٺ‬ ،ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ٌ‫ىَىي‬ ‫سٚپٕڄ‬ ‫ػمالر‬ ُ»ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬103.)
‫آن‬ ‫َڈ‬ ،ٍ‫ځَٵش‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍٟ‫سٮب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٌٍ‫ځِا‬ ْ‫ثىي‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ،‫ډظبڃ‬ ًٍ٥ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫َُٔا‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ .ٍٟ‫سٮب‬ ٫‫اډشىب‬ ‫ٹبوًن‬ ‫َڈ‬ ،‫إز‬ ‫الُڇ‬ ٌٍ‫ځِا‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫كبڅز‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ځًٔي‬٫‫اډشىب‬ ‫ٹبوًن‬ ٓ‫كش‬ ‫سًان‬
‫ٽَى؛‬ ٠‫وٺ‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٠‫سىبٹ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ثٕه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍٟ‫سٮب‬ ،‫َڈ‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫َُٔا‬ٓ‫يٹش‬ ،‫ًٍٝر‬ ََ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫ٍيى‬

14. ‫اشارات‬ٌ‫ايل/شمار‬‫/سال‬1‫/بهاريتابستان‬1131
18
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ثب‬ ٓ١ٍ‫سٮب‬‫أه‬ ‫ډپبوٕٖڈ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ .‫إز‬ ‫الُڇ‬ ‫ډٕيان‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٝيٷ‬ ٬ًُٔ‫ثبُس‬ ،‫آٔي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٬ًُٔ‫ثبُس‬:‫ځًٔي‬...«‫ډٕيان‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ٽڄ‬[‫ډٮَٵز‬ ٍ‫ٙجپ‬]ْ‫ىاٍا‬ ،ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ،ٗ‫ا‬ َُْ‫ډ‬ ٤ٔ‫َٙا‬ َ٥‫هب‬ ٍ‫ث‬
‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٓٞ‫وبٹ‬ ‫ؿىبن‬ ‫ّه‬ٕ‫سٮ‬ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍُ‫ډًاػ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ َٕ٘‫د‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ٹجبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫ُٔبى‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ ْ‫آُاى‬ ٍ
( ‫آډي‬ ‫هالٳ‬Contrary Experienceٌٍ‫ځِا‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬ )‫ىاٍى‬ ‫يػًى‬ ،‫ٽَى‬ ٓ‫ثبُأٍُبث‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬(»،‫َمبن‬
ٛ67.)
ٍ‫ٽب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫اوي‬ ٓ‫٭مچ‬ ْ‫ډٮٕبٍَب‬ ٓ‫َمڂ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ....‫ي‬ ‫ي١ًف‬ ،ٌ‫ٵبٔي‬ ،ٓ‫ٕبىځ‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ٓٔ‫ډٮٕبٍَب‬ ،‫اي‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬
ً‫ٹ‬ َ‫اځ‬ ‫ډظال‬ .‫إز‬٘‫ثو‬ ‫إز‬ ‫الُڇ‬ ،‫ٽىٕڈ‬ ٓ‫ثبُثٕى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډى٦ٸ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ١‫ٍٔب‬ ‫اوٕه‬‫َڈ‬ ‫ٍا‬ َْ‫ىٔڂ‬ ‫ُٔبى‬ ْ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ ‫ٹًاوٕه‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ٍ‫َم‬ ‫َُٔا‬ ‫ٽىٕڈ؛‬ ٓ‫ثبُأٍُبث‬‫ي‬ ‫ډى٦ٸ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽب‬ ٓ‫ٕبىځ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫ډب‬ ‫څٌا‬ .‫ٽىىي‬
ٓ‫وم‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ‫ٍٔب١ٕبر‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ػب‬ ‫َمٕه‬ .‫ُوٕڈ‬‫ٝيٷ‬ ٬ًُٔ‫ثبُس‬ .‫ىٔي‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ْ‫دب‬ ‫ٍى‬ ‫سًان‬
‫ٙجپ‬ ٍ‫ى‬‫ٙىبهز‬ ،‫ٵٕچًٖٵبن‬ ‫اٱچت‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىٔئڈ‬ .‫ډبٕز‬ ‫سمبٔڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هًإز‬ ٬‫سبث‬ ‫ډٮَٵز‬ ٍ
‫ٍي‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ػُبن‬ َ‫ثَاث‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫اوٶٮبڅ‬ ‫كبڅز‬ ‫ٔټ‬«ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬»ٓ‫وم‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ٌ‫ډلييى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫سًاوٖز‬
‫ي‬ ٓ‫ٵى‬ ٓ٩‫څلب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ‫اډب‬ ،‫ځٶز‬ ‫دبٕن‬ ‫أَاى‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ْ‫كي‬ ‫سب‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ‫ؿىي‬ ََ .‫ٹَاٍځَٕى‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬
‫وٚب‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ن‬ٓٔ‫سًاوب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫َڈ‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ،‫وٕٖز‬ ٓ‫اوٶٮبڅ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىَي‬ٍ‫ث‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ځَىى‬ ٓ‫ثَډ‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ْ‫َب‬
،ِ‫ػٕم‬ .‫ػُبن‬«ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬»ٓ‫ډ‬ ُ‫ٽبٍٕب‬ ٓ‫يٹش‬ ‫ٍا‬‫آن‬ ّ‫ڄ‬‫ك‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫٭ٺڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثبٙي‬ ‫إٝڄ‬ ٘‫ځِٔى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاوٖز‬
،ٍٗ‫ٽب‬ ُ‫ا‬ َْ‫ىٔڂ‬ ‫ٔٮي‬‫ث‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ .‫وٕٖز‬ ‫ډ٦َف‬ ‫ي١ٮٕز‬ ‫أه‬ ً‫ال‬ًٝ‫ا‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫اډب‬ .‫ثبٙي‬ ‫وبسًان‬
ٙ ‫ٙىبهز‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٓ‫ايڅ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫ي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٕٓ‫ىب‬‫ثب‬ ‫اي‬ .‫آيٍى‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ًٌُ‫ك‬ ‫هًى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ځَٵز‬
ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ‫٥َف‬«ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٓ‫٥جٕٮ‬ ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬ ‫ډٮَٵز‬( »Naturalized Epistemology‫َڈ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ )
ًٌُ‫ك‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ٔپ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫آن‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ ٘‫ىاو‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاوٖز‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬:‫ٽىي‬«ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬ ‫[ډٮَٵز‬ ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ ‫٥جٕٮز‬
‫ٙىبهز‬ ،]ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٓ‫٥جٕٮ‬ٓ‫وم‬ ‫٥َى‬ ‫ٍا‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سلچٕڄ‬ ٓ‫سؼَث‬ ٕٓ‫ٍياوٚىب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ‫ٽىي‬ٍ‫ث‬ ‫هًى‬ ،‫٭چڈ‬ .‫ثَى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ډب‬َٕ٘‫د‬ ٍ‫وشٕؼ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ََ‫٩ًا‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ډب‬ ‫سلَٔپبر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٣ً‫ډَث‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ٌٍ‫ىٍثب‬ ‫ډب‬ ‫ا٥ال٭بر‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ځًٔي‬
ٛ ،‫(َمبن‬ ‫إز‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ‫ىٍين‬ ُ‫ا‬ َٕٓٚ‫د‬ ‫هًى‬ ٍ‫وًث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٙىبٕبو‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬105.)
‫ٙپ‬ ٍ‫ؿڂًو‬ ‫ډٮَٵز‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ ،ْ‫ي‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ ،ٔ‫د‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ڄ‬ًٌُ‫ك‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ُ‫ثب‬ ،‫إز‬ ِْٕ‫ؿ‬ ٍ‫ؿڂًو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ځَٕى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫َڈ‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓٔ‫ػب‬ ،‫ځَىى‬ ٓ‫ثَډ‬ ٓ‫سؼَث‬ ٕٓ‫ٍياوٚىب‬ٍ‫ٽب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫وپش‬ ‫ىي‬ .‫ٽَى‬
ٓ‫وم‬ ‫ثٕبن‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫يا١ق‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ٓ‫ٽبٵ‬ ٓ‫ډٮَٵش‬ ٍ‫ٙجپ‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ‫ډىٖؼڈ‬ ‫َٝٳ‬ ً‫ال‬‫اي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ًٙى‬
ُٕ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډٮَٵز‬ ٍ‫ٙجپ‬ ٍ‫ؿڂًو‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ ‫اوشوبة‬ ْ‫ب‬ٕ‫طبو‬ ،‫إز‬ٍ‫ځَأبو‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ ْ‫ډٮٕبٍَب‬ ٬‫سبث‬ ‫َٝٵب‬ ‫ٽىٕڈ‬ ُْ‫ب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫اٽىًن‬ .‫إز‬‫سبطَٕار‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ‫ي١ًف‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ځٶز‬ ‫سًان‬

15. 19
‫تاريخي‬‫سير‬‫در‬‫تأملي‬:‫شىاخت‬‫بر‬ٌ‫اراد‬‫تأثير‬‫رسًلي‬‫رسًل‬//‫پًر‬‫يًوسي‬‫آريا‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ثََڈ‬ ٓ‫ډشٺبثچ‬‫سلز‬ ‫ي‬ َ‫ډًط‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ،‫إز‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٬‫سبث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٌُ‫اويا‬ ‫َمبن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ځٌاٍوي‬
‫ثب‬ ٓ‫ٙىبهش‬ ٍُ‫ډًاػ‬ ََ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ََ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫إز‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٤‫سٖچ‬‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ډٖئچ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٚ‫ثو‬ ،‫ػُبن‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫٭ُي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ ‫هًإز‬.‫ځَٕى‬
ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ډٶَي١بس‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٽياڇ‬ ‫َٕؾ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اي‬ .‫ىاٍى‬ ٫ً١ً‫ډ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓٝ‫هب‬ ‫اَمٕز‬ ٍ‫ػىج‬ ‫ؿىي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٽًأه‬
‫ي‬ ‫ډٖشلپڈ‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ‫٥َٳ‬ ُ‫ا‬ .‫وياٍى‬ ُ‫وٕب‬ ،‫ىاٙز‬ ‫الُڇ‬ ٗ‫ا‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سبة‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اوشٺبىَب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٓ‫ٵى‬‫آي‬‫ډلپڈ‬ ‫ؿىيان‬ ‫اوشٺبىَب‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍُ‫ډًاػ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫كبڅ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫ٍى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٫‫َٙي‬ ‫ډوبڅٶبن‬ ‫ٹچت‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ .‫وٕٖز‬ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽىي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٗ‫هًى‬ ٓ‫أؼبث‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍ‫يَچ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫ي‬ .‫ٍٕي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ًٕاڃ‬ َُٔ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډوبڅٶبن‬ ٓ‫ډجبو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىالٔڄ‬ ‫ايڃ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫آوُب‬ ٍ‫ٽىب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫كبڅ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫ثَى‬‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ .‫ځٌٍى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ىالٔڄ‬‫ؿَا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٵُمٕي‬ ‫سًان‬ٓ‫ٽٖبو‬ .‫ىاٍى‬ ْ‫ُٔبى‬ ‫دَٕيان‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ځٌا‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ‫آوـىبن‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬
ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ‫دبسىڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىًٔٔيًٕن‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ٓ‫ٵٕچًٖٵبو‬ ‫آوُب‬ ْ‫ىي‬ ََ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاىوي‬ َٗ‫ځٖش‬ ‫ي‬ ٤ٖ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ْ‫َب‬
(‫َِڃ‬ٕ ‫ډبوىي‬ ٓ‫ٵٕچًٖٵ‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ‫٥َٳ‬ ُ‫ا‬ .‫اوي‬ ‫ايڃ‬ ٍ‫ىٍػ‬John R. Searleَ‫ډشبط‬ ً‫ب‬‫َٝٵ‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ ‫٭چَٕٱڈ‬ ،‫َڈ‬ )
‫ى‬ ،‫وٕٖز‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ُ‫ا‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫اوؼبڇ‬ ٓ‫ٙبٔبو‬ ْ‫ٽبٍَب‬ ٍ‫ُډٕى‬ ‫أه‬ ٍٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سَسٕت‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ .‫ىَي‬‫ٍا‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٌّ‫دَي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثٕىٕڈ‬
‫ياٍى‬ ‫ٵٕچًٖٵبن‬ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ‫ٽبوًن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ْ‫ي‬ ‫٥َٔٸ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٕٕي‬ ‫ايع‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫ٽَى‬ ٫‫َٙي‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬
.‫ٙي‬
4.ٕ‫گ٘ز‬ ِ‫ًت٘ج‬
‫ٹجڄ‬ ‫سب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىٔئڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽَىٔڈ‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٓ‫ُډبو‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ٍٕ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ډىبٕجبر‬ٓ‫اُٽ‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ ‫سمبٔالر‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َ‫ث‬ ٤‫ډٖچ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډٖشٺڄ‬ ًٌُ‫ك‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ٵٕچًٖٵبن‬ ،ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ .‫ىاوٖشىي‬
‫ي‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ،ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬ ٔ‫ٕذ‬ .‫إز‬ ‫ه٦ب‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫٭ًا٥ٴ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ٍ‫ََځًو‬ ‫آوُب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ َ٪‫و‬ ‫أه‬ ‫سٮئڄ‬ ‫ػُز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثٕىٕڈ‬‫ؿ‬ ‫ٽبٍٙبن‬ ٜٔ‫وٺب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫اډب‬ ،‫ٍيوي‬‫ىيان‬
ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ‫ثٮي‬ ٍ‫ډَكچ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫وٕٖشىي‬ ‫ډًٵٸ‬«ٍ‫ثبي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬»ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ډ٦َف‬ ‫ٍا‬ٍ‫ى‬ ٗ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ٽچ‬ ‫اًٝڃ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽىي‬
ْ‫ي‬ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ٌَٗٔ‫د‬ ٍ‫الُډ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫و٪َٔبس‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ ،‫إز‬ ٓ‫دٌَٔٵشى‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ډىبٕجبر‬ ‫ډًٍى‬
‫ٹبثڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىٍٕز‬ ‫دبٕن‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٓ‫ٽچ‬ ٣ً٦‫ه‬ ،‫ىاى‬ ٍ‫اٍائ‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬ .‫وياٍوي‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٍ‫يػ‬ ‫ؿىيان‬ ‫َٖشىي‬
‫إز‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ډشٺبثڄ‬ ‫سبطَٕار‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٌَٗٔ‫د‬‫ي‬ ‫ػٌة‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ْ‫ثٮي‬ ‫ځبڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ْ‫ثىي‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ٜ‫وٺ‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ .‫ًٙى‬‫١ٮٴ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َب‬ٍ‫ث‬ ٗ‫ا‬ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ‫ىڅٕڄ‬ ‫َمٕه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،‫وياٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ْ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ َْٕ‫دٕڂ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ْ‫ىوٕب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َٕ‫ٵَاځ‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ،‫ايٝبٳ‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ثب‬ .‫ًٙى‬َ‫ث‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ ٍ‫و‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ځٶز‬ ‫سًان‬

16. ‫اشارات‬ٌ‫ايل/شمار‬‫/سال‬1‫/بهاريتابستان‬1131
20
‫ډٖچ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٽالٕٕټ‬ ‫ٵٕچًٖٵبن‬ ‫ي‬ ٣‫ٕٺَا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫آوڂًو‬ ،‫إز‬ ٤َ‫ث‬ ٤‫ډٖچ‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٽبډ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ،‫ځٶشىي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫وٕـ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬ ٌْٔ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫آوڂًو‬ ،‫إز‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ٓ‫ډشٺبثچ‬ ٤‫ٍياث‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ،‫ځٶشىي‬
ٌٍ‫اٙب‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ٍ‫ىٍػ‬ ‫ي‬ ًٌ‫ول‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫وًٙشب‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫ىاٍى‬ ‫يػًى‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ثٕه‬َٓ‫ٽًسب‬ ْ‫َب‬
ٌ‫ٙي‬‫ثىٕبن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ٔپ‬ ‫اٽىًن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ٓ‫ٹيډش‬ ‫ؿىبن‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ َٟ‫ٵ‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ‫٭ىًان‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ډٖئچ‬ ‫أه‬ .‫إز‬ْ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډب‬ َ‫سٶپ‬ٍ‫ث‬ .‫إز‬ ٌ‫وٚي‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬ ،‫ثبٔي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫ځًو‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ َٕ‫سإط‬ ٍ‫ډٖئچ‬ ‫اډب‬ .‫ىَي‬
ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ځَؿ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ َ‫ًٽ‬ ‫ٙبٔبن‬ ‫دبٔبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫دَىاهش‬ ٍ‫يػ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫وًٙشب‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ىڅٕڄ‬ ‫َمٕه‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫اډب‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫وٚي‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٌٍ‫اٙب‬ ‫ئشڂىٚشبٔه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫وًٙشب‬ ‫أه‬‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اي‬ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ُٔبى‬ ٘‫ثو‬ ‫سًان‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ َ‫اډ‬ ‫أه‬ ً‫دَس‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽَى‬ ْ‫ثىي‬ ٍ‫ىٕش‬ ‫ػُز‬‫ي‬ ‫ٽًأه‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ډشإط‬ ٓ‫٥َٵ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،‫َڈ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫َِڃ‬ٕ ‫سًان‬
.‫ٽَى‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ٍٕ٢‫ٹ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫إٓشٕه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ئشڂىٚشبٔه‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ډشإط‬ ٓ‫٥َٵ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ىًٔٔيًٕن‬
‫هٌبثع‬
1.‫إذ‬ٓ‫څ‬ ،ِ‫ٕىپ‬)1388(ٍ‫وٕـ‬ ٍ٘ٔ‫ٵَى‬ ،.‫ايڃ‬ ‫ؽ‬ ،ِ‫ډَٽ‬ ،‫سَُان‬ ،ٍْ‫ٔب‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ .ٍ ،
2.ٓ‫ٵبٍٕبو‬ ْ‫هَٖي‬ .٫ ‫؛‬ .ٍ ،َْ‫اٽج‬)1389(،«‫دبٕپبڃ‬ ٍٕ٥َٙ ُ‫ا‬ ِ‫ػٕم‬ ‫ئچٕبڇ‬ ََٔ‫سٺ‬ ْ‫اوشٺبى‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬»،
‫ٹجٖبر‬ٗ55ٍ‫ثُب‬ ،
3.‫ڇ‬ ،ٓ‫آًٍثبٔؼبو‬)1386(،«ِ‫ػٕم‬ ‫ئچٕبڇ‬ ٌ‫ىٔيځب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍْ‫ىٔىيا‬ ٍ‫آطب‬»ٍ‫ٵٞچىبډ‬ ‫ىي‬ ،‫سَُان‬ ،‫ا‬ ‫ډ٦بڅٮبر‬‫ي‬ ‫ٕالڇ‬
ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬ ‫ٍيان‬.‫ُډٖشبن‬ ‫ي‬ ِٕٔ‫دب‬ ،‫ا‬ ٗ،‫ا‬ ٓ ،
4..‫ڇ‬ ،ٓ‫آًٍثبٔؼبو‬)1383(،«ِ‫ػٕم‬ ‫ئچٕبڇ‬ ٌ‫ىٔيځب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫أمبن‬ ٍٕ‫سًػ‬»،‫سَُان‬ ،َ٘‫دْي‬ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ْ‫َب‬-ٓ‫ٽالډ‬،
ٗ19.ٍ‫ثُب‬ ،
5.‫ي‬ ،ِ‫ػٕم‬)1391(،‫دَاځمبسٕٖڈ‬‫ؽ‬ ،ٓ‫ٵََىڂ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫،٭چم‬ ‫سَُان‬ ،‫ٍٕٙئبن‬ .٫ ،4.
6.َْ‫اٽج‬ .ٍ ،ٓ‫ٵبٍٕبو‬ ‫٫؛‬ ،ْ‫هَٖي‬)1390(«‫ا‬ ٍَٕٓ‫ث‬‫يػًى‬ ‫اطجبر‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫دبٕپبڃ‬ ْ‫ثىي‬ ٣َٙ ‫إشيالڃ‬ ْ‫وشٺبى‬
‫هيا‬»،‫سَُان‬ ،ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ْ‫دْيَُٚب‬-ٓ‫ٽالډ‬‫ٕبڃ‬ ،12ٗ ،3.
7.‫ثَسَاوي‬ ،‫ٍإڄ‬)1391(،ٍ‫وًٙش‬ ٌ‫ځِٔي‬‫ٍإڄ‬ ٕٓ‫إب‬ ْ‫َب‬،‫سَُان‬ ،‫ٵَٕيُډىي‬ ‫ٽب٩ڈ‬ ،‫څٖشَىوبن‬ ،َ‫اځى‬ ‫ٍاثَر‬ ،
.‫ايڃ‬ ‫ؽ‬ ،‫ئٖشب‬ َُ‫ډ‬
8.ٍ ‫ػبن‬ ،‫َٕڃ‬)1392(،‫ًَه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫ٽًسب‬ ْ‫ىٍآډي‬ُ‫س‬ ،ٓ‫ًٕٔٶ‬ ‫ډلمي‬ ،.‫ايڃ‬ ‫ؽ‬ ،ٓ‫و‬ ،‫َان‬
9.َ‫دٕش‬ ،‫ٕٕؼًٔټ‬)1388(‫ىٍٔيا‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ىٽبٍر‬ ،.‫ايڃ‬ ‫ؽ‬ ،ٓ‫و‬ ،‫سَُان‬ ،ٌ‫آهًويُاى‬ ‫ٍ١ب‬ ‫ډلمي‬ ،
10.ٓ‫ا‬ ،َ‫ٙٶچ‬)1388(‫دَاځمبسٕٖز‬ ٍ‫ؿُب‬.‫ًٕڇ‬ ‫ؽ‬ ،ِ‫ډَٽ‬ ،‫سَُان‬ ،ٓ‫كپٕم‬ .‫ڇ‬ ،

17. 21
‫تاريخي‬‫سير‬‫در‬‫تأملي‬:‫شىاخت‬‫بر‬ٌ‫اراد‬‫تأثير‬‫رسًلي‬‫رسًل‬//‫پًر‬‫يًوسي‬‫آريا‬
11.ْ‫ا‬ ،ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬)1392(ٍٍٚٔ‫ؿُبٍځبو‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍٓ‫ٽبٵ‬ ‫ىڅٕڄ‬ ‫اٝڄ‬.‫ايڃ‬ ‫ؽ‬ ،ِ‫ډَٽ‬ ،‫سَُان‬ ،ٍْ‫ٔب‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ .ٍ ،
12.ْ‫ا‬ ،ٍ‫ًٙدىُبي‬)1392(،‫اوٖبن‬ ‫٥جٕٮز‬ ‫ثبة‬ ٍ‫ى‬.‫ايڃ‬ ‫ؽ‬ ،ِ‫ډَٽ‬ ،‫سَُان‬ ،ٍْ‫ٔب‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ .ٍ ،
13.ِ‫ًٙڅش‬ . ْ‫ا‬ .ٓ‫ا‬ ، ٓ‫د‬ .ْ‫ى‬ ،ِ‫ًٙڅش‬)1388(،‫ؤًه‬ ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬ ‫ٍيان‬ ‫سبٍٔن‬‫ؽ‬ ،‫ىيٍان‬ ،‫سَُان‬ ،‫ىٔڂَان‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٕٕٴ‬ ،
.‫ايڃ‬
14.‫ٍيىڅٴ‬ ،‫ٽبٍوبح‬)1385(ٓ‫ډى٦ٺ‬ ً‫ول‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ،.‫ايڃ‬ ‫ؽ‬ ،ِ‫ډَٽ‬ ،‫سَُان‬ ،َ‫ډظم‬ .ٍ ،
15.ٓ‫آوشًو‬ ،ٓ‫ٽى‬)1392(،‫ُثب‬ ٍْ‫ډٮمب‬‫ئشڂىٚشبٔه‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ًَه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬،‫سَُان‬ ،ٓ‫إموبو‬ ‫ډلميٍ١ب‬ ،
.‫ايڃ‬ ‫ؽ‬ ،ًٓ‫ٹٺٶ‬
16.‫ئالٍىن‬ ،‫ٽًأه‬)1388(،«ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫٭٦ٴ‬ ٍ٦‫وٺ‬ ‫دىغ‬».‫ٳ‬ ،،‫سَُان‬ ،‫ثٕه‬ ‫ػُبن‬‫ًَه‬ٗ، ‫ُډٖشبن‬ ،
28.
17.ٓ‫ٍيٍس‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىًٔٔيًٕن‬ ،‫ٽًأه‬)1392(،‫دَاځمبسٕٖڈ‬ َٕٖ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ى‬.‫ايڃ‬ ‫ؽ‬ ،ِ‫ډَٽ‬ ،‫سَُان‬ ،ًٍْ‫و‬ .‫ڇ‬ ،
18.( ‫ًٍٕن‬ ،ًٍ‫َٔٽڂ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬1374(،«‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ٖٓ‫اوٶ‬»،‫سَُان‬ ،‫ډچپٕبن‬ .‫ڇ‬ ،َ٪‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وٺي‬ٗ ، ِٕٔ‫دب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سبثٖشبن‬ ،
3‫ي‬4
19.ًٕ‫ىثچ‬ .ٍ ،‫الوئه‬)1378(،‫و٪بڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬ ‫ٍيان‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ؽ‬ ،‫سَُان‬ ،٘ٔ‫ئَا‬ َٚ‫و‬ ،ْ‫ډلمي‬ ‫ٕٕي‬ ٕٓ‫ٔل‬ ،
.‫ايڃ‬
20.‫كمٕيٍ١ب‬ ،ٓ‫آٍاو‬ ٓ‫ډلجًث‬)1391(،«٣‫ٕٺَا‬ ٓ‫اهالٹ‬ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٕٮبىر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٵ٢ٕچز‬»‫سَُان‬ ،
،‫ډشبٵ‬‫ِٕٔټ‬ٗ،14.
21.ٍ٘ٔ‫ٵَٔي‬ ،ٍ‫وٕـ‬)1388(،«‫ٹيٍر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬»،‫سَُان‬ ،ًٍ‫ٵََبىد‬ .‫ڇ‬ ،ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اىثٕبر‬ ٌ‫ډب‬ ‫ٽشبة‬.‫هَىاى‬ ،
22.ٍ٘ٔ‫ٵَٔي‬ ،ٍ‫وٕـ‬)1390(‫كٺٕٺز‬ ،‫ٵچٖٶٍ،ډٮَٵز‬ ،‫ؽ‬ ،ٔ‫ََډ‬ ،‫سَُان‬ ،ًٍ‫ٵََبىد‬ .‫ڇ‬ ،5.
23.ٍ٘ٔ‫ٵَٔي‬ ،ٍ‫وٕـ‬)1390(،«ٓ‫ٱَٕاهالٹ‬ ْ‫ډٮىب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ىٍيٯ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬»،‫سَُان‬ ،ًٍ‫ٵََبىد‬ .‫ڇ‬ ،‫اٍٱىًن‬:ٓ‫ډجبو‬
.‫ډيٍوٕٖڈ‬ َْ٪‫و‬
24. Clifford, W.K. (1879), �The Ethics of Belief�, Lectures and Essays, (London:
Macmillan)
25. Muller, Richard A)1985), Dictionary of Latin and Greek Theological Terms
(Grand Rapids: Baker, , s.v.v. �Crede, ut intelligas,��Credo, ut intelligam.�)