Why is it important for financial managers to understand the valuation process? What are the 3
key inputs to the valuation process? What are typical maturities, denominations, and interest
payments of a corporate bond? What mechanism protects bond holders?
Why is it important for financial managers to understand the valuation process? What are the 3
key inputs to the valuation process? What are typical maturities, denominations, and interest
payments of a corporate bond? What mechanism protects bond holders?
Solution
Why is it important for financial managers to understand the valuation process?
To maximize value of stockholder wealth as reflected in the market price of the stock, Financial
managers, should understand the valuation process. Financial decisions may influence a firm’s
risk-return characteristics. Such decisions result in changes in both cash flows and the required
rate of return, which in turn lead to changes in the price of the firm’s common stock. The failure
of financial managers to understand the valuation process could lead to sub-optimal decisions
and impede their ability to maximize firm value or shareholder wealth.
What are the 3 key inputs to the valuation process?
There are three key inputs to the valuation process which are following
1.Cash Flow-The value of any asset depends on the cash flows it is expected to provide over the
ownership period
2.Timing- Time period is very important to determine the returns
3.Risk and Required return- Mesurement of risk is essential for decision. The level of risk
associated with a given cash flow can significantly affect it value. that means, the greater the risk
of a cash flow, the lower its value
What are typical maturities, denominations, and interest payments of a corporate bond?
Maturities - maturity is the time between when the bond is issued and when it matures, known
as its maturity date, at which time the issuer must redeem the bond by paying the principal or
face value. Between the issue date and maturity date, the bond issuer will make coupon
payments to the bond holder.
Denominations – Denomination is a classification for the stated or face value of financial
instruments, including currency notes and coins, as well as bonds and other fixed-income
investments. The denomination can also be the base currency in a transaction or the currency in
which a financial asset is quoted. This further classification helps clarify acceptable payment
options in transactions.
Interest payments – A payment amount determined by the interest rate on an account. As a
borrower, an interest payment represents the rate charged for being lent funds. As an investor,
interest payments represent income on earned on cash accounts or fixed and variable rate
securities.
What mechanism protects bond holders?
The mechanism to protect bondholders is by make the bond secured. Among secured bonds are
mortgage bond, collateral trust bond and equipment trust bond.
Mortagage Bond- A mortgage bond is a bond s.
Fiduciary or paper money is issued by the Central Bank on the basis of
computation of estimated demand for cash. Monetary policy guides the Central
Bank’s supply of money in order to achieve the objectives of price stability (or low
inflation rate), full employment, and growth in aggregate income.
Revisiting A Panicked Securitization MarketIOSR Journals
With the passage of Finance Bill 2013 on April 30 in Lok Sabha proposing to Levy a 30% distribution tax on the investors in securitization deals through special purpose vehicles, there is a stir in the securitization market. The principal investors (banks) were paying the tax on their net income from the securitization transaction through SPVs. Now, they will be taxed on the gross income as per the new Finance Bill. The new securitization guidelines issued in May 2012 dipped the volume of fresh issue to Rs. 28,400 crore from Rs. 44,500 crore in the preceding fiscal.
INVESTMENT ANALYSIS AND PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT (1) 111 (1).pptxSandrineIgihozo
This is a class note about the investment analysis , it might be helpful to students , lecturer as well as investors who want to make investment to one or more assets or projects
This were prepared by Mr Gakwerere my lecturer in university of Rwanda .
Fiduciary or paper money is issued by the Central Bank on the basis of
computation of estimated demand for cash. Monetary policy guides the Central
Bank’s supply of money in order to achieve the objectives of price stability (or low
inflation rate), full employment, and growth in aggregate income.
Revisiting A Panicked Securitization MarketIOSR Journals
With the passage of Finance Bill 2013 on April 30 in Lok Sabha proposing to Levy a 30% distribution tax on the investors in securitization deals through special purpose vehicles, there is a stir in the securitization market. The principal investors (banks) were paying the tax on their net income from the securitization transaction through SPVs. Now, they will be taxed on the gross income as per the new Finance Bill. The new securitization guidelines issued in May 2012 dipped the volume of fresh issue to Rs. 28,400 crore from Rs. 44,500 crore in the preceding fiscal.
INVESTMENT ANALYSIS AND PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT (1) 111 (1).pptxSandrineIgihozo
This is a class note about the investment analysis , it might be helpful to students , lecturer as well as investors who want to make investment to one or more assets or projects
This were prepared by Mr Gakwerere my lecturer in university of Rwanda .
Securitization is an American invention, but no longer remains an American curiosity. Almost every country’s financial systems have certain securitization schemes. Today, securitized assets not only include mortgages on properties, but also credit card receivables, computer leases, equipment notes financing, auto loans, and even future sales of music records. Securitization is the financial practice of pooling various types of contractual debt, such as residential mortgages, commercial mortgages, auto loans, or credit card debt obligations, and selling said consolidated debt as pass-through securities, or collateralized mortgage obligation (CMOs) to various investors. The cash collected from the financial instruments underlying the security is paid to the various investors who had advance money for that right. Securities backed by residential mortgage receivables are called residential-mortgage-backed securities (RMBS), while those backed by other types of receivables are asset-backed securities (ABS). Securitization has emerged globally as an important technique for bundling assets and segregating risks into marketable securities. It involves parceling and selling pools of eligible assets by the company owning the assets to a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) company, which issues debt securities to finance the purchase of such assets. This paper will discuss the present nascent state of the securitization market in India, its potential and attempts to identify what needs to be done by various stakeholders in this market for securitization to grow into its full potential. The paper will attempt to explain the growth of securitization in different markets, elaborating on the process, reasons for securitizing as- sets, benefits of and requirements for a successful asset securitization focusing on India with special reference to SARFAESI Act 2002.
Operating systems have to balance the conflicting goals of convenien.pdfinfomalad
Operating systems have to balance the conflicting goals of convenient resource sharing and
protection against unauthorized resource access. Windows offers a variety of mechanisms such
as user and group permissions, shares, and access control lists with inheritance. Linux has a
much simpler implementation of users and groups. What do you see as the ideal balance between
sharing, protection, and complexity? Can you provide an instance that comes close to your ideal?
Explain.
Solution
1.Linux is based mostly upon the UNIX philosophy and supports the quality POSIX systemcall
interface. Windows on the other hand solely provides for POSIX exploitation Associate in
Nursing emulation layer.
2.Linux development is open supply and is contributed to by several completely different
organizations and individual developers round the world. The development of the Windows
package is constrained to among Microsoft. However, external developers will write drivers that
can work from among the kernel. This naturally translates into their own individual licensing
models.
3.Linux itself is solely a kernel and sometimes utilized in combination with the wildebeest
toolchain and therefore the X window manager to produce a user interface interface. Windows
on the other hand is usually filled with it\'s own windowing/graphics system.
4.They are each operative systems - software system that controls however computers assign
hardware resources and manage the execution of code that runs on the pc.
5.Windows is a product of the Microsoft corporation. Linux is the product of a world distributed
software system development effort and has no owner.
6.Windows requires it\'s users to purchase a license to use the software . Linux is authorised such
that it\'s freely distributable at no value.
7.Windows source code is closed, meaning that users do not have access to the human-readable
programming code that describes what the package is doing or how; inherent that model, users of
Windows cannot modify the operating system, audit it for security, make customizations, or
identify the root causes of the many errors or performance problems. Linux is ASCII text file,
meaning all users have access to the supply code, which they square measure absolve to modify,
audit, customize, and analyze in any way they opt for.
8.Microsoft provides support for his or her package and is that the sole source of patches to
repair bugs; they provide a good sort of coaching and certifications for their merchandise, and
there are a massive range of people with Windows certifications. UNIX support is provided by a
selection of corporations that build prepacked Linux merchandise and have their own coaching
and certification programs.
9.There about six versions of Windows presently oversubscribed by Microsoft, depending on
however you count the choices. There are a hundred or a lot of versions of UNIX known as
\"distributions\" that dissent principally in configuration and choice of enclosed software system.
PARTI PHILOSOPHY AND CONCEPTS FLEXIBLE BENEFITS SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION.pdfinfomalad
PARTI PHILOSOPHY AND CONCEPTS FLEXIBLE BENEFITS SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATION AT SHAHA MEDICAL CENTER CASE 1.2 system that would reduce
the cost and improve the service of its employee benefits coverage new system would have to
meet four goals: improved responsiveness to employee need management of Shah Alam Medical
Center decided to procure and implement a s, add ce objec- resent- nancial Systems (FS), and
Information bility, better cost management, and greater coordination of human resour atives from
four departments-Human Resources [HRI, Fi Services lIS)-and six te tives with business
strategies. A multifunctional team of 13 members was formed with rep chnical experts from the
consulting firm of Hun and Bar Software (HBS Early in the project a workshop was held with
participants from Shah Alam and HBS to clarify and finalize project objectives and develop a
project plan, milestones, and schedule. Project com- pletion was set at 10 months. In that time
HBS had to develop and supply all hardware and soft- re for the new system; the system had to
be brought on-line, tested, and approved; HR workers employees had to be educated about and
enrolled in the new benefits process; and the enrollment The director of FS was chosen to
oversee the project. She had the technical background and had to be trained how to operate the
system and load existing employee data; all Shah Alam data had to be entered in the systerm had
previously worked in the IS group in implementing Shah Alam\'s patient care information
system; everyone on the team approved of her appointment as project leader. She selected two
team leaders to assist her, one each from HR and IS. The HR leader\'s task was to ensure that the
new system met HR requirements and the needs of Shah Alam employees. The IS leader\'s task
was to ensure that the new software interfaced with other Shah Alam systems Members of the
Shah Alam team worked on the project on a part-time basis, spending roughly half their time on
the project and the other half on their normal daily duties. The project manager and team leaders
also worked part-time on the project, although each gave the project priority. Shah Alam\'s
senior management had made it clear that meeting project requirements andt deadlines was
imperative. The project manager was given authority over functional managers and project team
members for all project-related decisions. im QUESTIONS 1. What form of project management
(basic, program, etc.] does this case most o resemble? The project manager is also the director of
FS, one of several departments that will be cons of her being selected? that they give the project
top priority 2. affected by the new benefits system. Does this seem like a good idea? What are
the pros an Comment on the team members part-time assignment to the project and the expectat
4 Much of the success of this project depends on the performance of team member not employed
by Shah Alam, namely the HBS consultants. They must develop the enti .
More Related Content
Similar to Why is it important for financial managers to understand the valua.pdf
Securitization is an American invention, but no longer remains an American curiosity. Almost every country’s financial systems have certain securitization schemes. Today, securitized assets not only include mortgages on properties, but also credit card receivables, computer leases, equipment notes financing, auto loans, and even future sales of music records. Securitization is the financial practice of pooling various types of contractual debt, such as residential mortgages, commercial mortgages, auto loans, or credit card debt obligations, and selling said consolidated debt as pass-through securities, or collateralized mortgage obligation (CMOs) to various investors. The cash collected from the financial instruments underlying the security is paid to the various investors who had advance money for that right. Securities backed by residential mortgage receivables are called residential-mortgage-backed securities (RMBS), while those backed by other types of receivables are asset-backed securities (ABS). Securitization has emerged globally as an important technique for bundling assets and segregating risks into marketable securities. It involves parceling and selling pools of eligible assets by the company owning the assets to a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) company, which issues debt securities to finance the purchase of such assets. This paper will discuss the present nascent state of the securitization market in India, its potential and attempts to identify what needs to be done by various stakeholders in this market for securitization to grow into its full potential. The paper will attempt to explain the growth of securitization in different markets, elaborating on the process, reasons for securitizing as- sets, benefits of and requirements for a successful asset securitization focusing on India with special reference to SARFAESI Act 2002.
Operating systems have to balance the conflicting goals of convenien.pdfinfomalad
Operating systems have to balance the conflicting goals of convenient resource sharing and
protection against unauthorized resource access. Windows offers a variety of mechanisms such
as user and group permissions, shares, and access control lists with inheritance. Linux has a
much simpler implementation of users and groups. What do you see as the ideal balance between
sharing, protection, and complexity? Can you provide an instance that comes close to your ideal?
Explain.
Solution
1.Linux is based mostly upon the UNIX philosophy and supports the quality POSIX systemcall
interface. Windows on the other hand solely provides for POSIX exploitation Associate in
Nursing emulation layer.
2.Linux development is open supply and is contributed to by several completely different
organizations and individual developers round the world. The development of the Windows
package is constrained to among Microsoft. However, external developers will write drivers that
can work from among the kernel. This naturally translates into their own individual licensing
models.
3.Linux itself is solely a kernel and sometimes utilized in combination with the wildebeest
toolchain and therefore the X window manager to produce a user interface interface. Windows
on the other hand is usually filled with it\'s own windowing/graphics system.
4.They are each operative systems - software system that controls however computers assign
hardware resources and manage the execution of code that runs on the pc.
5.Windows is a product of the Microsoft corporation. Linux is the product of a world distributed
software system development effort and has no owner.
6.Windows requires it\'s users to purchase a license to use the software . Linux is authorised such
that it\'s freely distributable at no value.
7.Windows source code is closed, meaning that users do not have access to the human-readable
programming code that describes what the package is doing or how; inherent that model, users of
Windows cannot modify the operating system, audit it for security, make customizations, or
identify the root causes of the many errors or performance problems. Linux is ASCII text file,
meaning all users have access to the supply code, which they square measure absolve to modify,
audit, customize, and analyze in any way they opt for.
8.Microsoft provides support for his or her package and is that the sole source of patches to
repair bugs; they provide a good sort of coaching and certifications for their merchandise, and
there are a massive range of people with Windows certifications. UNIX support is provided by a
selection of corporations that build prepacked Linux merchandise and have their own coaching
and certification programs.
9.There about six versions of Windows presently oversubscribed by Microsoft, depending on
however you count the choices. There are a hundred or a lot of versions of UNIX known as
\"distributions\" that dissent principally in configuration and choice of enclosed software system.
PARTI PHILOSOPHY AND CONCEPTS FLEXIBLE BENEFITS SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION.pdfinfomalad
PARTI PHILOSOPHY AND CONCEPTS FLEXIBLE BENEFITS SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATION AT SHAHA MEDICAL CENTER CASE 1.2 system that would reduce
the cost and improve the service of its employee benefits coverage new system would have to
meet four goals: improved responsiveness to employee need management of Shah Alam Medical
Center decided to procure and implement a s, add ce objec- resent- nancial Systems (FS), and
Information bility, better cost management, and greater coordination of human resour atives from
four departments-Human Resources [HRI, Fi Services lIS)-and six te tives with business
strategies. A multifunctional team of 13 members was formed with rep chnical experts from the
consulting firm of Hun and Bar Software (HBS Early in the project a workshop was held with
participants from Shah Alam and HBS to clarify and finalize project objectives and develop a
project plan, milestones, and schedule. Project com- pletion was set at 10 months. In that time
HBS had to develop and supply all hardware and soft- re for the new system; the system had to
be brought on-line, tested, and approved; HR workers employees had to be educated about and
enrolled in the new benefits process; and the enrollment The director of FS was chosen to
oversee the project. She had the technical background and had to be trained how to operate the
system and load existing employee data; all Shah Alam data had to be entered in the systerm had
previously worked in the IS group in implementing Shah Alam\'s patient care information
system; everyone on the team approved of her appointment as project leader. She selected two
team leaders to assist her, one each from HR and IS. The HR leader\'s task was to ensure that the
new system met HR requirements and the needs of Shah Alam employees. The IS leader\'s task
was to ensure that the new software interfaced with other Shah Alam systems Members of the
Shah Alam team worked on the project on a part-time basis, spending roughly half their time on
the project and the other half on their normal daily duties. The project manager and team leaders
also worked part-time on the project, although each gave the project priority. Shah Alam\'s
senior management had made it clear that meeting project requirements andt deadlines was
imperative. The project manager was given authority over functional managers and project team
members for all project-related decisions. im QUESTIONS 1. What form of project management
(basic, program, etc.] does this case most o resemble? The project manager is also the director of
FS, one of several departments that will be cons of her being selected? that they give the project
top priority 2. affected by the new benefits system. Does this seem like a good idea? What are
the pros an Comment on the team members part-time assignment to the project and the expectat
4 Much of the success of this project depends on the performance of team member not employed
by Shah Alam, namely the HBS consultants. They must develop the enti .
On SQL Managment studioThis lab is all about database normalizatio.pdfinfomalad
On SQL Managment studio
This lab is all about database normalization. Download, from DocShare, and run Week 6
Normalizing.sql to create the four databases, UNF (Unnormalized Form), FNF (First Normal
Form), SNF (Second Normal Form), and TNF (Third Norma Form) used in this lab. Each of the
following will be executed against all four databases. This will require a use and go statement
between each query. All four queries should be able to run at one time. The goal of this lab is to
show how the different normalization change how data is queried. Note: The same result set will
be returned from each database. This is a good check to see that each query is correct.
Write a select statement that returns the project code, project name, and project manager.
List each Employee’s name, department, and department name.
List employee by project.
List each employee, project name, hourly rate, and department name.
the database is
Use master
GO
--
-- Unnormalized Database
--
CREATE DATABASE UNF;
GO
USE UNF;
GO
CREATE TABLE Unnormalized
(
ProjectCode varchar(100),
ProjectName varchar(100),
ProjectManager varchar(255),
ProjectBudget Decimal(10,2),
EmployeeNumber varchar(10),
EmployeeName varchar(100),
DepartmentNumber varchar(10),
DepartmentName varchar(100),
HourlyRate Decimal(10,2)
);
INSERT INTO Unnormalized
(ProjectCode, ProjectName, ProjectManager, ProjectBudget, EmployeeNumber,
EmployeeName, DepartmentNumber, DepartmentName, HourlyRate)
VALUES (\'PC010\', \'Reservation System\', \'Mr. Jones\', 120500.00, \'S100\', \'John\', \'D03\',
\'Database\', 21.00)
INSERT INTO Unnormalized
(ProjectCode, ProjectName, ProjectManager, ProjectBudget, EmployeeNumber,
EmployeeName, DepartmentNumber, DepartmentName, HourlyRate)
VALUES (\'PC010\', \'Reservation System\', \'Mr. Jones\', 120500.00, \'S101\', \'George\',
\'D02\', \'Testing\', 16.50)
INSERT INTO Unnormalized
(ProjectCode, ProjectName, ProjectManager, ProjectBudget, EmployeeNumber,
EmployeeName, DepartmentNumber, DepartmentName, HourlyRate)
VALUES (\'PC010\', \'Reservation System\', \'Mr. Jones\', 120500.00, \'S102\', \'Bob\', \'D01\',
\'IT\', 22.00)
INSERT INTO Unnormalized
(ProjectCode, ProjectName, ProjectManager, ProjectBudget, EmployeeNumber,
EmployeeName, DepartmentNumber, DepartmentName, HourlyRate)
VALUES (\'PC011\', \'HR System\', \'Mrs. Smith\', 500500.00, \'S103\', \'Jack\', \'D03\',
\'Database\', 18.50)
INSERT INTO Unnormalized
(ProjectCode, ProjectName, ProjectManager, ProjectBudget, EmployeeNumber,
EmployeeName, DepartmentNumber, DepartmentName, HourlyRate)
VALUES (\'PC011\', \'HR System\', \'Mrs. Smith\', 500500.00, \'S104\', \'Jane\', \'D02\',
\'Testing\', 17.00)
INSERT INTO Unnormalized
(ProjectCode, ProjectName, ProjectManager, ProjectBudget, EmployeeNumber,
EmployeeName, DepartmentNumber, DepartmentName, HourlyRate)
VALUES (\'PC011\', \'HR System\', \'Mrs. Smith\', 500500.00, \'S315\', \'Dave\', \'D01\', \'IT\',
23.50)
INSERT INTO Unnormalized
(ProjectCode, ProjectName, ProjectManager, Project.
Maria, an experienced shipping clerk, can fill a certain order in 11.pdfinfomalad
Maria, an experienced shipping clerk, can fill a certain order in 11 hours. Felipe , a new clerk,
needs 14 hours to do the same job. Working together, how long will it take them to fill the order?
Solution
Maria can fill in 11 hrs --- 1order
So, Maria can fil in 1 hr --- 1/11 of order
Felipe can fill 14 hrs --- 1order
Felipe can fill in 1/14 of order
If together work they can fill in 1hr = 1/11 +1/14 = 25/11*14 = 25/154of an order
Now they can fill i 1 complete order in 154/25 = 6.16 hrs.
List the problems that can be efficiently solved by Evolutionary P.pdfinfomalad
List the problems that can be efficiently solved by Evolutionary Programming?
List the problems that can be efficiently solved by Evolutionary Programming?
Solution
Evolutionary Programming is a Global Optimization algorithm and is an instance of an
Evolutionary Algorithm from the field of Evolutionary Computation. The approach is a sibling
of other Evolutionary Algorithms such as the Genetic Algorithm, and Learning Classifier
Systems. It is sometimes confused with Genetic Programming given the similarity in name, and
more recently it shows a strong functional similarity to Evolution Strategies.
Inspiration
Evolutionary Programming is inspired by the theory of evolution by means of natural selection.
Specifically, the technique is inspired by macro-level or the species-level process of evolution
(phenotype, hereditary, variation) and is not concerned with the genetic mechanisms of evolution
(genome, chromosomes, genes, alleles).
Metaphor
A population of a species reproduce, creating progeny with small phenotypical variation. The
progeny and the parents compete based on their suitability to the environment, where the
generally more fit members constitute the subsequent generation and are provided with the
opportunity to reproduce themselves. This process repeats, improving the adaptive fit between
the species and the environment.
Strategy
The objective of the Evolutionary Programming algorithm is to maximize the suitability of a
collection of candidate solutions in the context of an objective function from the domain. This
objective is pursued by using an adaptive model with surrogates for the processes of evolution,
specifically hereditary (reproduction with variation) under competition. The representation used
for candidate solutions is directly assessable by a cost or objective function from the domain.
Problems for evolutionary algorithms
Evolutionary programming are useful for problems for which no mechanistic method is available
– or when unreasonable assumptions need to be made. Problems for which you cannot calculate
or derive a solution. Problems for which you have to find a solution.
Aspects of problems that lend them to Evolutionary Programming solution include:
Assignment of individuals into groups, wherever simple ranking and truncation will not work.
This usually involves interactions, whereby whether an individual should be in a group depends
on what other individuals will be in that group. Example: developing multiplex groupings for
genotyping.
Problems where thresholds are involved, for example when the value of a solution depends on
whether certain thresholds have been passed, or the fate of an individual depends on passing one
or more thresholds. Example: Supply chain optimizing to target multiple product end-points
and/or turnoff dates.
Combinatorially tedious problems, where many combinations of components can exist. Example:
The setting up of animal matings. Below are the few applications:
Learning classifier systems, or .
Implement the insertFirst member function of the LinkedList class . .pdfinfomalad
Implement the insertFirst member function of the LinkedList class . Your header will be
void LinkedList::insertFirst(int d)
The job of insertFirst is to create a new Node with data equal to d and insert the Node at the front
of the list. Don\'t forget to update headPtr and length. Also make sure you handle the case where
the list is initially empty.
My incorrect attempt:
void LinkedList::insertFirst(int d){
int length;
Node * nodeToInsert = new Node(value, headPtr);
headPtr = nodeToInsert;
length++;
Solution
Since nothing is given, I am assuming the node structure as:
struct Node{
int data;
Node *next;
}
void LinkedList::insertFirst(int d){
Node *nodeToInsert = (Node *)malloc(sizeof(Node *));
nodeToInsert->data = d;
nodeToInsert->next = NULL;
if(headPtr != NULL){
nodeToInsert->next = headPtr;
}
headPtr = nodeToInsert;
length++;
}.
I need to get a 910 in order to pass this and I have 40 mins from n.pdfinfomalad
I need to get a 9/10 in order to pass this and I have 40 mins from now to submit it . Please help!!!
Item 1
In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.
Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.
Original Source Material
The technological tools available today for creating computer-based learning materials are
incredibly more powerful than those introduced just a few years ago. We can make our own
movies with camcorders in our homes; we can publish our own books. Soon teachers and
students will be able to use computer-video technology to produce their own learning materials.
All it takes is time, know-how, and some funds.
References:
Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta
Kappa Educational Foundation.
Frick (1991) suggested that teachers and students would be capable of using computer-video
technology to make learning resources. Furthermore, Frick\'s observation regarding tools for
creating learning materials that leverage computers that are a lot more powerful than technology
used just a few years back remains true over a decade later.
References:
Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta
Kappa Educational Foundation.
Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?
Word-for-Word plagiarism
Paraphrasing plagiarism
This is not plagiarism
Hints
Item 2
In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.
Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.
Original Source Material
Student Version
The way the U.S. judicial system works, a defendant is first found to be innocent or guilty. The
punishment sentence is determined only after a defendant has been found guilty. It might seem
that this is a relatively minor procedural issue. Yet, the order of this decision-making can mean
the difference between life and death, or even between conviction and acquittal.
References:
Dixit, A. K., & Nalebuff, B. J. (1991). Thinking strategically: The competitive edge in business,
politics, and everyday life. New York, NY: Norton.
Innocent or guilty courtroom decisions are often high-stakes. However, the precise consequences
of the verdict is unknown in U.S. judicial systems when the guilt versus innocence decision is
being made. Dixit and Nalebuff (1991) explain that this order of decision-making \"can mean the
difference between life and death, or even between conviction and acquittal\" (p. 270).
References:
Dixit, A. K., & Nalebuff, B. J. (1991). Thinking strategically: The competitive edge in business,
politics, and everyday life. New York, NY: Norton.
Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?
Word-for-Word plagiarism
Paraphrasing plagiarism
This is not plagiarism
Hints
Item 3
In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work.
Determine the ty.
If related parties complete a qualified like-kind exchange, how long.pdfinfomalad
If related parties complete a qualified like-kind exchange, how long must the parties wait before
disposing of the property exchanged to insure that any realized gain on the transfer is not
recognized?
No waiting.
30 days.
6 months.
1 year.
2 years.
Solution
Answer : Option E (2 years)
The related parties must wait for not less than 2 years befor disposing of the property exchanged
to insure no realized gain on transfer is recognized..
How innovative offerings gain acceptance within market segmentsH.pdfinfomalad
How innovative offerings gain acceptance within market segments
How innovative offerings gain acceptance within market segments
Solution
In the face of cut-throat competition in today’s world, producers are expected to stay ahead if
each other but offering something new to the customers. This requires constant innovation
offerings that make way into the market through two ways: Diffusion and Adoption.
The innovation in a product or service can be very small, or very large so as to change the
structure of the whole product or service. After the innovation has been done, two factors play an
important role:
(i) Diffusion: This deals with the question of whether at all the innovated offering
(product/service) would be accepted by the market segment
(ii) Adoption: If the answer to ‘diffusion’ is ‘yes’ then this deals with how fast the innovative
product or service offering would be accepted into the market segment.
Diffusion is seen from a macro point of view wherein focus is put on creating awareness about
the new product/service offering so that it gets accepted in the market segment. It is the process
by which an innovative offering either is absorbed into the market or is not accepted in the
market segment. This process is carried out mainly through communication by mass media, sales
persons, word-of-mouth advertisement, etc. There is a target market that needs to be addressed
within a specific period of time. Typically there are 4 elements of diffusion:
Adoption on the other hand is seen from a micro point of view wherein stress is put on the
various stages that a potential consumer goes through while accepting or rejecting the innovative
offering, after is has been introduced in the market segment. Sometimes it may so happen that an
innovative offering was there in the market but the consumer was unaware of it. This is where
advertisement and selling strategies play extremely important roles. There are 5 factors that
influence adoption:
Thus, the above two processes are the ways through which innovative offerings gain acceptance
within market segments..
How does an organization socialize an individualHow ATM(automated.pdfinfomalad
How does an organization socialize an individual?
How ATM(automated teller machine) has changed since its introduction into marketplace. ?
Solution
Answer:-
Socialization can be described as the process through which employees become acclimated to the
culture or the norms of the organization. An organization can socialize an individual through
informal interactions with the management of the organization, where they can be able to learn
the norms and the culture of an organization. Secondly, it can be achievable through peer
interactions, where they can be accustomed to the way of doing things in the workplace. Thirdly.
this is achievable through giving individuals a sense of membership, where they will feel more
valued and able to interact freely with other people. Socializing an individual can also be
achievable through involving them in the decision making processes.
Over the years, the ATM has evolved through innovation and technology. Firstly, it has changed
with regards to its usability. For instance, in the 1980\'s, there was the introduction of the FDK
buttons, as well as the color displays. Secondly, intelligent deposit ATM\'s have been introduced
to ensure more effectiveness and efficiency(Yang & Ching, 2010). Through the 1990\'s,
functionality has also been enhanced. This is in terms of audio input, thermal receipt printers, as
well as signature capture of the customers becoming more useful.More recently, the ATM cards
have been linked to the mobile phones of the customers, where customers can receive a code
through their phone when withdrawing cash from their banks using ATM cards..
Homework Develop a strategylies) to get a house. Consider possible h.pdfinfomalad
Homework: Develop a strategylies) to get a house. Consider possible hypothetic conditions and
situations that can be present in the development of the strategy. Make your suppositions of what
is feasible and reasonable. MISSION AND VISION OBJECTIVE(S) STRENGTHS 2. 4 Key
Success Factor (KSF) 1. 2. WEAKNESSES 2. 3. 4. OPPORTUNITIES 2. 4 S. O. STRATEGIES
W.O. STRATEGIES THREATS 2. 4 S. T. STRATEGIES W. T. STRATEGIES
Solution
It has been mentioned in the question that the strategy is to buy a house and one has to list down
the ‘strengths’, ‘weaknesses’, ‘opportunities’ and ‘threats’ in relation to buying a house which
implies that a SWOT analysis needs to be done in order to come to the best conclusion.
This SWOT analysis is a planning technique strategy which helps to indentify the internal
strengths and weaknesses that one might get by buying a house. This helps in judging whether at
all the investment is worthy or not. Additionally, there are external opportunities and threats
from getting a house, being aware of which will allow the investor to maximize the returns out of
the particular investment.
Let the investor (may be an individual or a accompany) plan to get a house in area X.
The SWOTs can be identified and arranged in a table as follows:
Mission and Vision: To invest in a property at competitive prices, that guarantees customer
satisfaction with contemporary living styles, in the best housing environment.
Key Success Factors: (KSF)
Objectives: To buy a house in area X, of a particular size and structure (E.g. 4000 sq. Ft. Duplex
villa), in a posh residential complex built the best builders in the market. However, the price
would be competitive.
Strengths:
1. Area X is developing fast both in terms of residential and business real estate and is projected
to be the most sought after area of residence in the city.
2. Investment in area X has gone up tremendously
3. The location of the property is a huge strength, as it is well connected to other parts of the city.
Hospitals, shopping complexes, etc are all a stone’s throw away.
4. If the investor were to resale the property at some point, it would be hugely profitable,
guaranteeing the highest price of housing in the city in the next few years.
Weaknesses:
1. There is a lot of political interference and turmoil in the targeted area of housing.
2. The area is still under development and lacks security for immediate living as the area has
reported thefts and burglaries frequently.
3. The roads are in a horrible condition as construction in that area is in full swing. There are a
host of residential and commercial properties which are being built there at the same time, which
makes staying there immediately a hassle.
4. As of now, there is no police station or hospital nearby. Most of the hospitals, recreation
facilities, security facilities etc are ‘projected’ to be completed soon. Therefore, ready-to-move
housing will not provide the facilities of a quick doctor on call, or police protect.
Given a definition of a group Given a definition of a group.pdfinfomalad
Given a definition of a group
Given a definition of a group
Solution
1)the no of people or things that are located or gathered or classed together is called a group
2)a set of elements occupying a column in the periodic table and having broadly similar
properties arising from their similar electronic structure
3)A sub division of a set is called a group.
Given the indexed collection of denumerable sets A_i with i N, prov.pdfinfomalad
Given the indexed collection of denumerable sets A_i with i N, prove that their union U_i N
A_i is also denumerable.
Solution
Given Ai is the denumerable sets
Union represents combination of all elements in all the sets
Hence U Ai has infinite many sets as Ai alone has infinite many sets
Hence U Ai is also denumerable.
give an example of a successful progect thats ben done by a virtual .pdfinfomalad
give an example of a successful progect thats ben done by a virtual team(means the members
lives away from each other and contact through the internet) reference
Solution
An example of successful virtual teams has been the implementation of virtual teams in Intel for
promoting team collaboration. This has resulted in enhanced productivity, better communication
and greater collaboration among teams responsible for designing microprocessors in the Intel
company.
Source: Intel’s Secrets to Virtual Team Success. A lesson in online collaboration from the best.
SIMON J. WILLIAMS MAY 16TH, 2014 (www. Redbooth.com).
File name a2.cppTaskFor this assignment, you are required to ei.pdfinfomalad
File name: a2.cpp
Task
For this assignment, you are required to either A) modify your linked list code to implement a
queue or B) modify the provided stack code to implement a queue. Your program should
implement a C++ queue class with the following member functions:
- Void enq(int)
- Void deq()
- Void front()
- Bool isEmpty()
- Void printq()
Your program will take in a command file called “cmd.txt” which will instruct your program
what operations to run
File Format
<0 or 1 arguments>
Commands
- 1 enq
- 2 deq
- 3 front
- 4 isEmpty
- 5 printq
Example File
1 1
5
1 2
5
1 3
5
1 4
5
3
2
5
2
5
3
Expectations
You should not use any already pre implemented code for your queue such as a standard library
object
Your code should be well formatted with proper spacing and proper naming
Your code should have well named variables. No a’s b’s or c’s as names unless it is for
something like a loop counter
Your code should have the same output formatting you see below
Your code MUST follow the formatting you see below
Your file MUST be named a2.cpp
My example file does not contain all possible test cases it is up to you to determine any other
special cases to test your program against.
Example Output
//LinkedList class
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
using namespace std;
struct Node
{
int data;
Node *next;
};
class LinkedList
{
private:
Node *head;
Node *tail;
public:
LinkedList(); //constructor
void prepend(int num);
void append(int num);
void removeFront();
void removeBack();
void remove(int num);
int search(int num);
void printList();
};
//constructor
LinkedList::LinkedList()
{
head=NULL;
tail=NULL;
}
//prepend() method
void LinkedList::prepend(int num)
{
//allocate space for new node
Node *node=new Node;
//populate node
node->data=num;
node->next= NULL;
//attach new node to start of list
//if linked list empty
if(head==NULL)
{
head=node;
tail=node;
}
else //linked list not empty
{
node->next=head;
head=node;
}
}
//append() method
void LinkedList::append(int num)
{
//allocate space for new node
Node *node=new Node;
//populate node
node->data=num;
node->next= NULL;
//attach new node to end of list
//if linked list empty
if(head==NULL)
{
head=node;
tail=node;
}
else //linked list not empty
{
tail->next=node;
tail=node;
}
}
//removeFront() method
void LinkedList::removeFront()
{
//if linked list empty, then underflow
if(head==NULL)
{
cerr<<\"Underflow\"<next;
//delete node
cout<<\"Removing \"<data<<\" from the list\"<next!=NULL)
{
/*if(curr==tail)
break;*/
prev=curr;
curr=curr->next;
}
prev->next=NULL;
tail=prev;
//delete node
cout<<\"Removing \"<data<<\" from the list\"<data=num)
break;
prev=curr;
curr=curr->next;
}
//preserve node
Node *temp=curr;
//detach node from linked list
prev->next=curr->next;
//delete node
cout<<\"Removing \"<data<<\" from the list\"<data=num)
{
found=1; //num found
break;
}
curr=curr->next;
}
return found;
}
//printList() method
void LinkedList::printList()
{
//traverse linked list
Node *curr=head;
while(curr!=NULL)
{
c.
Explain in detail the DTE-DCE TransmissionSolutionData commun.pdfinfomalad
Explain in detail the DTE-DCE Transmission?
Solution
Data communications equipment (DCE) refers to computer hardware devices used to establish,
maintain and terminate communication network sessions between a data source and its
destination. DCE is connected to the data terminal equipment (DTE) and data transmission
circuit (DTC) to convert transmission signals.
Data Communications Equipment (DCE)
A modem is a typical example of data communications equipment. In general, data
communications equipment is used to perform signal exchange, coding and line clocking tasks as
a part of intermediate equipment or DTE.
Some additional interfacing electronic equipment may also be needed to pair the DTE with a
transmission channel or to connect a circuit to the DTE. DCE and DTE are often confused with
each other, but these are two different device types that are interlinked with an RS-232 serial
line.
DTE and DCE connectors are wired differently if a single straight cable is employed. DCE
generates internal clock signals, while DTE works with externally provided signals. Without
employing a modem, the DCE and DTE can be connected through a crossable cable medium like
a null modem for Ethernet or typical RS-232 serial line. Many modems are DCE, while the
computer terminal is DTE.
The DCE converts the signal to a format appropriate to the transmission medium and introduces
it onto the network link.
A DCE takes data generated by a DTE, converts them to an appropriate signal, and then
introduces the signal onto the communication link. | Commonly used DCEs include modems.
To make communication possible, both the sending and receiving DCEs must use the same
modulating method (e.g.FSK).
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
DTE includes any unit that functions either as a source of or as a destination for binary digital
data. It can be a terminal, computer, printer, fax machine .. Or any other device that generates or
consumes digital data. DTE do not often communicate directly with another one; they generate
and consume information but need an intermediary to be able to communicate. Analogy: our
brain does when we talk. Brains –DTE, mouth/ear – DCE, air/telephone line –transmission
medium.
In computer data transmission, DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) is the RS-232C interface that a
computer uses to exchange data with a modem or other serial device.
Data Terminal Equipment is equipment which acts as source or destinations in digital
communication and which is capable of converting information to signals and also reconverting
received signals.
Pieces of data terminal equipment usually do not communicate between each other, which is
usually done by data communications equipment. Common examples of data terminal
equipment: printers, routers, application servers etc.
Features of Data Terminal Equipment:
DTE-DCE INTERFACE
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE) .
There 4 basic functional units involved in the communication data: DTE and DCE .
Find an example of a real project with a real project manager. The pr.pdfinfomalad
Find an example of a real project with a real project manager. The project can be from
corporate, business, construction etc. Interview the project manager or one of the project leads.
Write a two-page paper describing the project in terms of its scope, time and cost goals. Discuss
what went right and wrong on the project. Also, discuss the role of the project manager and
project sponsor. You will also discuss if the project was successful or unsuccessful. Search the
internet for two interesting articles about software development life cycles or project
management life cycle, including agile software development. Also, review the website ww
w.aailealliance.ong. What do these sources say about project management? Summarize your
findings in a one to two-page paper citing any references.
Solution
For this assignment, would like to discuss 1 project in details.
This project we are going to discuss is from a corporate. Whenever the new partners in a
particular geographical region signed up, the welcome kit was to be shipped. Partners signed up
with the the multinational and the relevant details were passed to this third organization for
preparing and shipping out the relevant welcome kits in that region.
Multinational M <---------------->Regional Partners P
M-------Backend Processing at Regional Company R----------------P
The regional company R performed the backend fulfillment at a regional level to prepare & send
out the welcome kit - some Software CDs for development, manuals, etc.
Let us call this Organization R where the project was done.
Scope: Scope of the project involved reading weekly files from M and creating new orders in the
ERP system of R.
Time: Time of the project implementation was 2 months.
Cost: Cost of the project was 50K USD
As the project was for a prestigious organization, it was important for regional company R,
however its budget was low and it involved multiple stakeholders that played important role in
the success/failure of the project.
Time: Out of the 2 months, the user requirement and testing needed more time in this case, as
this project could mean different things to the various stakeholders. As a project manager it was
important to meet up with customer R and also to connect with customer\'s customer.
Multinational M had certain assumptions about the project that were missed initially.
There was a limited time to successfully launch the project. It helped getting approvals for the
requirements in detail which involved data formats, expected delivery schedules, etc.
The testing was key in this project as the input files were received from outside company R. The
security protocols for file transfers need to be defined and tested. So there was administration
team that had a role in this project. Even though there job was for half a day only, certain
approvals were needed from the highest level and for the success of the project it was needed to
initiate it well in advance.
The 2 weeks were needed for requirements gat.
Discuss the importance of security and what elements need to be addr.pdfinfomalad
Discuss the importance of security and what elements need to be addressed with concern to
security.
Solution
Importance of security and elements needed to be addressed:
1. To improve efficiency of the system
2. To improve integrity of the product or information.
3. Information gets protected. There is no threat to your system from any third party.
Elements:
1. Confidentiality
2. Possession
3. Integrity
4. Authenticity
5. Availability
6. Utility.
Define financial engineering in terms of how to change the risk-retu.pdfinfomalad
Define financial engineering in terms of how to change the risk-return characteristics of an
existing position by using derivative instruments.
Solution
Effectively managing finance and operations risk is increasingly complex. Today’s leaders are
not only tasked with establishing sustainable infrastructures to manage the ever-changing
regulatory and business environment, but they are also challenged to drive performance and
results year over year. To meet these challenges, leaders need solutions to address a variety of
financial and operational risks that result from external and internal changes, including
regulatory changes, market volatility, corporate events, and growing third-party relationships.
Are you driving performance by optimizing the management of your risks.
As a result of total quality management, organizational changes in t.pdfinfomalad
As a result of total quality management, organizational changes in the way teams function has
been a direct impact from TQM. Teamwork removes barriers among individuals, departments,
and functions resulting in more empowered and motivated employees. The authors discuss
several types of teams in chapter 11. Explain the major types of teams found in organizations
today.
Solution
Answer:
The Major types of teams found in organizations today are:
1) Problem solving Team: This team generally consist of 5 to 10 employees within a department
who meet in a scheduled time to discuss the ways to improve quality, efficiency and enviroment.
Every organization will mostly depend on problem solving teams to help in solving organization
problems. In this team, members will share their knowledge, experience on how to improve the
systematic working/methods in place.
2) Self-managed Team: This team generally consist of 10-15 employees who take
responsibilities of their supervisors. The responsibilities includes but not limited to,
Fully self managed teams will select members on their own and assess eachother\'s performance
3. Cross Functional Team: Cross functional teams are effective means of allowing people from
different department within an organization to share informations, develop new ideas, solve
problems and co-ordinate complex projects. It brings people from different functional experts to
better invent design or deliver service. The general goal of using cross functional team include
some combination of innovation, speed and quality that come from early coordination among the
various specialties
4. Virtual Team: Virtual team use computer technology to tie tighter physically dispersed
members in order to achieve a common goal. They allow people to collaborate online, whether
they are only a room apart or separated by continents. The three primary factors that differentiate
virtual teams from face to face teams are:.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Why is it important for financial managers to understand the valua.pdf
1. Why is it important for financial managers to understand the valuation process? What are the 3
key inputs to the valuation process? What are typical maturities, denominations, and interest
payments of a corporate bond? What mechanism protects bond holders?
Why is it important for financial managers to understand the valuation process? What are the 3
key inputs to the valuation process? What are typical maturities, denominations, and interest
payments of a corporate bond? What mechanism protects bond holders?
Solution
Why is it important for financial managers to understand the valuation process?
To maximize value of stockholder wealth as reflected in the market price of the stock, Financial
managers, should understand the valuation process. Financial decisions may influence a firm’s
risk-return characteristics. Such decisions result in changes in both cash flows and the required
rate of return, which in turn lead to changes in the price of the firm’s common stock. The failure
of financial managers to understand the valuation process could lead to sub-optimal decisions
and impede their ability to maximize firm value or shareholder wealth.
What are the 3 key inputs to the valuation process?
There are three key inputs to the valuation process which are following
1.Cash Flow-The value of any asset depends on the cash flows it is expected to provide over the
ownership period
2.Timing- Time period is very important to determine the returns
3.Risk and Required return- Mesurement of risk is essential for decision. The level of risk
associated with a given cash flow can significantly affect it value. that means, the greater the risk
of a cash flow, the lower its value
What are typical maturities, denominations, and interest payments of a corporate bond?
Maturities - maturity is the time between when the bond is issued and when it matures, known
as its maturity date, at which time the issuer must redeem the bond by paying the principal or
face value. Between the issue date and maturity date, the bond issuer will make coupon
payments to the bond holder.
Denominations – Denomination is a classification for the stated or face value of financial
instruments, including currency notes and coins, as well as bonds and other fixed-income
investments. The denomination can also be the base currency in a transaction or the currency in
which a financial asset is quoted. This further classification helps clarify acceptable payment
options in transactions.
2. Interest payments – A payment amount determined by the interest rate on an account. As a
borrower, an interest payment represents the rate charged for being lent funds. As an investor,
interest payments represent income on earned on cash accounts or fixed and variable rate
securities.
What mechanism protects bond holders?
The mechanism to protect bondholders is by make the bond secured. Among secured bonds are
mortgage bond, collateral trust bond and equipment trust bond.
Mortagage Bond- A mortgage bond is a bond secured by a mortgage or pool of mortgages. These
bonds are typically backed by real estate holdings and real property such as equipment. In a
default situation, mortgage bondholders have a claim to the underlying property and could sell it
off to compensate for the default.
A collateral trust bond is a bond that is secured by a financial asset - such as stock or other bonds
- that is deposited and held by a trustee for the holders of the bond.
Equipment trust bond is a bond secured by tangible property, such as airplane, equipment or
physical assets. It is usually issued by a transportation company such as a railroad or shipping
line to secure payment, as the title for the equipment is held in trust for the holders of the issue.
The trustee holds title to the equipment, which is leased to the issuer. When the debt is paid off,
the equipment becomes the property of the issuer, as the title is transferred to the company
