2. After man dominated fire
Women (more observant)
Clay will harden near fire
Dr S.Nemati 13 CRD congress
3. Non metallic inorganic materials
Made of argil-feldspar-silicone-kaolin-quartz-
phyllite-talk-calcite-dolmit-magnesite-chromite-
boxite-graphite-zirconite
Quality depends on consistuent
Dr S.Nemati 13 CRD congress
4. Alex Duchateou(chemist)
Nicholas Dubois(dentist)
Ivory denture(bad color, odor) 1774
1888 Henry Land (dentist) platinum plate
1903 Charls Land (dentist)porcelain jacket crown
Dr S.Nemati 13 CRD congress
14. High melting ≥ 1300 ◦C
Medium melting 1100-1300 ◦C
Low melting 850-1100 ◦C
Ultra low melting ≤850 ◦C
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15. Due to their vitreous and crystalline nature
they are very fragile
so
1. Reinforce them
2. Use metal substructure ( PFM)
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17. Strategies
1. Structurally reinforced ceramic
2. Adhesive ceramics
both provide a support structure with adequate
strength and rigidity to protect covering crown
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18. Structure strength
Feldspathic (tensile st. 20-60 Mpa)
so
Large quantity of crystalline in relation to matrix we
need
Eg: leucite , aluminum oxide , zr oxide
With aim of act as crack propagation blocker
Fracture st.
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19. 50% Al2O3 …………….. Fract. St 2
Al2O3 ≥≥≥ quartz
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20. 1985
Aluminum stub infiltrated by glass
(lanthanum oxide)
High resistant sys. = in-ceram Alumina
In Ceram fr.st. 4 Aluminous porcelain
But Translucency
As a substitute to metal for core
METALL FREE CERAMICS
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21. To increase translucency
In-Ceram Spinell (MgAl2O3)
Translucency 2 In-Ceram
Frac. St. 20%
LIMITING to single ant restorations
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22. In-Ceram Zirconia 69% Al2O3,31% ZrO2
Flec.st. (700 Mpa)
Translucency
LIMITING to post. Single /3 unit rest.
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23. Procera -all ceram Use a CAD/CAM
Purified Al2O3 substructure
99.5%
Zr-Yt base
Zr as Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal (TZP)
Strongest ceramic.Ant .Post single/3 unit restoration
Implant abutment
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25. Strategies
1. Structurally reinforced ceramic
2. Adhesive ceramics
both provide a support structure with adequate
strength and rigidity to protect covering crown
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26. Systems with high saturations and structure
density
1. Not compatible with adhesive procedure
2. Can not be etched
3. Can not be bonded
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27. Bonding is based on
1. Acid etching(micromechanical)
2. Silane agent(chemical)
SiO2----Silane----Organic Matrix(resin)
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28. Also called vitrified ceramics
=viterous phase + crystalline phase (dispersed)
Ceramization process
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29. Size and quantity of crystals can be controlled
Stress generating points: surface defects=fracture
Viterous phase prone to fracture
The smaller the crystals = the larger the volume
= the less the distance between = the greater the
strength
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30. Reinforced with leucite crystals
(SiO2-K2O-Al2O3)
IPS Empress (ivoclar-Vivadent)
Use lost wax tech.
Limit to :single crown-inlay/onlay.PLV (flex.st )
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31. Vitrified ceramic based on Li disilicate crystals
(SiO2-LiO2)
to prevent crack propagation
IPS Empress 2
Flex.st. IPS Empress 2 ≥ IPS Empress
Single crn.PLV.Inlay/onlay. 3Unit Brg up to 2nd pm
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32. Refraction index ≠ tooth structure
Better esthetics
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33. Viterous
Leucite reinforced ceramic
Processing tech : optimized characteristics =
better str. & better translucency
Limit to single crown(as with all leucite ceramics)
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34. IPS emax® uses both hi temp. injection +
CAD/CAM
PRESS
1- IPS emax press(Li disilicate ceramic)
2- IPS emax zir press(fluoroapatite based glass to
be injected to Zr. structure)
CAD
IPS emax CAD(Li disilicate blocks)
IPS emax zirCAD(ZrO2 blocks)
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43. Overall esthetic results:
1. Shade of the prep
2. Shade of restoration(ingot/block, layering
material)
3. Shade of resin cement
44. 1. Which restoration?
2. How much tooth has been lost?
3. Where is the finish line?
4. Is it ant. or post?
5. Is there any para function?
6. Static and dynamic occlusal load? Should it be
changed?
7. Is the restoration adhesively bonded?
8. Is there discoloration?
9. How much the tooth is visible?
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51. Li- disilicate &infiltrated ceramic only 3 unit .
LiO2 SiO2 up to 2nd pm: (emax press – emax
CAD)
Infiltrated for 3 unit:
Inceram Alumina – Zirconia
Luted adhesively or cemented conventionally
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52. Sintered zirconia ceramic for multi unit FPD:
Sirona (Al/Zr), procera zirconia , sercon smart, Lava
frame,In ceramY/Z ,emax ZirCAD, DC Zircon
Luted adhesively or cinventionally
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53. Li-disilicate:
Reduction of crown margin : 0.8 mm
Buccal reduction :1-1.5 mm
Incisal reduction: 1.5-2 mm
Oxide ceramics:
Margin reduction 0.5mm
Buccal reduction:0.7-1.2 mm
Incisal reduction: 0.7-1.2 mm
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54. Margins : chamfer / rounded shoulder
Finish line : even gingivae
Rounded line angles , no sharp edges
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Organizational chart of dental ceramics for all-ceramic systems according to matrix material, filler or dopant (atomic-level filler) and fabrication process. CEREC 3 is manufactured by Sirona Dental Systems GmbH, Bensheim, Germany; InLab, Sirona Dental Systems GmbH; Vitablocs Mark II, Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany; IPS Empress CAD and IPS Empress Esthetic, Ivoclar Vivadent; Amherst, N.Y.; OPC, Pentron Ceramics, Somerset, N.J.; Cerinate, Den-Mat, Santa Maria, Calif.; Fortress, Mirage Dental Systems, Kansas City, Kan.; IPS e.max CAD and IPS e.max Press, Ivoclar Vivadent; In-Ceram Alumina, Spinell and Zirconia, Vita Zahnfabrik; Vita AL Cubes, Vita Zahnfabrik; Procera, Nobel Biocare, Göteborg, Sweden; Vita YZ Cubes, Vita Zahnfabrik; IPS e.max ZirCAD, Ivoclar Vivadent; Lava Zirconia, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, Minn.; Cercon Zirconia, Dentsply Prosthetics, York, Pa.; Procera, Nobel Biocare. (Adapted with permission of Quintessenz Verlags-GmbH, Berlin, from Kelly.3)