The document discusses the advancements in ceramics used in dentistry, focusing on various materials such as feldspathic ceramics and their properties. It highlights the history of dental materials, including the development of porcelain crowns and metal support ceramics, while emphasizing the importance of structural reinforcement and appropriate adhesion techniques. Additionally, it addresses the challenges of achieving aesthetic results and the necessary reduction techniques for different types of restorations.

1. Dr S.Nemati
assist. Prof
Tehran Azad university
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2.  After man dominated fire
 Women (more observant)
 Clay will harden near fire
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3.  Non metallic inorganic materials
 Made of argil-feldspar-silicone-kaolin-quartz-
phyllite-talk-calcite-dolmit-magnesite-chromite-
boxite-graphite-zirconite
 Quality depends on consistuent
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4.  Alex Duchateou(chemist)
 Nicholas Dubois(dentist)
 Ivory denture(bad color, odor) 1774
 1888 Henry Land (dentist) platinum plate
 1903 Charls Land (dentist)porcelain jacket crown
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6.  Feldspathic ceramics:
 Silicone (SiO2)
 Potassium feldspath (K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2)
 Sodium feldspath (Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2)
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13. Kelly, J. R. JADA 2008;139:suppl 4:4S-7S
Copyright © 2013 American Dental Association. All rights reserved. Reproduction or republication strictly prohibited without
prior written permission of the American Dental Association.

14.  High melting ≥ 1300 ◦C
 Medium melting 1100-1300 ◦C
 Low melting 850-1100 ◦C
 Ultra low melting ≤850 ◦C
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15.  Due to their vitreous and crystalline nature
 they are very fragile
 so
1. Reinforce them
2. Use metal substructure ( PFM)
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16. Alumino silicate glass
(Feldspathic ceramics)
feldspar
Silica(silicon oxide)
Alumina(aluminum
oxide)

17.  Strategies
1. Structurally reinforced ceramic
2. Adhesive ceramics
both provide a support structure with adequate
strength and rigidity to protect covering crown
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18.  Structure strength
 Feldspathic (tensile st. 20-60 Mpa)
so
Large quantity of crystalline in relation to matrix we
need
Eg: leucite , aluminum oxide , zr oxide
With aim of act as crack propagation blocker
Fracture st.
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19.  50% Al2O3 …………….. Fract. St 2
 Al2O3 ≥≥≥ quartz
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20.  1985
 Aluminum stub infiltrated by glass
(lanthanum oxide)
 High resistant sys. = in-ceram Alumina
 In Ceram fr.st. 4 Aluminous porcelain
 But Translucency
 As a substitute to metal for core
 METALL FREE CERAMICS
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21.  To increase translucency
 In-Ceram Spinell (MgAl2O3)
 Translucency 2 In-Ceram
 Frac. St. 20%
 LIMITING to single ant restorations
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22.  In-Ceram Zirconia 69% Al2O3,31% ZrO2
 Flec.st. (700 Mpa)
 Translucency
 LIMITING to post. Single /3 unit rest.
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23.  Procera -all ceram Use a CAD/CAM
 Purified Al2O3 substructure
99.5%
Zr-Yt base
Zr as Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal (TZP)
Strongest ceramic.Ant .Post single/3 unit restoration
Implant abutment
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25.  Strategies
1. Structurally reinforced ceramic
2. Adhesive ceramics
both provide a support structure with adequate
strength and rigidity to protect covering crown
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26.  Systems with high saturations and structure
density
1. Not compatible with adhesive procedure
2. Can not be etched
3. Can not be bonded
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27.  Bonding is based on
1. Acid etching(micromechanical)
2. Silane agent(chemical)
SiO2----Silane----Organic Matrix(resin)
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28.  Also called vitrified ceramics
 =viterous phase + crystalline phase (dispersed)
Ceramization process
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29.  Size and quantity of crystals can be controlled
 Stress generating points: surface defects=fracture
 Viterous phase prone to fracture
 The smaller the crystals = the larger the volume
= the less the distance between = the greater the
strength
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30.  Reinforced with leucite crystals
(SiO2-K2O-Al2O3)
 IPS Empress (ivoclar-Vivadent)
 Use lost wax tech.
 Limit to :single crown-inlay/onlay.PLV (flex.st )
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31.  Vitrified ceramic based on Li disilicate crystals
(SiO2-LiO2)
to prevent crack propagation
IPS Empress 2
Flex.st. IPS Empress 2 ≥ IPS Empress
Single crn.PLV.Inlay/onlay. 3Unit Brg up to 2nd pm
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32.  Refraction index ≠ tooth structure
 Better esthetics
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33.  Viterous
 Leucite reinforced ceramic
 Processing tech : optimized characteristics =
better str. & better translucency
 Limit to single crown(as with all leucite ceramics)
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34.  IPS emax® uses both hi temp. injection +
CAD/CAM
 PRESS
1- IPS emax press(Li disilicate ceramic)
2- IPS emax zir press(fluoroapatite based glass to
be injected to Zr. structure)
 CAD
 IPS emax CAD(Li disilicate blocks)
 IPS emax zirCAD(ZrO2 blocks)
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39. 1. Ceramic with metal support(PFM)
2. Ceramic reinforced with highly resistant
crystals(Empress2 . Emax)
3. Al2O3 reinforced ceramics (high opacity)
4. ZrO2 reinforced ceramics
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40.  To find ideal material :
 Color
 resistance
 Adhesion
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43.  Overall esthetic results:
1. Shade of the prep
2. Shade of restoration(ingot/block, layering
material)
3. Shade of resin cement

44. 1. Which restoration?
2. How much tooth has been lost?
3. Where is the finish line?
4. Is it ant. or post?
5. Is there any para function?
6. Static and dynamic occlusal load? Should it be
changed?
7. Is the restoration adhesively bonded?
8. Is there discoloration?
9. How much the tooth is visible?
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51.  Li- disilicate &infiltrated ceramic only 3 unit .
LiO2 SiO2 up to 2nd pm: (emax press – emax
CAD)
 Infiltrated for 3 unit:
Inceram Alumina – Zirconia
 Luted adhesively or cemented conventionally
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52.  Sintered zirconia ceramic for multi unit FPD:
Sirona (Al/Zr), procera zirconia , sercon smart, Lava
frame,In ceramY/Z ,emax ZirCAD, DC Zircon
 Luted adhesively or cinventionally
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53.  Li-disilicate:
Reduction of crown margin : 0.8 mm
Buccal reduction :1-1.5 mm
Incisal reduction: 1.5-2 mm
 Oxide ceramics:
Margin reduction 0.5mm
Buccal reduction:0.7-1.2 mm
Incisal reduction: 0.7-1.2 mm
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54.  Margins : chamfer / rounded shoulder
 Finish line : even gingivae
 Rounded line angles , no sharp edges
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55. Ant
crown
Post
crown
FPD
Ant
FPD
Post
Inlay /
onlay
PLV Imp.sup
crown
Feldp + + + +
Li-dis + + + 2nd pm +
Glass Infiltrate Oxide ceramic
1-
spinell
+
2-
Alumina
+ + + +
3-
Zirconia
+ + + + +
Poly
crys
Talline Oxide ceramic
Zirconia
oxide
+ + + + +
Alumina + + + +Dr S.Nemati 13 CRD congress

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