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217 The second advent of Christ WH
The document discusses theories about the second coming of Christ, including whether the time can be known, how Christ will return, and where. It considers biblical passages related to the second coming. Specific points discussed include whether Christ will return born as a man on earth or coming on clouds, the identity of Israel, and possibilities for where Christ may return, focusing on Korea. The document provides historical context about the spread of Christianity to Korea and important events in Korean history.
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217 The second advent of Christ WH
- 1. The second advent ofChrist
- 2. When will Christreturn?
- 3. Can we knowthe time? No Yes Matthew 24:36 Revelation 3:3 II Peter 3:10 Amos 3:7 I Thessalonians 5:4 Matthew 25:1-13
- 4. Can we knowthe time? No Matthew 24:36 Revelation 3:3 II Peter 3:10 “But concerning that day and hour no one knows, not even the angels of heaven, nor the Son but the Father only.”
- 5. Can we knowthe time? No Matthew 24:36 Revelation 3:3 II Peter 3:10 “If you will not awake, I will come like a thief, and you will not know at what hour I will come upon you.”
- 6. Can we knowthe time? No Matthew 24:36 Revelation 3:3 II Peter 3:10 “But the day of the Lord will come like a thief.”
- 7. Can we knowthe time? Yes Amos 3:7 I Thessalonians 5:4 Matthew 25:1-13
- 8. Can we knowthe time? Yes Amos 3:7 I Thessalonians 5:4 Matthew 25:1-13 “For the Lord God does nothing without revealing his secret to his servants the prophets.”
- 9. Can we knowthe time? Yes Amos 3:7 I Thessalonians 5:4 Matthew 25:1-13 “But you are not in darkness, brothers, for that day to surprise you like a thief. For you are all children of light, children of the day.... So then let us not sleep, as others do.”
- 10. Can we knowthe time? Yes Amos 3:7 I Thessalonians 5:4 Matthew 24:32-33 “From the fig tree learn its lesson: as soon as its branch becomes tender and puts forth its leaves, you know that summer is near. So also when you see these things, you know that he is near, at the very gates.”
- 11. Can we knowthe time? Those who are ‘awake’, or prepared, will recognise the time as having arrived: “I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh, and your sons and daughters shall prophesy, and your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams…” Acts 2:17
- 12. When will Christreturn?
- 13. Pattern of restoration Adam Abraham NoahJacob Jacob in Haran Jacob to Egypt Isaac Lord of Second Advent Jesus 400120400 400 210 400 Slavery in Egypt Judges United Kingdom Divided Kingdom Babylonian Captivity Preparation Persecution In Rome Patriarchs United Kingdom Divided Kingdom Papal Captivity Preparation 400120400 400 210 400 401201600 400 21 40 Brothers divided
- 14. Slavery in Egypt Judges IsraeliteMonarchy Divided Kingdoms Exile and Return Prep. for the Messiah Suffering under Rome Church Patriarchs Christian Empire Divided Empire Papal Captivity & Return Prep. for 2nd Advent Malachi Luther1517 JewishHistory Christian History 400 210 400 120 400 400 The messiah should come between 1917-1930
- 15. How will Christreturn?
- 16. The second comingof Elijah Elijah (circa 864 BC) Goes to Heaven in a ‘Fiery Chariot’ ‘Second Coming’ as John the Baptist (Working with John, who inherits his mission) Luke 1:17 Matthew 11:13-14 Matthew 17:10-13 New person, similar mission, born on the earth
- 17. In what mannerwill Christ return? Born on earth? Come on the clouds?
- 18. Born on earth? Expectationsabout the first coming Born on earth? But you, O Bethlehem . . . from you shall come forth for me one who is to be ruler in Israel . . . Therefore he shall give them up until the time when she who is in labour has given birth. Micah 5:2
- 19. Expectations about thefirst coming Born on earth? Behold, a maiden shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. Isaiah 7:14
- 20. Come on theClouds? Expectations about the first coming Come on the clouds? I saw in the night visions, and behold, with the clouds of heaven there came one like a son of man, and he came to the Ancient of Days and was presented before him. Daniel 7:13
- 21. Expectations about thefirst coming Born on earth? Come on the clouds? Jesus was born on the earth Coming on the clouds prophecies for the second advent? Jews do not believe that the messiah should come twice
- 22. Born on earth? Inwhat manner will Christ return? Born on earth? She gave birth to a male child, one who is to rule all the nations with a rod of iron. Revelation 12:5
- 23. Come on theClouds? In what manner will Christ return? Come on the clouds? Then will appear in heaven the sign of the Son of man. And then all the tribes of the earth will mourn, and they will see the Son of man coming on the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. Matthew 24:30
- 24. In what mannerwill Christ return? Come on the clouds? The Lord himself will descend from heaven with a cry of command . . . and the dead in Christ will rise first. 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17
- 25. What do cloudsrepresent? Metaphorical Biblical language: Clouds = crowd Therefore, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses . . . Hebrews 12:1
- 26. What does waterrepresent? Metaphorical Biblical language: Water = fallen people And the angel said to me, “The waters that you saw, where the prostitute is seated, are peoples and multitudes and nations and languages. Revelation 17:15
- 27. Who are theclouds? Metaphorical Biblical language: Clouds = water vapour = pure people Heb. 12:1 “clouds” = resurrected believers Rev. 17:15 “water” = fallen people
- 28. Why will themessiah be born on earth as a man again? God’s will is eternal, unchanging and absolute Adam and Eve were supposed to fulfil the Three Blessings but fell Jesus came as the Second Adam restore Adam’s failure, destroy evil and establish the Kingdom of Heaven by fulfilling the Three Blessings The messiah will come as the Third Adam to complete Jesus' work of establishing God’s Kingdom by fulfilling the Three Blessings
- 29. The second comingof Jesus Jesus (33 AD) Ascended into heaven as a spiritual being ‘Second coming’ as a new messiah The spirit of Jesus will work with the messiah who inherits his mission “Men of Galilee, why do you stand looking into heaven? This Jesus, who was taken from you into heaven, will come in the same way as you saw him go into heaven.” Acts 1:11
- 30. What is thenew messiah called? Then I saw heaven opened, and behold, a white horse! He who sat upon it is called Faithful and True, and in righteousness he judges and makes war. His eyes are like a flame of fire, and on his head are many diadems; and he has a new name which no one knows but himself. He is clad in a robe dipped in blood, and the name by which he is called is The Word of God.
- 31. Where will Christreturn?
- 32. Will Christ returnamong the Jewish people? • Landlord = God • Vineyard = Israel • Tenants = Leaders • Servants = Prophets • Son = Jesus Christ Tenants murder the son“Therefore I tell you, the Kingdom of God will be taken away from you and given to a people producing the fruits of it.” Jews who believe in Jesus
- 33. Who is Israel? Themessiah will be born to a Christian people John the Baptist: “God is able from these very stones to raise up children to Abraham.” Matthew 3:9 Jews who believed in Jesus = the Jesus Movement Scripture of the early church was the Old Testament The Christian Church spiritual descendants of Abraham Christianity = 2nd Israel = Jews who believe in Jesus + Gentile converts
- 34. Which Christian nation? “Foras the lightening comes from the east and shines as far as the west, so will be the coming of the Son of man. Matthew 24:27 A country in the East: Communist leaning Imperialist Militaristic Imperialistic Pagan Non-aggressive Religious China Japan Korea
- 35. The last fourhundred years GermanyMartin Luther 1517 Karl Marx 1848 Britain America Korea Russia China Travels WEST Travels EAST Free market Liberal Democracy Protestantism Communism Totalitarianism State control British Empire Fascism Nazism
- 36. Why Korea? • Messianicprophecies and spiritual groups preparing for the coming Christ • Deep religious traditions • Non-aggressive nation with history of suffering • Front line of the battle between Communism and Democracy: divided Cain and Abel brother nations Wherever the body is, there the eagles will be gathered together.” Matthew 24:28
- 37. How did Christianitygo East?
- 38. Christianity in China NestorianStele (781) • Arrived 635 – Alopen • Flourished Tang dynasty 200 years • Persecuted and declined 10th century • Revived Mongol Yuan dynasty 13th century • Disappeared 14th century Ming dynasty • Xenophobia
- 39. Some recent Koreanhistory • 5000 year history • Chosun dynasty established 1392 • King Sejong the Great – Hangul alphabet – Neo-Confucianism – Cultural and technological advances – Agricultural innovations – Calendar reform – 1/3 population slaves King Sejong the Great (1418-50)
- 40. Invasions and threats •Japanese invasions 1592-98 – Admiral Yi Sun-sin and turtle ships supported by Chinese Ming Dynasty defeated them • Manchu invasions 1627/36 – Korea under Qing suzerainty - paid tribute – 200 years of peace and isolation “Hermit Kingdom” – Hostile to foreign trade and contact including missionaries Admiral Yi Sun-sin
- 41. Coming of CatholicChristianity • 1603 Korean envoy to China brought some Catholic texts • 1758 Christianity outlawed • 1840 French missionaries • 1856 French bishop appointed • January 1866 Russian ships off coast • February Catholics propose alliance – France, Britain, Korea • Rejected by Korean court – 8-10,000 Catholics martyred – 7 French priests martyred Bishop Siméon-François Berneaux tortured, beheaded March 1866
- 42. Coming of Protestantism •1865 Robert Jermain Thomas from Wales takes Chinese Bibles to Korea • August 1866 he travels on General Sherman – Misunderstanding – Clash – Thomas martyred • 1877 John Ross from Scotland translates Bible into Korean and distributes Robert Jermain Thomas 1839-1866
- 43. Korea makes treaties •1854 USA sign treaty with Japan – Meiji restoration 1868 • 1876 Korea made unequal trade treaty with Japan • 1882 Korean king wanted US goods and protection but not Christianity or democracy • US promised to protect Korea • Korean court politics rejects closer relations with the West
- 44. Japanese occupy Korea •1st Sino – Japanese War 1894-5 – Korea nominally independent – Empire of Korea • Anglo – Japanese Alliance 1902 – Japan occupies Korea • Russo – Japanese war 1904-05 – 1905 Russian Revolution, closing of Duma – Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 • Eulsa Treaty 1905 – Korea becomes a protectorate of Japan • Japan – Korea Treaty 1907 – Korea controlled by Japan • Japan – Korea Annexation Treaty 1910 – loss of Korean sovereignty
- 45. Korean Pentecost • Revivalin Wales 1904-05 • Spread to India and Korea 1907 • Meeting of missionaries spirit descended • Rapid spread • Today Korean Christianity most vital in the world – most missionaries, largest congregations
- 46. March 1st 1919 •Korean declaration of independence • Influenced by Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points • Korea ‘connects’ to worldwide foundation for the messiah • 2,000,000 Koreans participated in 1,500 demonstrations • 7,500 killed, 16,000 wounded, 46,000 arrested • Korean delegation at Versailles Peace Conference blocked by Japan and USA
- 47. Sun Myung Moonborn • 25th February 1920 • 2nd son of Kyung-yoo Moon and Kyung-gye Kim • 1930 family converted to Christianity • 1935 encounter with Jesus • 4th May 1944 marries Sun Kil Choi • 1946 travels to North Korea
- 48.
- 49. What must theMessiah do? • Fulfill the three blessings • Bring a new expression of truth • Be victorious over evil • Show the way for all people to regain their status as God’s true sons and daughters • Unite people of all faiths and establish a world of peace. And more….
Editor's Notes
- #9 Amos- God warned people about flood, warned Abraham about Sodom and Gomorrah, warns tsunami, 9/11 etc. Why God warn - enable people to prepare and respond
- #11 [these things] wars, tribulations etc.
- #20 Abraham 1812 -1637 BC by Biblical dating Maintained ID through circumcision, sabbath Exodus date 1440 - Biblical 1 Kings 6. 480 years before Solomon began Temple in 4th year of reign Late 1200 BC William Albright Early 1500 BC Hyskos Xns established ID through baptism and cedo “I believe that Jesus is Lord” Constahntine converted 312 Xty became dominated by the Roman state. Arm of government. Cain dominated Abel? Loss of freedom of faith Emperor Theodocius made Xty state religion
- #21 In Canaan should have maintained faith in God, kept the law and be united with judge and each other. Usually supported Judge but after judge fell into faithlessness. Judges 2:16-19 People not bound together by central govt but common devotion to God, common religious festivals and law. Tribal independence. People followed conscience not king. Authority of judges non-hereditary and charismatic. God rules, not king like other people. Theocracy. Valued freedom and independence after slavery in egypt. Abimelech with support of priests of Baal tried to become king and create Canaanite type of government but people rebelled at the idea of human king. Benjamin didn’t come to support so decimated by other tribes. Later wanted a king so they could become as other nations. Rejected freedom and responsibility and uncertainties of divine rule and leadership.
- #22 OT Prophet, priest and king NT Saint, pope, king Saul 1020 BC. 3 times 40 for kings Saul was king, should have listened to prophet but prophet obey king. Separation of functions. Samuel failed to respect position of king. Killed Saul David listened to prophet and repented. Nathan spoke to power. David reign - rebbellion of Absolom Solomon other foreign wives and their gods - I Kings 11 - 700 wives, 300 concubines, When he was old his heart went after other gods. Ashteroth, Milcom
- #23 Rehaboam - Solomon’s son. Jeroboam - capable leader in charge of forced labour. 1 Kings 12:4 “Your father made our yoke heavy. Now therefore ligten the hard service of your father and his heavy yoke upon us, and we will serve you.” R - “My little finger is thicker than my father’s loins. And now, whereas my father laid upon you a heavy yoke, I will ad to your yoke. My father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions.” Israel - 19 unrighteous kings in 260 years Judah - many good kings 394 years. 1 lineage. Also fell into coruption and idol worship
- #24 Ezra was a Jewish priestly scribe who led about 5,000 Israelite exiles living in Babylon to their home city of Jerusalem in 459 BC. Ezra reconstituted the dispersed Jewish community on the basis of the Torah and with an emphasis on the law. Ezra resolved the identity threat which arose by the intermarriage between Jews and foreigners and provided a definite reading of the Torah. Ezra is highly respected in the Jewish tradition. His knowledge of the Torah is considered to have been equal with Moses. Like Moses , Enoch , and David , Ezra is given the honorific title of "scribe". Son of exciled HP. Eunoch Malachi is often thought to have been Ezra Nehemiah - cup-bearer of Artaxerxes. Allowed to go to Jerusalem as governor. Rebuilt walls and restored administration. D. 413 BC
- #28 Jesus a jew, all disciples jews, all bishops and leaders of church jews till 2nd century Who rejected Jesus? Church - Jews Romans killed him. Minimised. DP - John Baptist failed. Ordinary people welcomed. Some religious leaders supported. Some opposed. Failure of disciples. After crucifixion jews couldn’t accept Jesus was messiah cos didn’t fulfill messianic role Christians tried to prove he was supposed to be crucified to convince them Belief in divinty of Jesus due to experience Parting of the ways Law - should converts from gentiles be circumcised Self definition - who is a christian Based in synagogue still Divinity of Jesus - jewish heretics Lot of interaction Constantine - Nicea - separate date for Easter/Passover. Sabbath/Sunday. Gentiles anti S brought attitudes into church Xns established ID through baptism and cedo “I believe that Jesus is Lord” Constahntine converted 312 Xty became dominated by the Roman state. Arm of government. Cain dominated Abel? Loss of freedom of faith Emperor Theodocius made Xty state religion
- #29 Church influenced by gentile society. Abandoned the law - circumcumcision, sabbath etc. Gentiles brought in their ideas. Gnostic ideas entered church - predestination, etc. Council of Nicaea recognised auhtority of metropolitan bishops as archbishops Council of constantinople recognised special place of bishops of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople and Jerusalem Chalcedon Leo I claimed Rome supreme Problem with doctrinal controversies was became extreme. Conflcts racked society. Each group thought absolutley right and wanted to impose its beliefs on everyone and squeeze out competitors. Groups tried to mobilise emperor and state to be on their side. Should have allowed for broad religious freedom. Free market in doctrine. Trinitarian, Christological, Donatist, Pelagian -> christianity was pluralist and very diverse but politically wanted uniformity of belief. Winners at council used state to enforce belief on others Islam a reforming movement to restore monotheism
- #30 Charlemagne (742 - 814) was King of the Franks from 768 to his death. Grandson of Charles Martel who defeated Muslims at Battle Tours. He expanded the Frankish kingdoms into a Frankish Empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe . During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800 as a rival of the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople . His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance , a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church and guided by Alcuin of York. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of France , Germany , and the Holy Roman Empire . Established common currency based on pound of silver, shilling and 240 pence. Donation of Constantine - Papacy dominates kings. The Donation of Constantine ( Latin , Donatio Constantini ) [1] is a forged Roman imperial decree in which the emperor Constantine transfers authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the pope. It was devised probably between 750 and 775 , In 799, Pope Leo III had been mistreated by the Romans, who tried to put out his eyes and tear out his tongue. Leo escaped, and fled to Charlemagne at Paderborn, asking him to intervene in Rome and restore him. Charlemagne, advised by Alcuin of York , agreed to travel to Rome, doing so in November 800 and holding a council on December 1. On December 23 Leo swore an oath of innocence. Charlemagne sat in judgement on the Pope. At Mass , on Christmas Day (December 25), when Charlemagne knelt the altar to pray, the pope crowned him Imperator Romanorum ("Emperor of the Romans") in Saint Peter's Basilica . In so doing, the pope was effectively attempting to transfer the office from Constantinople to Charles. Einhard says that Charlemagne was ignorant of the pope's intent and did not want any such coronation: “[ H]e at first had such an aversion that he declared that he would not have set foot in the Church the day that they [the imperial titles] were conferred, although it was a great feast-day, if he could have foreseen the design of the Pope .” Many modern scholars suggest that Charlemagne was indeed aware of the coronation; certainly he cannot have missed the bejeweled crown waiting on the altar when he came to pray. In any event, he would now use these circumstances to claim that he was the renewer of the Roman Empire, which had apparently fallen into degradation under the Byzantines . However, Charles would after 806 style himself, not Imperator Romanorum ("Emperor of the Romans", a title reserved for the Byzantine emperor), but rather Imperator Romanum gubernans Imperium ("Emperor ruling the Roman Empire").The Iconoclasm of the Isaurian Dynasty and resulting religious conflicts with the Empress Irene , sitting on the throne in Constantinople in 800, were probably the chief causes of the pope's desire to formally acclaim Charles as Roman Emperor. He also most certainly desired to increase the influence of the papacy, honour his saviour Charlemagne, and solve the constitutional issues then most troubling to European jurists in an era when Rome was not in the hands of an emperor. Thus, Charlemagne's assumption of the imperial title was not an usurpation in the eyes of the Franks or Italians. In Constaninople Irene was Empress. Charlemagne proposed to her but she was then overthrown when she showed some interest. Charles backed tracked on title but Church kept it and power that went with pretended authority to bestow it. Loius the Pious - suceeded Charlemagne. As emperor he included his adult sons - Lothair , Pepin , and Louis - in the government and sought to establish a suitable division of the realm between them. In the 830s his empire was torn by civil war between his sons, only exacerbated by Louis's attempts to include his son Charles by his second wife in the succession plans. [parallel David] 3 civil wars. Empire split between and inherited by Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II (the Bald) who also constantly warred with each other
- #31 Monastic orders Cluny - ~William of Aquitaine (919) source of most reform movements. Reformed Benedictines (Benedictines founded Benedict of Nursia in 529) at Monte Cassino Cistercians (1098), Augustinians, Carthusians (1082), Carmelites (1156), Dominicans (1216) St Dominic, Spaniard (1170-1221) - Dominicans - Order of Preachers. Inquisition Franciscans (1223) St Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) Minor Brethren Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist (1090 – August 20, 1153) was a French abbot and the primary builder of the reforming Cistercian monastic order. 350 monasteries in lifetime Others called heretics; Lollards - followers John Wycliffe Hussites - John Huss Scholars: St Aquinas (1225-74) John Scotus (1266-1308) William Ockham (1280-1349) Exommunication and interdict powerful papal weapons Gregory VII (Hildebrand) (1021-1085) enhanced power of papacy. The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was an 11th century dispute between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory VII over who would control appointments of church officials ( investiture ). The medieval feudal church owned vast amounts of land and so was very powerful. The king wanted to appoint bishops ect. That would support him. It was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe . By undercutting the Imperial power established by the Salian emperors, the controversy led to nearly 50 years of civil war in Germany , the triumph of the great dukes and abbots , and the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire from which Germany would not recover until the unification of Germany in the 19th century. To achieve his political goals the pope excommunicated the king. After the decline of the Roman Empire , and prior to the Investiture Controversy, the appointment of church officials, while theoretically a task of the Roman Catholic Church was in practice performed by secular authorities. Since a substantial amount of wealth and land was usually associated with the office of bishop or abbot, the sale of Church offices (a practice known as simony ) was an important source of income for secular leaders. Since bishops and abbots were themselves usually part of the secular governments, due to their literate administrative resources, it was beneficial for a secular ruler to appoint (or sell the office to) someone who would be loyal. In addition, the Holy Roman Emperor had the special ability to appoint the pope, and the pope in turn would appoint and crown the next Emperor. Thus a top-down cycle of secular investiture of Church offices was perpetuated.The crisis began when a group within the church, members of the Gregorian Reform , decided to address the sin of simony by restoring the power of investiture to the Church. The Gregorian reformers knew this would not be possible so long as the emperor maintained the ability to appoint the pope, so their first step was to liberate the papacy from the control of the emperor. An opportunity came in 1056 when Henry IV became German king at six years of age. The reformers seized the opportunity to free the papacy while he was still a child and could not react. In 1059 a church council in Rome declared secular leaders would play no part in the selection of popes and created the College of Cardinals as a body of electors made up entirely of church officials. To this day the College of Cardinals selects the pope.Once Rome gained control of the election of the pope, it was now ready to attack the practice of secular investiture on a broad front Innocent III (1161-1216) claimed absolute spiritual and temporal authority Failure of crusades -> loss papal authority and dignity and power -> fell under French control East/West division political rivalry Byzantine empire and Holy Roman Empire Papal claims Filioque controversy Different languages Difference in clerical celibacy Mutual excommunicaton Crusades - 1096-1099. Urban II, Peter Hermit. Captured Nicea, Antioch, Jerusalem. Est. Crusader kingdoms 4th crusade sacked Constantinople 1200-1204 Childrens crusade 1212 drowned and enslaved The Crusades were a series of religion-driven military campaigns waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents. Crusades were fought mainly against Muslims , though campaigns were also directed against pagan Slavs , Jews , Russian and Greek Orthodox Christians , Mongols , Cathars , Hussites , Waldensians , Old Prussians , and political enemies of the popes . [1] Crusaders took vows and were granted an indulgence for past sins . [1] The Crusades originally had the goal of recapturing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim rule and were launched in response to a call from the Eastern Orthodox Byzantine Empire for help against the expansion of the Muslim Seljuk Turks into Anatolia . The immediate cause of the First Crusade was the Byzantine emperor Alexios I 's appeal to Pope Urban II for mercenaries to help him resist Muslim advances into territory of the Byzantine Empire. In 1071, at the Battle of Manzikert , the Byzantine Empire was defeated, which led to the loss of all of Asia Minor (modern Turkey ) save the coastlands. Although attempts at reconciliation after the East-West Schism between the Catholic Western Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church had failed, Alexius I hoped for a positive response from Urban II and got it, although it turned out to be more expansive and less helpful than he had expected. Another factor that contributed to the change in Western attitudes towards the East came in the year 1009, when the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ordered the destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . In 1039 his successor, after requiring large sums be paid for the right, permitted the Byzantine Empire to rebuild it. Pilgrimages were allowed to the Holy Lands before and after the Sepulchre was rebuilt, but for a time pilgrims were captured and some of the clergy were killed. The Muslim conquerors eventually realized that the wealth of Jerusalem came from the pilgrims; with this realization the persecution of pilgrims stopped. However, the damage was already done, and the violence of the Seljuk Turks became part of the concern that spread the passion for the Crusades.
- #32 Pope Cement V 1305 -1 314 Pope Gregory XI 1370 -1 378 moved back to Rome then died. Urban VI elected in Rome. Behaved badly. Cardinals elected Clement VII -> Avignon 2 popes Continued Council Pisa 1409 elected another -> 3 popes Constance elected Martin V The Great Schism of Western Christianity or Papal Schism (also known as the Western Schism ) was a split within the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417. After Gregory XI died, the Romans rioted to ensure the election of a Roman for pope. The cardinals , fearing the crowds, elected a Neapolitan when no viable Roman candidates presented themselves. Pope Urban VI , born Bartolomeo Prignano, the Archbishop of Bari , was elected in 1378. Urban had been a respected administrator in the papal chancery at Avignon, but as pope he proved suspicious, overbearing, and prone to violent outbursts of temper. The cardinals who had elected him soon regretted their decision: the majority removed themselves from Rome to Anagni , where they elected Robert of Geneva as a rival pope on September 20 of the same year. Robert took the name Pope Clement VII and reestablished a papal court in Avignon. The second election threw the Church into turmoil. There had been antipopes --rival claimants to the papacy--before, but most of them had been appointed by various rival factions; in this case, a single group of leaders of the Church had created both the pope and the antipope. By its end, three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope . Driven by politics rather than any real theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414 ﾐ 1 418). The simultaneous claims to the papal chair of four different men hurt the reputation of the office. Finally, the Council of Constance in 1414, advised by the theologian Jean Gerson , secured the resignations of John XXIII and the successor in Rome of Urban VI, Pope Gregory XII (who had abdicated in 1415, but not before formally empowering the Council of Constance to elect the new pope, thus ensuring the legitimacy of the Roman line), and excommunicated the claimant who refused to step down, Avignon Pope Benedict XIII . The Council then elected Pope Martin V , essentially ending the schism. Nonetheless, the Kingdom of Aragon did not recognize Martin V and continued to recognize Benedict XIII. A follower of Benedict XIII subsequently elected Antipope Benedict XIV (Bernard Garnier) and three followers simultaneously elected Antipope Clement VIII , but the Western Schism was by then practically over. (Clement VIII resigned in 1429 and apparently recognized Martin V.) Wycliffe 1329-84) denied transubstantiation, criticised wealth of church and indulgences. Peasants revolt Huss (1373-1415) opposed indulgences, images. Burned at Council of Constance.