This document discusses contaminants found in some creatine supplements. Testing of the five largest creatine manufacturers found varying levels of dicyandiamide (DC), creatinine, dihydrotriazine, and sodium in their products. DC in particular was found in amounts up to 18,000 parts per million in one product. High daily doses of creatine mean that even small amounts of contaminants could add up significantly. However, safety research on some contaminants like dihydrotriazine is limited. The document examines the chemicals found and potential health risks from contaminant exposure given typical high-dose creatine usage.

1. WHAT'S IN YOUR CREATINE
What I am about to tell you is not going to make me a very popular person with many
supplement manufacturers. In fact, some of them are going to be down right pissed off at
me. On the other hand, some of them are going to be happy someone spilled the beans and
told the truth.
Finally, some of them will be totally unaware of this information and will be shocked when
they read it. Basically, I fully expect this article to cause a sh*% storm that will reverberate
throughout the supplement industry.
The only people who I know are going to be happy about this article is the consumer, but I
am getting ahead of myself. As we all know, creatine is one of the best bodybuilding
supplements ever discovered. It increases strength, lean body mass, and, to a lesser
extent, endurance. If that were not enough, it’s relatively cheap to boot!
What more could we ask for from a supplement?
When creatine was first introduced it was sort of pricey, but no one really cared because it
worked so well. As time went on and more companies began selling creatine, the inevitable
price war began and prices came down.
At that point creatine was only being produced by a few companies, so creatine was
basically creatine and the price was the only real consideration. As is typical of the market
place, once creatine became big business, several new manufacturers popped up and it
became no longer a price war as much as a quality war. The expression “creatine is
creatine” no longer holds true. More on that shortly.
At this time there are probably four-five companies large enough to mass produce creatine
for the sports nutrition market. These companies in turn sell their product in huge bulk
amounts to various distributors around the world.
As far as the mass producers are concerned, there is a large German company, two
companies out of China, and two in the United States. Though there are various other
companies, for this article we will basically concern ourselves with these five major
producers which probably comprise 80-90% of the creatine production market.
Why I had to write this article
The supplement industry in the United States is by and large a self-regulated industry.
Unlike other countries, we (the USA) don’t have government constantly telling us what we
can and cannot do with our supplements. Though they have been trying to discredit
supplements for decades, the FDA and pharmaceutical/ medical industrial complex have
largely failed to do so.

2. As a self-regulated industry, we must do just that. Let me state here and now, I am all for
self-regulation and totally against government regulation when it comes to supplements.
When we find gross problems, we have to expose them no matter what the cost. Any
supplement that is found to be potentially dangerous, terribly misleading, or otherwise a
total scam, must be exposed as such.
If we don’t do it, then we allow the “powers that be” (who have an interest in discrediting
the supplement industry) to get one step closer to the Orwellian scenario of other countries.
I thought long and hard as to whether or not I should write this article, but in the end, as a
person of good conscience and ethics, I knew I had to.
In the end, it will cost the entire supplement industry far more than any one loss could ever
cost a single company if problems with a certain product are not exposed.
As far as I am concerned, this is us airing out or own dirty inter-industry laundry and
policing our own, instead of waiting for the “don’t confuse us with the facts” popular media
or other groups to come after the supplement industry.
I know it must sound like I am almost apologizing for writing this article, and in a way I am.
It could potentially cost certain people a great deal of money. On the other hand, it could
also make some other person a great deal of money, depending on where they fall (this will
make more sense to the reader as you read along).
In the end, the truth can never been denied, it can only be delayed. With each day of delay,
the cost to everyone goes up. Nuff said.
Are you getting more than you paid for?
Most of us are always happy when we get more than we paid for, but in some instances, it’s
not such a good idea. If we are buying say vitamin C and the label says “500mg per
capsule” and laboratory analysis reveals it contains 600mg, then that is a great thing.
However, if we test a product and not only does it contain what the label claims, but several
other compounds we did not know were in there and had no place being in there, then
that’s a completely different story.
For example, when the amino acid L-Tryptophan was taken off the market for the death of
several people, it was not because of the L-Tryptophan itself, but because of a chemical
contaminant found in a batch of the L-tryptophan that was not supposed to be there. This
was a perfect example of getting more than you paid for in the worst possible scenario.
What I am going to write about in this article certainly is not as bad as the L-tryptophan
fiasco, but it could be a potential health concern.

3. So after that long, cryptic, and bizarre introduction, what am I getting at? Recently, a
company tested the five largest creatine manufacturers products and tested the products of
various distributors from the USA, Germany, Great Britain, and other countries.
At this time, the company who did the testing wishes to remain anonymous, lest they be
accused of throwing stones at the supplement industry. However, this is a very large and
reputable company and they stand behind their test results.
Also, I know this company to be one of the worlds most reputable companies, so I had no
problems with their testing results or methods. The test results came to me through the
back door so to speak. So what was tested for and what did it reveal? The creatine products
were tested for: Dicyandiamide, Creatinine, Dihydrotriazine, and sodium content.
What did the tests reveal? It revealed that there is a wide range of differences between
creatine products from different manufacturers. The purity level of all the creatine products
were also tested and they generally fell between 88 and 92%.
Now before you go off yelling “but my creatine says 99% pure creatine monohydrate on the
bottle,” you have to remember there is a small amount of water in creatine monohydrate.
Before we bother with the results, we need to take a look at the chemicals that were tested
for-and subsequently found- in these samples. What really bothered me was the fact that
there is little safety research on some of these chemicals, most notably the dihydrotriazine.
I did Med-line searches, looked through various chemical data related books (i.e. the Merck
Index and other publications), made many phone calls to chemists, spent hours on the
internet, and was amazed to find so little real safety data on some of these materials.
Considering the fact that some creatine products contain fairly high amounts of these
chemicals, the lack of solid safety data did not make me feel very comfortable. The major
point of this is really the amount of creatine ingested in relation to the amount of
contaminant present. It’s not that a compound has a small amount of some contaminant
per se, but the levels of the contaminant is found in relation to how much of the product is
consumed is the real question.
In the December issue of Health and Nutrition Breakthroughs (p12, 1997) Dr. Podell
addressed the same concern regarding creatine as I have when he stated “…there is the
potentially important issue of product purity. Given the high doses of creatine most people
take, even a minute toxic impurity could have a dangerous effect. Unfortunately we cannot
be sure of the manufacturers' quality controls.”
As we all know, people don’t just take 500mg (1/2 a gram) of creatine, they take 10,000mg
(10g), 20,000mg (20g), or even 30,000mg (30g) of creatine per day, so even a small
amount of a contaminant (such as the dihydrotriazine) can add up quickly.

4. For example, one creatine product contained as much as 18,000 parts per million (PPM) of
Dicyandiamide. If a person is taking in ten grams per day of creatine, that’s 180 mg of this
chemical a day. If you are taking in 30g a day of creatine-as is often the case during the
loading phase-you would be getting a whopping 540 mg a day of dicyandiamide!
The Chemicals
Dicyandiamide (DC):
DC is actually a derivative of one of the starting chemicals (cyanamide) used in creatine
production. DC is formed during the production of creatine products, and large amounts
found in a product are considered the result of an incomplete or inefficient process. A
quality creatine product will contain very small amounts, less than 20-50ppm. At this time,
DC does not appear to be a particularly toxic chemical. Oral studies with animals (rats and
dogs) lasting up to 90 days have not shown serious toxicity or carcinogenic effects, and
acute poisoning also takes very high amounts.
DC appears to have many uses in the chemical industry. Some of the more interesting is the
use of DC in the production of fertilizers, explosives, fire proofing compounds, cleaning
compounds, soldering compounds, stabilizer in detergents, modifier for starch products, and
a catalyst for epoxy resins.
At the concentrations found in some of the creatine products (see below), it’s a good thing
this stuff does not appear to be particularly toxic. However, as far as I am concerned, I
don’t want to be eating the stuff. One interesting point as it relates to DC and toxicity is, if
one looks at the safety sheet on the stuff it states that DC breaks down into hydrogen
cyanide gas when exposed to a strong acid. Hydrogen cyanide gas is very toxic and has
been used as a chemical warfare agent!
As Bruce Kneller points out (see side bar), stomach acid, which has a PH of 2, is a very
strong acid. Is even a tiny amount of hydrogen cyanide gas produced from the intake of
large amounts of DC? The chemist I spoke to did not seem to think so and the safety data
with animals would tend to support this, but who knows. Bruce might be overreacting a bit
on this, but it’s better to lean on the cautious side with such things. Bottom line, it’s best
not to be eating large amounts of DC in this writer’s opinion.
Dihydrotriazine (DT):
DT appears to be the real mystery chemical as far as potentially toxic contaminants found in
some creatine products. One company had it listed as “…Dihydrotriazine is often found in
various creatine products. This substance is a byproduct of non-optimized creatine
productions and consequently widely spread over creatine products. Dihydrotriazine is a
compound with unknown pharmaceutical and toxicological properties.” It was virtually
impossible to find any useful safety data on this chemical.

5. However, DT is part of a large family of chemicals known as the “triazines.” It is an organic
base with many derivatives. Some of these derivatives are toxic while others are known to
be non-toxic, so it is very difficult to come to any real solid opinion regarding the potential
toxicity of this chemical.
One chemist I spoke to from a major pharmaceutical supply company said to me on the
phone “it’s safe to say that there will be major differences in toxicity between derivatives
since ‘triazine’ simply means possessing three C=N-H groups. Some derivatives are highly
toxic.”
Bill Roberts, a medicinal Chemist and writer for Dan Duchaine’s Dirty Dieting newsletter
commented after I sent him this information: “There really is no way to say just how high a
chronic intake of this chemical [these chemicals] is safe in humans from the information
given. If the amounts were very small, say a few milligrams per week, it’s a reasonable
guess that there would probably be no problem.
But if a creatine brand has say 1% of this impurity [these impurities] then people are going
to be consuming thousands of milligrams of this compound [these compounds] over time. I
think we have to be concerned about taking so much of something that really isn’t well
studied in humans for safety. It would certainly be unwise to assume that toxicity is not an
issue.
If the consumer has a choice between a creatine brand that contains this impurity [these
impurities] in significant amounts, and one that is more pure, I’d certainly recommend
spending the extra money and obtaining the purer product.”
So as you can see, we are left with a major question mark regarding DT. For me, the less I
know about a chemical the less of it I want to find in any product I am ingesting.
Though this chemical might turn out to be perfectly harmless, I think it should not be found
in any amount and thus should be non-detectable (n.d.) in the ppm range until we know
more about this chemical. As you can see from the tests, some companies have n.d.
amounts while others have far more than that. I find this unacceptable, and so should you.
Creatinine:
Creatinine is one of the easy compounds to discuss on this list. Creatinine is actually a
natural byproduct of creatine metabolism in the human body and of creatine production. A
small amount can be found in every creatine product. However, in some products large
amounts can be found, as high as 7700 ppm in one case (see chart). It is probably safe to
say that the ingestion of creatinine is a safe endeavor.
There is some research that links the ingestion of creatinine from meats with increased
colon cancer incidence, but in all honesty I would not put much stock in that or get all
worked up about it. The point is, when I buy creatine I want to eat creatine, not creatinine.

6. Though a natural byproduct of creatine metabolism, it does not have any ergogenic effects
and therefore I don’t want large amounts of it in my creatine, period. A high quality creatine
product should contain less than 100ppm of creatinine in my opinion.
Sodium:
Like the aforementioned creatinine, sodium is an easy one to talk about. Also, like
creatinine, it is a generally safe thing to ingest at normal intakes. At the levels found in
these creatine products, the amount of sodium added to the diet is very small and should
pose no problems, even to the most sodium phobic person. However, like I said before,
when I pay for creatine I want creatine, not sodium. The lowest sodium content was 20ppm
and the highest was 500ppm. I leave it to the reader to decide what is a tolerable sodium
content to them.
Conclusion
Believe it or not, the company who did the testing told me that although those were the
main chemicals they tested for, some creatine products read like a who’s who of different
chemical compounds, though they admitted that they are usually found in trace amounts.
As for the consumer, if it were me, I would demand the HPLC test results from whom ever I
was buying my creatine from regarding the chemicals listed in this article.
If you don’t care, that’s OK also. As for me, I will make sure my creatine comes only from
companies and distributors who sell creatine made by the large German company, or other
companies, who clearly have their collective act together when it comes to producing an
ultra pure creatine product.
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