“What is Philosophy?” by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
Well, what do you think philosophy is? Most people can’t answer this question. It’s too abstract. It’s also controversial. Philosophers themselves can’t agree on any answer. Sure, the name “philosophy” derives from the Greek for “love of wisdom”, but what’s that? There has been a long and glorious history of people called philosophers, but they talk about all kinds of topics in all kinds of ways. It is not clear what, if anything, they have in common that makes them all philosophers.
Still, though many philosophers would dispute what I say, I will give you one model of philosophy. For me, philosophy is defined by a goal and a method.
Philosophy’s goal is nothing less than a systematic world view. Other fields study particular kinds of things. Philosophy asks how it all fits together. For example, if you want to learn about bodies, take a course in physics or biology. If you want to learn about minds, take a course in psychology. But if you want to learn about how minds are related to bodies, or how physics is related to psychology, then philosophy (of mind) is for you. Similarly, economics, political science, and art and music courses study different values (welfare, justice, and beauty). Then moral philosophers ask how these values are similar or different, when one may be traded off against another, and where any of these values fit into the physical world. Again, historians try to discover knowledge of the past and astronomers try to discover knowledge of stars and planets, but only philosophers ask what makes any of these beliefs knowledge, and how (or whether) we can have any knowledge at all. Such philosophical questions are very abstract, but that is what enables them to cover so many different fields at once.
This goal also means that you can study anything under the name of philosophy. Philosophy encompasses subfields called philosophy of religion, of law, of economics, of biology, of physics, of mathematics, of computers, of psychology, of art, of music, of literature, and so on. Any and all of these topics can be studied in a philosophical way when one asks how they are related to each other in an overall world view.
When such disparate topics are raised, conflicts and paradoxes are bound to arise. One famous example is the paradox of freedom: Science, including psychology, leads us to believe that (1) Every act is determined by a prior cause. Law and common practices of blaming and punishing wrongdoers then lead us to believe that (2) Some acts are free. But the very definition of “free” suggests that (3) Nothing that is determined is free. Unfortunately, (1)-(3) cannot all be true, so any world view that includes all three of these claims is incoherent.
Paradoxes like this are both loved and hated by philosophers. Philosophers love them for their stimulation but hate them for their incoherence, so philosophers try hard to get rid of paradoxes. One prevalent way to resolve paradox.
Radius Images/Photolibrary1
Introducing Philosophy
• Philosophy has a rich and fascinating history.
• Philosophers explore questions ranging from logic and
mathematics to morality and art.
• Philosophy helps us to better understand our beliefs and
those of others and to examine, defend, and criticize
those beliefs.
What We Will Discover
mos66103_01_ch01_001-030.indd 1 12/1/10 7:22 PM
CHAPTER 1Section 1.1 What Is Philosophy?
Philosophy is an unusual discipline, not just because it has an enormously long history, but
because it spends a good bit of time investigating what philosophy itself is. In this chap-
ter, we look at what philosophy is, how philosophers approach their subject, and what the
benefits of philosophical inquiry are. We will also include a brief overview of the rich and
fascinating history of the development of philosophy in the West.
1.1 What Is Philosophy?
Here we will explore what philosophy is, including some of its history. We will focus on Western philosophy, and the most important philosophers of that tradi-tion, but it is good to keep in mind that there are other important traditions in the
history of philosophy. One of the most important things philosophers do is ask questions,
and we will identify some of the questions that have engaged philosophers for thousands
of years.
What Do Philosophers Do?
Plato tells us that philosophy begins in wonder. Human beings wonder about themselves,
about other people, about where they came from, about where they are going, and about
what they should do while they are here. Human beings are naturally curious, and each
question one asks leads to another, then another, and then another. One way of think-
ing about philosophy, then, is that it is the sys-
tematic attempt to answer the general questions
human beings have always asked, and the debate
that naturally follows each proposed answer.
Philosophy combines curiosity—wonder about
the world and all that is in it, and even beyond
it—and criticism—objections to answers, sugges-
tions of new answers, and new objections to those
new answers. As should be clear, philosophical
inquiry has one other important feature: It never
ends. We do, on occasion, seem to discover solu-
tions to specific philosophical questions. But the
pursuit of philosophy will continue as long as
there are things we don’t understand, and as long
as we remain curious.
The word philosophy comes from two Greek
words. We see one of them, philein, or “to love,”
in the name of Philadelphia, “city of brotherly
love,” and in the word philanthropy, love for
human beings. We are familiar with the other
word, sophos, from such words as sophisticated
and sophomore: It means wisdom. Thus, philos-
ophy is, literally, the love of wisdom and refers
to the unending search for answers to questions.
To be successful, then, in philosophy, one must
Hilary Helton/81a/Photolibrary
As humans, we are naturally curi-
ous—something often q ...
Short Speech on Save Trees and Save Planet EarthThis form of Speech On Save Trees And Save Planet Earth In English is useful for students in grades 4-7, as they can speak about the topic in a short time using simple words for everyone to understand.Good morning everyone, I ABC (mention your name) feel very fortunate to get this opportunity on this prestigious platform to speak on an important topic: Save Trees And Save Planet Earth. This planet has seen so many inventions and modern technologies that it is taking over, but none of it can do the work of the natural resources.Trees are one of the most important natural resources that give life to every living thing. We are so heavily dependent on this natural resource and in return, we are only destroying them by cutting them and harming the planet. The trees selflessly provide so many benefits to humans and humans selfishly repay this debt by cutting down trees. If this practice of deforestation continues and people don’t realize the need to give back to the planet by planting trees then there won’t be a planet to live on anymore. Trees protect the natural environment by balancing the pollution levels and purifying such harmful air that has been created due to manmade activities. It acts as a home and shelter to so many animals, helps in raising fertility of the soil naturally and we only cause harm to it. Let us all pledge to not continue this harmful activity and take the route of afforestation. Start by planting trees at home and in your neighborhood. Do it for the benefit of the environment and planet even if your efforts go unnoticed. Spread awareness about the importance of planting trees and start early. Save trees and save the planet.Thank you.Short Speech on Save Trees and Save Planet EarthThis form of Speech On Save Trees And Save Planet Earth In English is useful for students in grades 4-7, as they can speak about the topic in a short time using simple words for everyone to understand.Good morning everyone, I ABC (mention your name) feel very fortunate to get this opportunity on this prestigious platform to speak on an important topic: Save Trees And Save Planet Earth. This planet has seen so many inventions and modern technologies that it is taking over, but none of it can do the work of the natural resources.Trees are one of the most important natural resources that give life to every living thing. We are so heavily dependent on this natural resource and in return, we are only destroying them by cutting them and harming the planet. The trees selflessly provide so many benefits to humans and humans selfishly repay this debt by cutting down trees. If this practice of deforestation continues and people don’t realize the need to give back to the planet by planting trees then there won’t be a planet to live on anymore. Trees protect the natural environment by balancing the pollution levels and purifying such harmful air that has been created due to manmade activities. It acts as a home and
1
An Introduction to Philosophy
W. Russ Payne
Bellevue College
Copyright (cc by nc 4.0)
2015 W. Russ Payne
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document with attribution under the
terms of Creative Commons: Attribution Noncommercial 4.0 International or any later version of
this license. A copy of the license is found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
2
Contents
Introduction ………………………………………………. 3
Chapter 1: What Philosophy Is ………………………….. 5
Chapter 2: How to do Philosophy ………………….……. 11
Chapter 3: Ancient Philosophy ………………….………. 23
Chapter 4: Rationalism ………….………………….……. 38
Chapter 5: Empiricism …………………………………… 50
Chapter 6: Philosophy of Science ………………….…..… 58
Chapter 7: Philosophy of Mind …………………….……. 72
Chapter 8: Love and Happiness …………………….……. 79
Chapter 9: Meta Ethics …………………………………… 94
Chapter 10: Right Action ……………………...…………. 108
Chapter 11: Social Justice …………………………...…… 120
3
Introduction
The goal of this text is to present philosophy to newcomers as a living discipline with historical
roots. While a few early chapters are historically organized, my goal in the historical chapters is
to trace a developmental progression of thought that introduces basic philosophical methods and
frames issues that remain relevant today. Later chapters are topically organized. These include
philosophy of science and philosophy of mind, areas where philosophy has shown dramatic
recent progress.
This text concludes with four chapters on ethics, broadly construed. I cover traditional theories of
right action in the third of these. Students are first invited first to think about what is good for
themselves and their relationships in a chapter of love and happiness. Next a few meta-ethical
issues are considered; namely, whether they are moral truths and if so what makes them so. The
end of the ethics sequence addresses social justice, what it is for one’s community to be good.
Our sphere of concern expands progressively through these chapters. Our inquiry recapitulates
the course of development into moral maturity.
Over the course of the text I’ve tried to outline the continuity of thought that leads from the
historical roots of philosophy to a few of the diverse areas of inquiry that continue to make
significant contributions to our understanding of ourselves and the world we live in.
As an undergraduate philosophy major, one of my favorite professors once told me that
philosophers really do have an influence on how people think. I was pleased to hear that the kind
of inquiry I found interesting and rewarding might also be relevant to people’s lives and make a
difference in the world. Then he completed his thought, “it only takes about 300 years.” Over the
course of my teaching career, it has struck me that the opinions many of my students come to
class with have jus ...
Radius Images/Photolibrary1
Introducing Philosophy
• Philosophy has a rich and fascinating history.
• Philosophers explore questions ranging from logic and
mathematics to morality and art.
• Philosophy helps us to better understand our beliefs and
those of others and to examine, defend, and criticize
those beliefs.
What We Will Discover
mos66103_01_ch01_001-030.indd 1 12/1/10 7:22 PM
CHAPTER 1Section 1.1 What Is Philosophy?
Philosophy is an unusual discipline, not just because it has an enormously long history, but
because it spends a good bit of time investigating what philosophy itself is. In this chap-
ter, we look at what philosophy is, how philosophers approach their subject, and what the
benefits of philosophical inquiry are. We will also include a brief overview of the rich and
fascinating history of the development of philosophy in the West.
1.1 What Is Philosophy?
Here we will explore what philosophy is, including some of its history. We will focus on Western philosophy, and the most important philosophers of that tradi-tion, but it is good to keep in mind that there are other important traditions in the
history of philosophy. One of the most important things philosophers do is ask questions,
and we will identify some of the questions that have engaged philosophers for thousands
of years.
What Do Philosophers Do?
Plato tells us that philosophy begins in wonder. Human beings wonder about themselves,
about other people, about where they came from, about where they are going, and about
what they should do while they are here. Human beings are naturally curious, and each
question one asks leads to another, then another, and then another. One way of think-
ing about philosophy, then, is that it is the sys-
tematic attempt to answer the general questions
human beings have always asked, and the debate
that naturally follows each proposed answer.
Philosophy combines curiosity—wonder about
the world and all that is in it, and even beyond
it—and criticism—objections to answers, sugges-
tions of new answers, and new objections to those
new answers. As should be clear, philosophical
inquiry has one other important feature: It never
ends. We do, on occasion, seem to discover solu-
tions to specific philosophical questions. But the
pursuit of philosophy will continue as long as
there are things we don’t understand, and as long
as we remain curious.
The word philosophy comes from two Greek
words. We see one of them, philein, or “to love,”
in the name of Philadelphia, “city of brotherly
love,” and in the word philanthropy, love for
human beings. We are familiar with the other
word, sophos, from such words as sophisticated
and sophomore: It means wisdom. Thus, philos-
ophy is, literally, the love of wisdom and refers
to the unending search for answers to questions.
To be successful, then, in philosophy, one must
Hilary Helton/81a/Photolibrary
As humans, we are naturally curi-
ous—something often q ...
Short Speech on Save Trees and Save Planet EarthThis form of Speech On Save Trees And Save Planet Earth In English is useful for students in grades 4-7, as they can speak about the topic in a short time using simple words for everyone to understand.Good morning everyone, I ABC (mention your name) feel very fortunate to get this opportunity on this prestigious platform to speak on an important topic: Save Trees And Save Planet Earth. This planet has seen so many inventions and modern technologies that it is taking over, but none of it can do the work of the natural resources.Trees are one of the most important natural resources that give life to every living thing. We are so heavily dependent on this natural resource and in return, we are only destroying them by cutting them and harming the planet. The trees selflessly provide so many benefits to humans and humans selfishly repay this debt by cutting down trees. If this practice of deforestation continues and people don’t realize the need to give back to the planet by planting trees then there won’t be a planet to live on anymore. Trees protect the natural environment by balancing the pollution levels and purifying such harmful air that has been created due to manmade activities. It acts as a home and shelter to so many animals, helps in raising fertility of the soil naturally and we only cause harm to it. Let us all pledge to not continue this harmful activity and take the route of afforestation. Start by planting trees at home and in your neighborhood. Do it for the benefit of the environment and planet even if your efforts go unnoticed. Spread awareness about the importance of planting trees and start early. Save trees and save the planet.Thank you.Short Speech on Save Trees and Save Planet EarthThis form of Speech On Save Trees And Save Planet Earth In English is useful for students in grades 4-7, as they can speak about the topic in a short time using simple words for everyone to understand.Good morning everyone, I ABC (mention your name) feel very fortunate to get this opportunity on this prestigious platform to speak on an important topic: Save Trees And Save Planet Earth. This planet has seen so many inventions and modern technologies that it is taking over, but none of it can do the work of the natural resources.Trees are one of the most important natural resources that give life to every living thing. We are so heavily dependent on this natural resource and in return, we are only destroying them by cutting them and harming the planet. The trees selflessly provide so many benefits to humans and humans selfishly repay this debt by cutting down trees. If this practice of deforestation continues and people don’t realize the need to give back to the planet by planting trees then there won’t be a planet to live on anymore. Trees protect the natural environment by balancing the pollution levels and purifying such harmful air that has been created due to manmade activities. It acts as a home and
1
An Introduction to Philosophy
W. Russ Payne
Bellevue College
Copyright (cc by nc 4.0)
2015 W. Russ Payne
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document with attribution under the
terms of Creative Commons: Attribution Noncommercial 4.0 International or any later version of
this license. A copy of the license is found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
2
Contents
Introduction ………………………………………………. 3
Chapter 1: What Philosophy Is ………………………….. 5
Chapter 2: How to do Philosophy ………………….……. 11
Chapter 3: Ancient Philosophy ………………….………. 23
Chapter 4: Rationalism ………….………………….……. 38
Chapter 5: Empiricism …………………………………… 50
Chapter 6: Philosophy of Science ………………….…..… 58
Chapter 7: Philosophy of Mind …………………….……. 72
Chapter 8: Love and Happiness …………………….……. 79
Chapter 9: Meta Ethics …………………………………… 94
Chapter 10: Right Action ……………………...…………. 108
Chapter 11: Social Justice …………………………...…… 120
3
Introduction
The goal of this text is to present philosophy to newcomers as a living discipline with historical
roots. While a few early chapters are historically organized, my goal in the historical chapters is
to trace a developmental progression of thought that introduces basic philosophical methods and
frames issues that remain relevant today. Later chapters are topically organized. These include
philosophy of science and philosophy of mind, areas where philosophy has shown dramatic
recent progress.
This text concludes with four chapters on ethics, broadly construed. I cover traditional theories of
right action in the third of these. Students are first invited first to think about what is good for
themselves and their relationships in a chapter of love and happiness. Next a few meta-ethical
issues are considered; namely, whether they are moral truths and if so what makes them so. The
end of the ethics sequence addresses social justice, what it is for one’s community to be good.
Our sphere of concern expands progressively through these chapters. Our inquiry recapitulates
the course of development into moral maturity.
Over the course of the text I’ve tried to outline the continuity of thought that leads from the
historical roots of philosophy to a few of the diverse areas of inquiry that continue to make
significant contributions to our understanding of ourselves and the world we live in.
As an undergraduate philosophy major, one of my favorite professors once told me that
philosophers really do have an influence on how people think. I was pleased to hear that the kind
of inquiry I found interesting and rewarding might also be relevant to people’s lives and make a
difference in the world. Then he completed his thought, “it only takes about 300 years.” Over the
course of my teaching career, it has struck me that the opinions many of my students come to
class with have jus ...
1
An Introduction to Philosophy
W. Russ Payne
Bellevue College
Copyright (cc by nc 4.0)
2015 W. Russ Payne
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document with attribution under the
terms of Creative Commons: Attribution Noncommercial 4.0 International or any later version of
this license. A copy of the license is found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
2
Contents
Introduction ………………………………………………. 3
Chapter 1: What Philosophy Is ………………………….. 5
Chapter 2: How to do Philosophy ………………….……. 11
Chapter 3: Ancient Philosophy ………………….………. 23
Chapter 4: Rationalism ………….………………….……. 38
Chapter 5: Empiricism …………………………………… 50
Chapter 6: Philosophy of Science ………………….…..… 58
Chapter 7: Philosophy of Mind …………………….……. 72
Chapter 8: Love and Happiness …………………….……. 79
Chapter 9: Meta Ethics …………………………………… 94
Chapter 10: Right Action ……………………...…………. 108
Chapter 11: Social Justice …………………………...…… 120
3
Introduction
The goal of this text is to present philosophy to newcomers as a living discipline with historical
roots. While a few early chapters are historically organized, my goal in the historical chapters is
to trace a developmental progression of thought that introduces basic philosophical methods and
frames issues that remain relevant today. Later chapters are topically organized. These include
philosophy of science and philosophy of mind, areas where philosophy has shown dramatic
recent progress.
This text concludes with four chapters on ethics, broadly construed. I cover traditional theories of
right action in the third of these. Students are first invited first to think about what is good for
themselves and their relationships in a chapter of love and happiness. Next a few meta-ethical
issues are considered; namely, whether they are moral truths and if so what makes them so. The
end of the ethics sequence addresses social justice, what it is for one’s community to be good.
Our sphere of concern expands progressively through these chapters. Our inquiry recapitulates
the course of development into moral maturity.
Over the course of the text I’ve tried to outline the continuity of thought that leads from the
historical roots of philosophy to a few of the diverse areas of inquiry that continue to make
significant contributions to our understanding of ourselves and the world we live in.
As an undergraduate philosophy major, one of my favorite professors once told me that
philosophers really do have an influence on how people think. I was pleased to hear that the kind
of inquiry I found interesting and rewarding might also be relevant to people’s lives and make a
difference in the world. Then he completed his thought, “it only takes about 300 years.” Over the
course of my teaching career, it has struck me that the opinions many of my students come to
class with have jus ...
This is a competency-based and lesson plan-based (5 E's) PowerPoint Presentation in Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Primarily, this PowerPoint Presentation is a kickoff in the discussion of Philosophy of the Human Person, introducing the basics of the subject to the learners in either Grade 11 or Grade 12 of the K to 12 DepEd Curriculum. In this lesson, the students are expected to: discuss philosophy and its importance as a discipline and a means for understanding life;
identify the practical uses of philosophy in life;
appreciate the value of philosophy in daily life; and
reflect on how philosophy becomes a part of their lives.
Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy 1301DEPhil.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Philosophy: Philosophy 1301:DE
Philosophy 1301Danny Brown: ProfessorM.A. Philosophy- University of HoustonB.A. Philosophy- North Carolina State University B.A. Communications- North Carolina State University
Philosophy is the critical and rational examination of the most fundamental assumptions that underlie our lives, an activity of concern to men and women of all cultures and races.
-- Velasquez
Survey CourseThe Introduction to Philosophy class is a survey course designed to familiarize students with the various fields in philosophy and with those philosophers associated with them. It should also enable students to develop skills in logic and critical thinking.
PHILOSOPHYMy Mini-definition:The History of human thought.How do we (humans) think about and of ourselves as human beings.What, if any, is our purpose in the universe.How do we view the world around us.
What is Philosophy?Philosophy is a 5,000 year old academic tradition that systematically analyzes the very foundational questions of human existence.Philosophy seeks clarity on issues ranging from the existence of God, the validity of scientific knowledge, arguments over right and wrong, and the existence of the soul.
Philosophy 1301“Philosophy” is a combination of two ancient Greek words, “Philein” and “Sophia”, which mean “love of wisdom.”“Hard thinking” -- Alvin Plantinga
Analysis and critique of fundamental
beliefs and concepts.
What is Philosophy?It is an enterprise which starts with wonder at the mystery and marvel of the world.
Philosophy pursues a rational investigation of those mysteries and marvels, seeking wisdom and truth.
What is Philosophy?If the quest is successful, it results in a live lived in passionate moral and intellectual integrity.
Believing that “the unexamined life is not worth living,” the philosophy leaves no facet of live untouched by its probing glance.
What philosophy is notNot mere speculationOffer reasonsPeer review
Not Dogmatic
Preview of Things to ComeWhy be moral?What is the best form of political organization?Is there an afterlife, and if so, what is its nature?What is the meaning of life?
Does God Exist?
How Does the Mind Relate to the Body?
What Is Real? (What Actually Exists?)
So Why Study Philosophy?
Some ReasonsCritical thinking skills, writing skills and speaking skillsLiberation from prejudice and provincialism.Expansion of one’s horizonUnderstanding Society
Not usually taught before college
Guard against propaganda Intrinsically interesting
Helps fulfill our “self actualization” needs (Abraham Maslow)
Critical Thinking
In most academic subjects, students are taught what to think, rather than how to think.
The goal of philosophy:Autonomy
The freedom of being able to decide for yourself what you will believe in by using your own reasoning abilities.
In other words, learn to think for yourself.
Traditional Divisions of PhilosophyEp.
·NEWSStates Take Aim at Social Welfare Programs By Ti.docxphilipnelson29183
·
NEWS
States Take Aim at Social Welfare Programs
By
Tierney Sneed
April 9, 2015 | 5:00 a.m. EDT
Bans on steak and tattoos attract national attention, but other provisions raise concerns among advocates for the poor.
A New Jersey woman pays for food using a welfare card in January. Lawmakers in Kansas and Missouri are considering laws that would restrict what welfare recipients can buy using food stamps and other forms of public assistance.
·
·
·
·
State lawmakers attracted national attention this week for seeking to ban the use of welfare funds on lingerie, fortune tellers or even cookies, proposals that reflect a renewed focus on scrutinizing the social safety net as the country rebounds from the Great Recession.
A Missouri bill introduced by Republican state Rep. Rick Brattin would outlaw the use of welfare funds to purchase chips, energy drinks, soft drinks, seafood and steak. Kansas legislation, which has passed both chambers and is on its way to Gov. Sam Brownback’s desk, is a more comprehensive overhaul of how the state administers its benefits.
OPINION
Food Stamps Work A Lot Better Than You Think
Critics say such measures stigmatize the poor and that Republicans, who are often behind the efforts, are simply playing politics in limiting assistance programs – especially since the money is provided by the federal government rather than the state. Proponents point out that states still share the administrative costs and have an interest in pursuing programs that are effective in getting people back to work, regardless of how they’re funded.
According to those who study welfare, recipients usually prioritize the money for essentials. So provisions like those in the Kansas bill – which outlaws spending welfare money at cruise ships, tattoo parlors, casino and strip clubs – are symbolic at best.
“It’s this old idea that the poor and welfare recipients are somehow different than the rest of us, that we need to put in place controls and regulations,” says Mark Rank, a Washington University professor and author of “Living on the Edge: The Realities of Welfare in America.”
“It is also feeding into this stereotype that people have a good life on welfare and are living it up and having lobster and steak,” he says, adding, “most people are struggling to get by and the job of being poor is a very hard job."
The very poor have access to public welfare through a number of federally funded programs administered by the states. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) provides short-term funds for families struggling to make ends meet through an Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) card that works like a debit card. Through Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), households bringing in under a certain level of income can receive monthly allotments for food, also administered on an EBT card.
“The interest for state lawmakers has been that, even as as the economy has improved, they continue to see a lot of individuals being ad.
·Analyze HRM legal regulations and learn proper procedures for.docxphilipnelson29183
·
Analyze HRM legal regulations and learn proper procedures for reducing an organization’s liability to HRM legal problems
·
Explain the substance of the relationship between the employer, employee and independent contractor
·
Identify the duties and right of the parties in an employment contract as well as the liabilities of each in the event of non-compliance
·
Discuss issues in discrimination in hiring, Affirmative Action and Civil Rights
·
Explain government regulations of the workplace
·
Analyze and apply various HRM legal requirements
·
Use effective communication techniques.
·
Use team and problem-solving skills to collaborate on a project.
.
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1
An Introduction to Philosophy
W. Russ Payne
Bellevue College
Copyright (cc by nc 4.0)
2015 W. Russ Payne
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document with attribution under the
terms of Creative Commons: Attribution Noncommercial 4.0 International or any later version of
this license. A copy of the license is found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
2
Contents
Introduction ………………………………………………. 3
Chapter 1: What Philosophy Is ………………………….. 5
Chapter 2: How to do Philosophy ………………….……. 11
Chapter 3: Ancient Philosophy ………………….………. 23
Chapter 4: Rationalism ………….………………….……. 38
Chapter 5: Empiricism …………………………………… 50
Chapter 6: Philosophy of Science ………………….…..… 58
Chapter 7: Philosophy of Mind …………………….……. 72
Chapter 8: Love and Happiness …………………….……. 79
Chapter 9: Meta Ethics …………………………………… 94
Chapter 10: Right Action ……………………...…………. 108
Chapter 11: Social Justice …………………………...…… 120
3
Introduction
The goal of this text is to present philosophy to newcomers as a living discipline with historical
roots. While a few early chapters are historically organized, my goal in the historical chapters is
to trace a developmental progression of thought that introduces basic philosophical methods and
frames issues that remain relevant today. Later chapters are topically organized. These include
philosophy of science and philosophy of mind, areas where philosophy has shown dramatic
recent progress.
This text concludes with four chapters on ethics, broadly construed. I cover traditional theories of
right action in the third of these. Students are first invited first to think about what is good for
themselves and their relationships in a chapter of love and happiness. Next a few meta-ethical
issues are considered; namely, whether they are moral truths and if so what makes them so. The
end of the ethics sequence addresses social justice, what it is for one’s community to be good.
Our sphere of concern expands progressively through these chapters. Our inquiry recapitulates
the course of development into moral maturity.
Over the course of the text I’ve tried to outline the continuity of thought that leads from the
historical roots of philosophy to a few of the diverse areas of inquiry that continue to make
significant contributions to our understanding of ourselves and the world we live in.
As an undergraduate philosophy major, one of my favorite professors once told me that
philosophers really do have an influence on how people think. I was pleased to hear that the kind
of inquiry I found interesting and rewarding might also be relevant to people’s lives and make a
difference in the world. Then he completed his thought, “it only takes about 300 years.” Over the
course of my teaching career, it has struck me that the opinions many of my students come to
class with have jus ...
This is a competency-based and lesson plan-based (5 E's) PowerPoint Presentation in Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Primarily, this PowerPoint Presentation is a kickoff in the discussion of Philosophy of the Human Person, introducing the basics of the subject to the learners in either Grade 11 or Grade 12 of the K to 12 DepEd Curriculum. In this lesson, the students are expected to: discuss philosophy and its importance as a discipline and a means for understanding life;
identify the practical uses of philosophy in life;
appreciate the value of philosophy in daily life; and
reflect on how philosophy becomes a part of their lives.
Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy 1301DEPhil.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Philosophy: Philosophy 1301:DE
Philosophy 1301Danny Brown: ProfessorM.A. Philosophy- University of HoustonB.A. Philosophy- North Carolina State University B.A. Communications- North Carolina State University
Philosophy is the critical and rational examination of the most fundamental assumptions that underlie our lives, an activity of concern to men and women of all cultures and races.
-- Velasquez
Survey CourseThe Introduction to Philosophy class is a survey course designed to familiarize students with the various fields in philosophy and with those philosophers associated with them. It should also enable students to develop skills in logic and critical thinking.
PHILOSOPHYMy Mini-definition:The History of human thought.How do we (humans) think about and of ourselves as human beings.What, if any, is our purpose in the universe.How do we view the world around us.
What is Philosophy?Philosophy is a 5,000 year old academic tradition that systematically analyzes the very foundational questions of human existence.Philosophy seeks clarity on issues ranging from the existence of God, the validity of scientific knowledge, arguments over right and wrong, and the existence of the soul.
Philosophy 1301“Philosophy” is a combination of two ancient Greek words, “Philein” and “Sophia”, which mean “love of wisdom.”“Hard thinking” -- Alvin Plantinga
Analysis and critique of fundamental
beliefs and concepts.
What is Philosophy?It is an enterprise which starts with wonder at the mystery and marvel of the world.
Philosophy pursues a rational investigation of those mysteries and marvels, seeking wisdom and truth.
What is Philosophy?If the quest is successful, it results in a live lived in passionate moral and intellectual integrity.
Believing that “the unexamined life is not worth living,” the philosophy leaves no facet of live untouched by its probing glance.
What philosophy is notNot mere speculationOffer reasonsPeer review
Not Dogmatic
Preview of Things to ComeWhy be moral?What is the best form of political organization?Is there an afterlife, and if so, what is its nature?What is the meaning of life?
Does God Exist?
How Does the Mind Relate to the Body?
What Is Real? (What Actually Exists?)
So Why Study Philosophy?
Some ReasonsCritical thinking skills, writing skills and speaking skillsLiberation from prejudice and provincialism.Expansion of one’s horizonUnderstanding Society
Not usually taught before college
Guard against propaganda Intrinsically interesting
Helps fulfill our “self actualization” needs (Abraham Maslow)
Critical Thinking
In most academic subjects, students are taught what to think, rather than how to think.
The goal of philosophy:Autonomy
The freedom of being able to decide for yourself what you will believe in by using your own reasoning abilities.
In other words, learn to think for yourself.
Traditional Divisions of PhilosophyEp.
·NEWSStates Take Aim at Social Welfare Programs By Ti.docxphilipnelson29183
·
NEWS
States Take Aim at Social Welfare Programs
By
Tierney Sneed
April 9, 2015 | 5:00 a.m. EDT
Bans on steak and tattoos attract national attention, but other provisions raise concerns among advocates for the poor.
A New Jersey woman pays for food using a welfare card in January. Lawmakers in Kansas and Missouri are considering laws that would restrict what welfare recipients can buy using food stamps and other forms of public assistance.
·
·
·
·
State lawmakers attracted national attention this week for seeking to ban the use of welfare funds on lingerie, fortune tellers or even cookies, proposals that reflect a renewed focus on scrutinizing the social safety net as the country rebounds from the Great Recession.
A Missouri bill introduced by Republican state Rep. Rick Brattin would outlaw the use of welfare funds to purchase chips, energy drinks, soft drinks, seafood and steak. Kansas legislation, which has passed both chambers and is on its way to Gov. Sam Brownback’s desk, is a more comprehensive overhaul of how the state administers its benefits.
OPINION
Food Stamps Work A Lot Better Than You Think
Critics say such measures stigmatize the poor and that Republicans, who are often behind the efforts, are simply playing politics in limiting assistance programs – especially since the money is provided by the federal government rather than the state. Proponents point out that states still share the administrative costs and have an interest in pursuing programs that are effective in getting people back to work, regardless of how they’re funded.
According to those who study welfare, recipients usually prioritize the money for essentials. So provisions like those in the Kansas bill – which outlaws spending welfare money at cruise ships, tattoo parlors, casino and strip clubs – are symbolic at best.
“It’s this old idea that the poor and welfare recipients are somehow different than the rest of us, that we need to put in place controls and regulations,” says Mark Rank, a Washington University professor and author of “Living on the Edge: The Realities of Welfare in America.”
“It is also feeding into this stereotype that people have a good life on welfare and are living it up and having lobster and steak,” he says, adding, “most people are struggling to get by and the job of being poor is a very hard job."
The very poor have access to public welfare through a number of federally funded programs administered by the states. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) provides short-term funds for families struggling to make ends meet through an Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) card that works like a debit card. Through Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), households bringing in under a certain level of income can receive monthly allotments for food, also administered on an EBT card.
“The interest for state lawmakers has been that, even as as the economy has improved, they continue to see a lot of individuals being ad.
·Analyze HRM legal regulations and learn proper procedures for.docxphilipnelson29183
·
Analyze HRM legal regulations and learn proper procedures for reducing an organization’s liability to HRM legal problems
·
Explain the substance of the relationship between the employer, employee and independent contractor
·
Identify the duties and right of the parties in an employment contract as well as the liabilities of each in the event of non-compliance
·
Discuss issues in discrimination in hiring, Affirmative Action and Civil Rights
·
Explain government regulations of the workplace
·
Analyze and apply various HRM legal requirements
·
Use effective communication techniques.
·
Use team and problem-solving skills to collaborate on a project.
.
~GOODWRITER~You have now delivered the project to your customer..docxphilipnelson29183
~GOODWRITER~
You have now delivered the project to your customer. Now, it is time to reflect on what went well and what didn’t go so well. Based on feedback throughout the course, what would you have done differently in terms of scope, resources, and / or schedule, and why?
-ORIGINAL WORK - ONLY
-MUST Pass Originality Report
-MUST Pass SAFEASSIGN Plagiarism Check - 12% or LESS
-List ALL Referenced Material - NO Wikipedia Please
-B or Above Grade
.
__ captures a mother and child at the table in __ Paula Modersohn .docxphilipnelson29183
__ captures a mother and child at the table in __
Paula Modersohn Becker reflects on mothering in her __
Sonia Delaunary embraces cubism with her piece entitled _
Pregnant Maria is by _
_Created the earth Goddess
Essay Identify some of the post modern trends movement that womrn artist have participatewo
.
__ de Dolores son médicos.Dolores tiene un tío que es __.A la ab.docxphilipnelson29183
__ de Dolores son médicos.
Dolores tiene un tío que es __.
A la abuela de Dolores le gusta mucho __.
El padre de Dolores tiene __.
Las tías gemelas de Dolores __.
Vocabulario
10 pts.
Complete each sentence with the appropriate word.
El hermano de mi padre es mi : delgado
: joven
: inteligente
: simpático
: bueno
: rubio
: grande
: fácil
: feo
: alto
Adjetivos posesivos
10 pts.
Complete each sentence by choosing the appropriate possessive adjective.
Los padres de Pilar regresan hoy a __ (
her
) casa.
Joaquín y yo debemos terminar __ (
our
) tarea.
Yo tengo prisa para llegar a __ (
my
) clases.
Tú debes viajar más a __ (
your
) país.
Miguel comparte __ (
his
) libro de español.
Verbos
20 pts.
Fill in the blanks with the present tense forms of the verbs in parentheses.
Julio Está casado/a.
Tiene una hermana.
Desea tener hijos.
Es alto/a.
Es simpático/a.
[?]
a|A
á
Á
é
É
í
Í
ñ
Ñ
ó
Ó
ú
Ú
ü
Ü
¿
¿
¡
¡
[removed] [removed] [removed]
.
[removed]
World’s Biggest Public Companies
Start with the Excel workbook (spreadsheet) World’s Biggest Public Companies
– start.xlsx.
This
data
shows
information
produced
by Forbes
in terms
of the
World’s
Largest
Public
Companies.
In column
B, the
company’s
name
is displayed;
in column
C, the
country;
in
column
D, the
company’s
2013
sales;
in column
E, the
company’s
2013
profits;
in column
F,
the
company’s
2013
assets;
in column
G, the
company’s
2013
market
value.
In the
range
I1:M5,
you
will
see
the
first
matrix
that
you
will
need
to summarize,
where
the
goal
is to determine
the
median
value
of sales,
profits,
assets
and
market
value
respective
to the
corresponding
country.
However,
to date,
Excel
does
not
feature
a MEDIANIFS
function.
Thus,
you
will
have
to use
an array
formula
similar
to our
learning
activity.
Executing
this
statement
correctly
will
produce
a median
of the
desired
values
in the
dataset
for
the
given
country
of interest.
In the
range
I7:M11,
you
will
see
the
second
matrix
that
you
will
need
to sum
marize,
where
the
goal
is to determine
the
min
value
of sales,
profits,
assets
and
market
value
respective
to the
corresponding
country.
However,
to date,
Excel
does
not
feature
a MINIFS
function.
Thus,
you
will
have
to use
an array
formula
similar
to our
learning
activity.
Executing
this
statement
correctly
will
produce
a min
of the
desired
values
in the
dataset
for
the
given
country
of interest.
In the
range
I13:M17,
you
will
see
the
third
matrix
that
you
will
need
to summarize,
where
the
goal
is to deter
mine
the
max
value
of sales,
profits,
assets
and
market
value
respective
to the
corresponding
country.
However,
to date,
Excel
does
not
feature
a MAXIFS
function.
Thus,
you
will
have
to use
an array
formula
similar
to our
learning
activity.
Executing
this
statement
correctly
will
produce
a max
of the
desired
values
in the
dataset
for
the
given
country
of interest.
In the
range
I19:M
23,
you
will
see
the
third
matrix
that
you
will
need
to summarize,
where
the
goal
is to determine
the
standard
deviation
value
of sales,
profits,
assets
and
market
value
respective
to the
corresponding
country.
However,
to date,
Excel
does
not
feature
a
STDEV.S.IFS
function.
Thus,
you
will
have
to use
an array
formula
similar
to our
learning
activity.
Executing
this
statement
correctly
will
produce
a max
of the
desired
values
in the
dataset
for
the
given
country
of interest.
Please
note
that
the
“dot
S” portion
of the
STDEV
function
indicates
that
we
are
taking
the
standard
deviation
of a sample.
This
is a sample
since
we
do not
have
information
from
all
companies
(i.e.
population).
Finally,
ensure
that
all
values
in your
summary
tables
are
formatted
with
an Accounting
style
with
two
decimals
showing
(i.e.
$52.21)
HINT:
Be
very
careful
about
what
cell
references
are
absolute
and
which
are
mixed
(the
row
or column
absolute
and
the
other
relative).
Also, remember that you must use a
Ctrl+Shift+Enter keystroke in order to implement an array form.
[removed]
1
Governmental and Not-for-Profit Accounting
Fall 2016
Project (100 points)
Obtain a copy of Comprehensive A
nnual Financial Report (CAFR) o
nline, either from Blackboard or
on the website of any municipality of your selection. Review t
he CAFR you select and answer the
following questions. Your answers
should be concise but to the
point.
This is an individual project
. You can collaborate with others
but you should submit project answers
individually. If you collaborat
e with your classmate(s), you s
hould indicate the name of persons you
collaborate with in the project.
A word about answering the questio
ns below: Don’t just answer “
yes” or “no”; try to elaborate by
combining the knowledge you learnt
from the class. This certai
nly will help you e
arn better grade
from this project.
You are required to type the ans
wers. Present your answers in
a nice and neat format; just think about
how you would make it easier to
read. A portion of your grade
will be based on the p
resentation of
project.
Part I Overview of report
1.
What are three main sections of the report?
2.
Review the introductory secti
on of the CAFR. What are key issu
es addressed in the letter of
transmittal?
3.
Review the financial section.
a.
Does the report provide a r
econciliation betw
een total governme
ntal net position per the
government-wide statement of net position and total governmenta
l fund balances per the
governmental funds balance sheet? If so, what are the main rec
onciling items?
b.
What are the major governmental
funds maintained by the entity?
c.
Does the report include “require
d supplementary information?”
If so, what are the main
areas addressed?
d.
Does the report include “combin
ing statements?” If so, what is
the nature of these
statements?
4.
Review the statistical section.
a.
What is the population of th
e entity being reported on?
b.
Who is the entity’s major employer?
c.
What is the amount of net debt per
capita? The city’s legal de
bt margin? The amount of
direct and overlapping debt?
5.
Component units
a.
Does the notes to the financial s
tatements indicate the compone
nt units that are included
within the reporting entity? D
o they indicate any units that a
re not included? Do they
explain why these units are
included or excluded?
b.
How are the component units presented in the government-wide fi
nancial statements? In
the fund statements?
2
Part II Budget
1.
In which section of the CAFR are
the budget-to-actual compariso
ns of the major funds?
a.
Which accounting basis did the City follow to prepare its annua
l operating budget?
b.
Are the actual amounts on a GAAP or a budgetary basis? Do the
statements include a
reconciliation of any difference
s between GAAP and budgetary am
ounts? If so, what are
the largest reconciled items?
c.
Are the reported variances base
d on the original budget or the
year-end amended budget?
2.
Does the CAFR include budget-to-
actual comparisons of nonmajor
funds? If so, in what sections?
3.
Do.
Zhibei Wang04172020Page 5Authoritarian or Authoritati.docxphilipnelson29183
Zhibei Wang
04/17/2020
Page: 5
Authoritarian or Authoritative Parenting Style: Which Is in Best Interest for Children
Tough Love has gone viral on internet. It is a fanfic musical production about the stepmothers of Disney princesses. It is quite a mockery for the self-pitying but in fact cruel upbringing of the young girls. It is fictional and the stepmothers don’t love their stepdaughters necessarily, but we have to reflect on it: when we are parents, what are the best method to be taken so that our children can be responsible and positive grownups. Authoritarian or authoritative? It is a hot topic that never grows old; every parent has their reason to act upon. Experiencing quite a mix of harsh and lenient ways in my childhood, I find authoritative one more favorable. In the following paragraphs, I will talk about the advantages and disadvantages of both parenting styles.
Positive authoritative are defined as parents to be instructive and highly responsive to the development of child growth (Baumrind, 1966); On the contrary, authoritarian is control over most aspects of children’s lives, to make sure they stay on track (Kuppens & Ceulemans, 2019). There are pros and cons to both sides.
As of authoritarian, the most important outcome is the high academic performances. Authoritarian parents put a lot of effort into student’s schoolwork and extracurricular activities, such as playing piano or violin. They closely follow children’s daily routine, make sure every minute will not go wasted. They want every investment to give harvests. They take their children to all kinds of competitions, and win loads of certificates to quantify how successful and extraordinary the child is. They see children as another form of themselves, impose their dreams on children. Indeed, children who have worked all day, with all kinds of championships and scholarships could end up in ivy league and possibly win a prestigious job when graduated. It seems they have lived a life everyone desires and so it satisfies the parents.
However, it is not the most favorable approach in academia, and there are a lot of downsides to it. First, it restrains the possibility of cultivating comprehensive personalities. Children become obedient to their parents, they cannot communicate well with their peers, their only profound relationship are with their parents throughout their lives, and it is no sign of a fully grown man. I personally have seen too much of a case. People who grow up under the shadow of their parents tend to be indecisive and too dependent on their parents. It is the consequence of psychological control of the authoritarian parenting. Whenever they speak of their mind, they got turned down or shouted back. Then they don’t speak much about themselves with self-centered parents, who think they are doing the best for kids. Under high pressures from parents and with no one can turn to, children are also bearing overwhelming stress and defeated feelings, which c.
Zinn Ch 14 - http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnwarhea14.html
In what ways did the United States government sway public opinion to support the war effort? From your own perspective, was it appropriate for the government to employ such methods to build a consensus?
Upon passage of the Espionage and Sedition Acts, many people felt that their civil liberties were under attack as the government sought to stifle dissent. Do you think these measures were an appropriate domestic policy during a time of war? Explain. Do you think they were constitutional? Why or why not?
When Eugene Debs was in prison serving his term for violating the Espionage Act of 1917, he ran for president during the 1918 presidential election. While he was in prison, he won almost one million votes. Ho was that possible? What does this tell you about American society in 1918?
Explain how Americans used the language of freedom when discussing foreign policy. Look specifically at the foreign policies of Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson in your answer. Did the meaning of freedom change with each administration or stay constant?
Compare Roosevelt’s and Wilson’s attitudes toward blacks. How significant were the actions of the federal government in advancing freedoms for blacks during the early twentieth century?
Explain and analyze W. E. B. Du Bois’s political ideas. How did he attempt to expand civil rights for African-Americans?
Progressives continued to make strides during the war. Discuss the various Progressive accomplishments between 1916 and 1920. Comment on why the movement declined by 1920.
.
Zeno of Elea.Heres the assignment Write a double-spaced paper .docxphilipnelson29183
Zeno of Elea.
Here's the assignment: Write a double-spaced paper and submit it online.
In your paper, give a short biography of the philosopher and include his views on at least two of these subjects: REALITY, DIVINITY, HUMANITY, KNOWLEDGE or SOCIETY.
Please make this paper approximately 500 words long.
Make sure you spell and grammar check your papers.
And try using the Hemingwayapp!
I assume you will be doing some research, so cite your sources!
I do not care about the format of your citations.
Use whatever way is comfortable for you.
.
Yo los libros en la mochila.Ana y Salvador la ta.docxphilipnelson29183
Yo los libros en la mochila.
Ana y Salvador la tarea.
La profesora Álvarez matemáticas.
Celinda y yo a la cafetería.
Tú a la residencia estudiantil.
Usted el autobús.
Lisa y Ángel inglés en la biblioteca.
Esperanza un libro.
Yo un diccionario en la librería.
Nosotros salsa muy bien.
.
Youve now read Johnathan Swifts brilliant (it is, trust me) satiri.docxphilipnelson29183
You've now read Johnathan Swift's brilliant (it is, trust me) satirical essay, 'A Modest Proposal.' He was sort of the John Stewart or John Oliver of his day, so...
Write a 2-3 page dialogue between Swift and a comedian of your choice. You can certainly use John Stewart, Trevor Noah. or pick one you like - even the late great Richard Prior. You're going to discuss how comedy and society intersect, how they reflect and impact one other. So have at it and have fun.
.
Youre gonna respond to Are too many people going to college by Ch.docxphilipnelson29183
You're gonna respond to "Are too many people going to college" by Charles Murray?
Please disagree with the author with his 4 points:
1. Students don't have the ability to finish tough materials of college.
2. The opportunity cost of going to colleges is too high. People can use the same time to lean things that are helpful for living.
3. College doesn't guarantee good jobs.
4. Finishing colleges doesn't really give people self-satisfication.
Those are points I summarize from Murray's article. If you think they are not good, you can read the article and change them. Then provide evidences to oppose them.
There are 5 pages of the MLA essay. You need to bring all evidences from my posted 4 articles. The prompt and requirement are within the uploaded files. Please read it carefully.
The payment can be negotiated. Please do it nice and neatly. Thank you.
.
Your team was invited to present to a high school IT class to explai.docxphilipnelson29183
Your team was invited to present to a high school IT class to explain how cryptography works. In order to explain the basics, you decide to show the class a tool called, CrypTool. This web-based tool allows people to visualize encryption and decryption using common cryptography techniques. In order for the students to follow along with your demonstration, you need to create a tutorial for them.
Together as a team,
access
CrypTool (
http://www.cryptool-online.org/
).
Click
on the CrypTool link, then click
Ciphers
.
Click
and
choose
a type of cipher you would like to use under
Classical Ciphers
.
Use
CrypTool to do the following:
Determine at least five pieces of data to encrypt and decrypt
Determine a key (or a set of keys) that is different from the samples provided in CrypTool.
Attempt to break the encrypted ciphertext data using the cryptanalysis tools provided by CrypTool.
Note:
It may not always be possible to break the ciphertext. Regardless of the attempt's outcome. Document the steps taken and relevant observation notes.
Create
a tutorial with text and images (screenshots) on how to use CrypTool.
Include
the following:
Steps needed to encypt data
Steps needed to decrypt data
Steps taken to attempt to break the encrypted data using the cryptanalysis tools provided by CryptTool
Submit
the tutorial to the Assignment Files tab above.
.
Your Paper (8 pages) should include the following areas1. Cover P.docxphilipnelson29183
Your Paper (8 pages) should include the following areas:
1. Cover Page 2. Introduction of the topic 3. Why your group selected the topic 4. Your stance on the topic 5. Groups that support/against the topic 6. Importance to college students 7. Conclusion 8. Reference Page with 5 different sources
NOTE: I have the paper but I'm missing #1 and #8
so you will add a little work but not the whole thing.
.
Your organization is expanding globally and you will no longer have .docxphilipnelson29183
Your organization is expanding globally and you will no longer have direct contact with members of your team. It is important to be able to communicate effectively so that the project can be executed effectively. The team is tasked with presenting their ideas for working effectively with global and virtual teams.
Create
an 2 - slide presentation regarding global and virtual teams. In the presentation include the following:
Analyze the effects of globalization of project teams on project execution.
.
Your outline should be a detailed overview of the Service Learning .docxphilipnelson29183
Your outline should be a detailed overview of the "Service Learning Research and Reflection Essay." Use complete sentences. The outline should be approx. 2 pages in length, not including the reference page.
Also, upload your properly formatted (ASA or APA) reference page.
I have attached
Service Learning Reflection and Research Paper Guidelines
.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
What is Philosophy” by Walter Sinnott-ArmstrongWell, what do.docx
1. “What is Philosophy?” by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
Well, what do you think philosophy is? Most people can’t
answer this question. It’s too abstract. It’s also controversial.
Philosophers themselves can’t agree on any answer. Sure, the
name “philosophy” derives from the Greek for “love of
wisdom”, but what’s that? There has been a long and glorious
history of people called philosophers, but they talk about all
kinds of topics in all kinds of ways. It is not clear what, if
anything, they have in common that makes them all
philosophers.
Still, though many philosophers would dispute what I say, I will
give you one model of philosophy. For me, philosophy is
defined by a goal and a method.
Philosophy’s goal is nothing less than a systematic world view.
Other fields study particular kinds of things. Philosophy asks
how it all fits together. For example, if you want to learn about
bodies, take a course in physics or biology. If you want to learn
about minds, take a course in psychology. But if you want to
learn about how minds are related to bodies, or how physics is
related to psychology, then philosophy (of mind) is for you.
Similarly, economics, political science, and art and music
courses study different values (welfare, justice, and beauty).
Then moral philosophers ask how these values are similar or
different, when one may be traded off against another, and
where any of these values fit into the physical world. Again,
historians try to discover knowledge of the past and astronomers
try to discover knowledge of stars and planets, but only
philosophers ask what makes any of these beliefs knowledge,
and how (or whether) we can have any knowledge at all. Such
philosophical questions are very abstract, but that is what
enables them to cover so many different fields at once.
This goal also means that you can study anything under the
name of philosophy. Philosophy encompasses subfields called
2. philosophy of religion, of law, of economics, of biology, of
physics, of mathematics, of computers, of psychology, of art, of
music, of literature, and so on. Any and all of these topics can
be studied in a philosophical way when one asks how they are
related to each other in an overall world view.
When such disparate topics are raised, conflicts and paradoxes
are bound to arise. One famous example is the paradox of
freedom: Science, including psychology, leads us to believe that
(1) Every act is determined by a prior cause. Law and common
practices of blaming and punishing wrongdoers then lead us to
believe that (2) Some acts are free. But the very definition of
“free” suggests that (3) Nothing that is determined is free.
Unfortunately, (1)-(3) cannot all be true, so any world view that
includes all three of these claims is incoherent.
Paradoxes like this are both loved and hated by philosophers.
Philosophers love them for their stimulation but hate them for
their incoherence, so philosophers try hard to get rid of
paradoxes. One prevalent way to resolve paradoxes is
conceptual analysis. In response to the paradox of freedom, for
example, some philosophers try to analyze freedom in a way
that makes it compatible with determinism and thereby
undermines (3). Other philosophers give accounts of blame and
punishment that do not presuppose freedom, so they can reject
(2). Still others analyze determinism and causation in ways that
cast doubt on (1). One of these claims has to go. Conceptual
analysis tries to help us decide which claim to give up.
The method of conceptual analysis might sometimes seem
picky, but unclarity or imprecision in our concepts is often what
leads us into paradoxes and incoherence in our world views.
That is why the philosophical goal of a coherent overall world
view makes philosophers adopt the method of conceptual
analysis.
Philosophers use other methods as well. Many philosophers
employ empirical discoveries in psychology, biology, and
physics to illuminate traditional philosophical issues. (Can our
moral beliefs be understood as a product of evolution?) Others
3. use formal developments in logic and mathematics. (Does the
incompleteness of arithmetic, proven by Gödel, show that
computers cannot think in the way humans do?) Still others turn
to literature and first-person narratives to express their ideas.
(Is the position of oppressed groups best understood by
listening to their own stories?) Since it is puzzling how the
abstract world of numbers or the lived world of personal
experience is related to the physical world of subatomic
particles, the variety of methods used by philosophers reflects
the issues that must be faced in formulating a coherent overall
world view.
One feature is shared by almost all methods used by
philosophers: Philosophers question authorities. Whereas
legislators or judges have the authority to declare what the law
is, and specific texts determine what is required by some
religions, philosophers do not grant any special authority to
anyone or anything. Every claim, no matter where it comes
from, is subject to scrutiny. Even common sense is not taken for
granted, which leads philosophers to put forward some very
weird views.
In place of authorities, philosophers try to justify their views
with arguments. Indeed, philosophers love arguments. One of
the earliest examples of philosophy was an argument by Zeno,
which runs like this: “The slow runner [a tortoise] will never be
overtaken by the swiftest [Achilles], for it is necessary that the
pursuer should first reach the point from which the pursued
started, so that necessarily, the slower is always somewhat in
advance.” If you think about it for a while, Zeno’s argument
should be clear. What is not clear is how to respond. One
popular reaction is, “That’s silly. Of course, Achilles can
overtake a tortoise. It happens all the time.” Philosophers retort,
“Everybody assumes that Achilles can overtake the tortoise, and
it does appear that swift runners overtake slow runners, but how
do you know what is really going on? And what is wrong with
Zeno’s argument to the contrary? You cannot reject the
argument just because you don’t like the conclusion.” In such
4. debates, philosophers try to uncover our basic assumptions,
evaluate our reasons (if any) for these assumptions, and
speculate on what our world view would be like if we gave up
those assumptions. This process can be liberating and
fascinating, even when (or maybe because) it leads to results
that seem hard to believe.
In seeking this goal through these methods, philosophers
address a wide variety of problems, which can be classified into
three main areas:
Metaphysics or the theory of existence addresses the questions
of whether God exists, whether we have free will, how our
minds are related to our bodies, what reality is, and so on.
Epistemology or the theory of knowledge asks whether and how
we can know or be justified in believing anything; and it also
investigates particular areas or sources of (supposed)
knowledge, such as perception, memory, and science. Ethics or
moral philosophy studies which acts are morally right or wrong
and which people or character traits are morally good or bad;
then other values, such as beauty, are studied in other areas of
value theory, such as aesthetics. Some of the most exciting
philosophical issues (such as those raised by existentialists,
phenomenologists, feminists, and philosophers of language) do
not fit neatly under any of these traditional categories.
True philosophers will not rest until they combine theories
about all of these various topics into a single coherent system of
thought that is justified without appeal to authority. Because
this ideal is so demanding, the process of doing philosophy can
be frustrating, but it is also something that can fill and fulfill
one’s entire life.
Source: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~phil/whatis/wsa.html
U3D1
TYPE – Reflective Practitioner
Based on your experiences and readings, analyze the roles,
5. empowerment of patients, and values needed to be an effective
nurse advocate and policy player. Discuss the APN role as a
change agent. Provide an example of a time that you have acted
as an advocate or a situation that you are familiar with that
involved an APN acting as an advocate. The text discusses the
limited evidence base for the credibility of advocacy, in your
opinion does it work? Why or why not?
Students are expected to:
1. Post an initial substantive response of 200-250 words to each
question.
2. Read postings and engage in the discussion boards 4-5 days
per week.
3. Respond to at least two other student’s postings with
substantive comments.
4. Substantive comments add to the discussion and provide your
fellow students with information that will enhance the learning
environment.
5. The postings should be at least one paragraph (approximately
100 words) and include references as indicated by the
instructor.
6. References and citations should conform to the APA 6th
edition.
Remember: Please respect the opinions of others, even if their
views differ. In other words, disagree professionally and
respectfully.
Plagiarism is never acceptable – give credit when credit is due -
cite your sources.
Unit #3 Materials -Topic
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Content
·
6. Advance for NPs & PAs
This website contains information on advance for NPs & PAs
·
The Internet Journal of Advanced Nursing Practice
The Internet Journal of Advanced Nursing Practice
·
Supplemental Material
Click on the link below found in CINAHL Plus Full Text to
reach your required reading. If the link does not work, use the
APA citation to locate the article within CINAHL Plus Full
Text on the Library Tab in Blackboard.
Ten Tips for New NPs
false
Required and Suggested Readings
Required
Text Book Readings:
Nurse Practitioner's Business Practice And Legal Guide:
Chapter 6
Hamric et al: Above readings
Suggested Readings:
Dill, M. J., Pankow, S., Erikson, C., & Shipman, S. (2013).
Survey shows consumers open to A greater role for physician
assistants and nurse practitioners. Health Affairs, 32(6), 1135-
42.
Stavrianopoulos, T. (2012). The clinical nurse leader. Health
Science Journal, 6(3), 392-401 10p.
Garland Baird, L. M., & Miller, T. (2015). Factors influencing
7. evidence-based practice for community nurses. British Journal
Of Community Nursing, 20(5), 233-242.
Doi:10.12968/bjcn.2015.20.5.233.
Young T, Rohwer A, Volmink J, Clarke M (2014) What Are the
Effects of Teaching Evidence-Based Health Care (EBHC)?
Overview of Systematic Reviews. PLoS ONE 9(1).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086706