What are the policies usually advocated by supply side economics Ho.pdf
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Supply-side economics advocates policies that focus on increasing production by lowering taxes and reducing regulations to stimulate economic growth. It argues that producers, not consumers, are the key drivers of the economy and that temporary over-production will lead companies to lower prices, allowing consumers to purchase more and offset excess supply.
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What are the similarities and differences between the major politica.pdf
What are the similarities and differences between the major political, economic, and social
developments in the first half of the twentieth century and those in the second half of the
century?
Solution
Similarities: There were some similarities between the first half and second half of twentieth
century. In both times, world economy was chacterised by the fluctuations and there was tug of
war for usurping the political power. In both time whole world was divided between the two
parts. Both times, world leader were seeking to establish the peace and tranquilities.
Differences: In the second half, unlike the first half, many countries got freedom from
colonialism and they started fight for equal status in the international arena. Social and economic
development got the preference over the colonialism. World was divided in the two blocks one
being represented by the USSR and another by USA. Both blocks were giving many incentives
to enlist the support of developing countries..
What are the properties of a normal distribution Why there are an i.pdf
What are the properties of a normal distribution? Why there are an infinite number of normal
distributions? Do you want to assume that your sample data represent a population distribution?
Solution
Properties: Function f(x) is unimodal and symmetric around the point x = µ, which
is at the same time the mode, the median and the mean of the distribution.[8] The inflection
points of the curve occur one standard deviation away from the mean (i.e., at x = µ - s and x = µ
+ s).[8] Function f(x) is log-concave.[8] The standard normal density ?(x) is an eigenfunction of
the Fourier transform. The function is supersmooth of order 2, implying that it is infinitely
differentiable.[9] The first derivative of ?(x) is ?\'(x) = -x·?(x); the second derivative is ?\'\'(x) =
(x2 - 1)?(x). More generally, the n-th derivative is given by ?(n)(x) = (-1)nHn(x)?(x), where Hn
is the Hermite polynomial of order n.[10] When s2 = 0, the density function doesn\'t exist.
However a generalized function that defines a measure on the real line, and it can be used to
calculate, for example, expected value is where d(x) is the Dirac delta function which is equal to
infinity at x = 0 and is zero elsewhere. The normal distribution is a continuous distribution
defined by two parameters, the mean and the variance. since the variance can be any positive
value and the mean can be any real value there are infinitely many different values for the mean
and for the variance..
What are the revenue classifications of the U.S. based for-hire air .pdf
What are the revenue classifications of the U.S. based for-hire air carriers? Define and describe
at least two of these classifications with examples.
Solution
of Airline Certification
U.S. scheduled airlines are classified by the government on the basis of the amount of revenue
generated from operations. These classifications are major, national and regional.
All airlines hold two certificates from the federal government: a fitness certificate and an
operating certificate. The Department of Transportation (DOT) issues fitness certificates - called
certificates of public convenience and necessity - under it\'s statutory authority. Basically, the
certificate establishes that the carrier has the financing and the management in place to provide
scheduled service. The certificate typically authorizes both passenger and cargo service. Some
airlines, however, obtain only cargo-service authority. Commuter airlines that use aircraft with a
seating capacity of 60 or fewer seats or a maximum payload capacity of no more than 18,000
pounds can operate under the alternative authority of Part 298 of DOT\'s economic regulations.
Operating certificates, on the other hand, are issued by the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) under Part 121 of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), which spell out numerous
requirements for operating aircraft with 10 or more seats. The requirements cover such things as
the training of flight crews and aircraft maintenance programs. All majors, nationals and
regional\'s operate with a Part 121 certificate.
Majors
Major airlines generate operating revenues of more than $1 billion annually. Previously called
trunk carriers, they generally provide nationwide, and in some cases, worldwide service. There
are many major U.S. passenger airlines such as: Alaska, American, American Eagle, Continental,
Delta, Northwest, Southwest, United and US Airways. In addition, some cargo airlines are
classified as majors like: FedEx and United Parcel Service.
Nationals
National carriers are scheduled airlines with annual operating revenues between $100 million
and $1 billion. Many of the airlines in this category serve particular regions of the country,
although some provide long-haul and even international service. Among the nationals are some
of the former local service lines that, prior to deregulation, were licensed by the Civil
Aeronautics Board (CAB) to operate between major cities and smaller communities surrounding
them. Also in this category are some of the former supplemental carriers, previously licensed by
the CAB to operate unscheduled charter service, which supplemented the capacity of the trunk
carriers.
Like the majors, nationals operate mostly medium- and large-sized jets. They are subject to DOT
fitness requirements, as well as the FAA Part 121 operating requirements. Some of the nationals
you may have heard of in the past include companies like Aloha, Atlas Air, Emery Worldwide,
Evergreen, Hawaiian, Midwest Express and Polar .
What are the requirements that must be met before the Kruskal-Wallis.pdf
What are the requirements that must be met before the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of
variance by ranks test can be applied?
Solution
there are foolwing limitations and assumptions for this method Limitations: Only
oneindependent variable Assumptions: Samples are randomly selected. Samples are
representative of the populations. Samples are independent of one another. The original variable
that was measured was a continuousrandom variable (this assumption is often violated – no idea
if that’s OK or not, but Sheskin does not seem to think it is a big deal). The distributions of the
populations are identical in shape. i hope it would help you.
What are the psychometric properties of The MBTI for bulimia and or.pdf
What are the psychometric properties of The MBTI for bulimia and /or eating disorders?
Solution
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®) instrument is a questionnaire
designed to make Jung’s ideas about psychological type useful in everyday life. It identifies a
person’s four basic type preferences that combine into one of 16 different personality types.
These results help you understand normal differences in the way people think, communicate, and
interact—differences that can be the source of much misunderstanding. The MBTI instrument
has been used for more than 50 years to establish greater understanding between individuals, and
has been translated into more than 15 different languages for use around the world. Research
conducted on the MBTI tool has shown that the results it provides are reliable and valid. The
MBTI tool’s reliability statistics are excellent, and its validity has been firmly established in
hundreds of separate studies. Reliability refers to whether the results are consistent: Do people
tend to reply to the items in the same way when they take the test later, and do they tend to get
the same type? Can you count on the results? Validity refers to the instrument’s ability to
measure psychological type and apply Jung’s theory. Technical information on the research and
psychometric properties underlying the instrument are published in the MBTI® Manual and in
other scientific publications..
What are the pros and cons of an intranet-based performance manageme.pdf
What are the pros and cons of an intranet-based performance management system compared to a
paper based system?
Solution
Pros of an intranet based management system: 1. Information can be transmitted at a very fast
rate. Almost instantly. 2. Mobility of data and information. A person sitting in the UK office can
access files on the intranet from the US office. 3. Real-time updates can be sent to employees at
various locations globally 4. Company can achieve the go-green initiative by using less paper so
it is environmental friendly Cons of an intranet based management system: 1. Information can
be misused as it is so easily available 2. Cyber crime can be a threat to the organization 3. Cost
of implementing the intranet is high as compared to a paper based management system 4.
Flexibility can be a concern if people cannot easily adapt to the intranet system.
what are the privacy and security issues of using CHINS-community he.pdf
what are the privacy and security issues of using CHINS-community health information network.
how we can solve these issues. provide articles.
Solution
?The application of CHINs in the implementation of disease management programmes has many
benefits including shared data, internal communication, external communication, value-added
applications, bonding and marketing presence. However, there are also problems and pitfalls of
an architectural and `emotional\' nature.
Source: Francois M.H.M. Dupuits(Maastricht University, Department of Family Medicine,
Maastricht, The Netherlands)
The Congress Office of Technology Assessment reported,.
What are the phases of SDLC Please select one of the SDLC phases an.pdf
What are the phases of SDLC? Please select one of the SDLC phases and describe it. What
should be accomplished in that phase?
Solution
Phases of SLDC (Software Development Life Cycle):
Let us describe “Requirement gathering and analysis” Phase of SLDC
Basically this is the start phase to gather and understand the business requirement. The main
focus to meet the client and focus of project managers is to engage the stakeholders. Meeting
with Stakeholders will help to determine the requirements such as who is going to use the
system? How will they use the system? What data should be input into the system? What data
should be output by the system? These are general questions that get answered during a
requirements gathering phase. Basically requirement is listed and scope of project is prepared.
An Action plan is prepared to create timelines and process management..
Recommended
What are the similarities and differences between the major politica.pdf
What are the similarities and differences between the major political, economic, and social
developments in the first half of the twentieth century and those in the second half of the
century?
Solution
Similarities: There were some similarities between the first half and second half of twentieth
century. In both times, world economy was chacterised by the fluctuations and there was tug of
war for usurping the political power. In both time whole world was divided between the two
parts. Both times, world leader were seeking to establish the peace and tranquilities.
Differences: In the second half, unlike the first half, many countries got freedom from
colonialism and they started fight for equal status in the international arena. Social and economic
development got the preference over the colonialism. World was divided in the two blocks one
being represented by the USSR and another by USA. Both blocks were giving many incentives
to enlist the support of developing countries..
What are the properties of a normal distribution Why there are an i.pdf
What are the properties of a normal distribution? Why there are an infinite number of normal
distributions? Do you want to assume that your sample data represent a population distribution?
Solution
Properties: Function f(x) is unimodal and symmetric around the point x = µ, which
is at the same time the mode, the median and the mean of the distribution.[8] The inflection
points of the curve occur one standard deviation away from the mean (i.e., at x = µ - s and x = µ
+ s).[8] Function f(x) is log-concave.[8] The standard normal density ?(x) is an eigenfunction of
the Fourier transform. The function is supersmooth of order 2, implying that it is infinitely
differentiable.[9] The first derivative of ?(x) is ?\'(x) = -x·?(x); the second derivative is ?\'\'(x) =
(x2 - 1)?(x). More generally, the n-th derivative is given by ?(n)(x) = (-1)nHn(x)?(x), where Hn
is the Hermite polynomial of order n.[10] When s2 = 0, the density function doesn\'t exist.
However a generalized function that defines a measure on the real line, and it can be used to
calculate, for example, expected value is where d(x) is the Dirac delta function which is equal to
infinity at x = 0 and is zero elsewhere. The normal distribution is a continuous distribution
defined by two parameters, the mean and the variance. since the variance can be any positive
value and the mean can be any real value there are infinitely many different values for the mean
and for the variance..
What are the revenue classifications of the U.S. based for-hire air .pdf
What are the revenue classifications of the U.S. based for-hire air carriers? Define and describe
at least two of these classifications with examples.
Solution
of Airline Certification
U.S. scheduled airlines are classified by the government on the basis of the amount of revenue
generated from operations. These classifications are major, national and regional.
All airlines hold two certificates from the federal government: a fitness certificate and an
operating certificate. The Department of Transportation (DOT) issues fitness certificates - called
certificates of public convenience and necessity - under it\'s statutory authority. Basically, the
certificate establishes that the carrier has the financing and the management in place to provide
scheduled service. The certificate typically authorizes both passenger and cargo service. Some
airlines, however, obtain only cargo-service authority. Commuter airlines that use aircraft with a
seating capacity of 60 or fewer seats or a maximum payload capacity of no more than 18,000
pounds can operate under the alternative authority of Part 298 of DOT\'s economic regulations.
Operating certificates, on the other hand, are issued by the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) under Part 121 of the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), which spell out numerous
requirements for operating aircraft with 10 or more seats. The requirements cover such things as
the training of flight crews and aircraft maintenance programs. All majors, nationals and
regional\'s operate with a Part 121 certificate.
Majors
Major airlines generate operating revenues of more than $1 billion annually. Previously called
trunk carriers, they generally provide nationwide, and in some cases, worldwide service. There
are many major U.S. passenger airlines such as: Alaska, American, American Eagle, Continental,
Delta, Northwest, Southwest, United and US Airways. In addition, some cargo airlines are
classified as majors like: FedEx and United Parcel Service.
Nationals
National carriers are scheduled airlines with annual operating revenues between $100 million
and $1 billion. Many of the airlines in this category serve particular regions of the country,
although some provide long-haul and even international service. Among the nationals are some
of the former local service lines that, prior to deregulation, were licensed by the Civil
Aeronautics Board (CAB) to operate between major cities and smaller communities surrounding
them. Also in this category are some of the former supplemental carriers, previously licensed by
the CAB to operate unscheduled charter service, which supplemented the capacity of the trunk
carriers.
Like the majors, nationals operate mostly medium- and large-sized jets. They are subject to DOT
fitness requirements, as well as the FAA Part 121 operating requirements. Some of the nationals
you may have heard of in the past include companies like Aloha, Atlas Air, Emery Worldwide,
Evergreen, Hawaiian, Midwest Express and Polar .
What are the requirements that must be met before the Kruskal-Wallis.pdf
What are the requirements that must be met before the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of
variance by ranks test can be applied?
Solution
there are foolwing limitations and assumptions for this method Limitations: Only
oneindependent variable Assumptions: Samples are randomly selected. Samples are
representative of the populations. Samples are independent of one another. The original variable
that was measured was a continuousrandom variable (this assumption is often violated – no idea
if that’s OK or not, but Sheskin does not seem to think it is a big deal). The distributions of the
populations are identical in shape. i hope it would help you.
What are the psychometric properties of The MBTI for bulimia and or.pdf
What are the psychometric properties of The MBTI for bulimia and /or eating disorders?
Solution
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®) instrument is a questionnaire
designed to make Jung’s ideas about psychological type useful in everyday life. It identifies a
person’s four basic type preferences that combine into one of 16 different personality types.
These results help you understand normal differences in the way people think, communicate, and
interact—differences that can be the source of much misunderstanding. The MBTI instrument
has been used for more than 50 years to establish greater understanding between individuals, and
has been translated into more than 15 different languages for use around the world. Research
conducted on the MBTI tool has shown that the results it provides are reliable and valid. The
MBTI tool’s reliability statistics are excellent, and its validity has been firmly established in
hundreds of separate studies. Reliability refers to whether the results are consistent: Do people
tend to reply to the items in the same way when they take the test later, and do they tend to get
the same type? Can you count on the results? Validity refers to the instrument’s ability to
measure psychological type and apply Jung’s theory. Technical information on the research and
psychometric properties underlying the instrument are published in the MBTI® Manual and in
other scientific publications..
What are the pros and cons of an intranet-based performance manageme.pdf
What are the pros and cons of an intranet-based performance management system compared to a
paper based system?
Solution
Pros of an intranet based management system: 1. Information can be transmitted at a very fast
rate. Almost instantly. 2. Mobility of data and information. A person sitting in the UK office can
access files on the intranet from the US office. 3. Real-time updates can be sent to employees at
various locations globally 4. Company can achieve the go-green initiative by using less paper so
it is environmental friendly Cons of an intranet based management system: 1. Information can
be misused as it is so easily available 2. Cyber crime can be a threat to the organization 3. Cost
of implementing the intranet is high as compared to a paper based management system 4.
Flexibility can be a concern if people cannot easily adapt to the intranet system.
what are the privacy and security issues of using CHINS-community he.pdf
what are the privacy and security issues of using CHINS-community health information network.
how we can solve these issues. provide articles.
Solution
?The application of CHINs in the implementation of disease management programmes has many
benefits including shared data, internal communication, external communication, value-added
applications, bonding and marketing presence. However, there are also problems and pitfalls of
an architectural and `emotional\' nature.
Source: Francois M.H.M. Dupuits(Maastricht University, Department of Family Medicine,
Maastricht, The Netherlands)
The Congress Office of Technology Assessment reported,.
What are the phases of SDLC Please select one of the SDLC phases an.pdf
What are the phases of SDLC? Please select one of the SDLC phases and describe it. What
should be accomplished in that phase?
Solution
Phases of SLDC (Software Development Life Cycle):
Let us describe “Requirement gathering and analysis” Phase of SLDC
Basically this is the start phase to gather and understand the business requirement. The main
focus to meet the client and focus of project managers is to engage the stakeholders. Meeting
with Stakeholders will help to determine the requirements such as who is going to use the
system? How will they use the system? What data should be input into the system? What data
should be output by the system? These are general questions that get answered during a
requirements gathering phase. Basically requirement is listed and scope of project is prepared.
An Action plan is prepared to create timelines and process management..
What are the political and legal issues of South Africa. For instanc.pdf
What are the political and legal issues of South Africa. For instance the stability of the
government, legal issues of concern to four business, etc.
Solution
SOuth Africa is a growing nation with a long way to go. Though many polcies have been enacted
for socio economic prosperity, there are still many issues that serves as hurdle for economic
growth..
what are the primary differences between investor-owned and not for .pdf
what are the primary differences between investor-owned and not for profit corporations?
Solution
Investor owned corporation Not for profit organisation Owner Owned by the
shareholders Are not owned by shareholders Tax Corporations pay tax on the income Can
be tax expempt if are qualified. Objective The main objective is to maximize the wealth of
the shareholders The main objective is for the not maximize the wealth of the shareholders since
it does not have the shareholders but is pulic welfare Wind up At the time of windup the left
over assets are used to clear the debts and to pay the shareholders In the case of windup the
assets are used for the charitable purpose.
What are the five conditions necessary for the binomial distribution.pdf
What are the five conditions necessary for the binomial distribution to be appropriate
Solution
1) a fixed number of trails
2)each trail is independent of others
3)there are only two outcomes
4)the probability of each outcome remains constant from trail to trail.
What are the primary causes of job dissatisfactionSolutionThe.pdf
What are the primary causes of job dissatisfaction?
Solution
There are many people who are not happy with their jobs. Meaning they are not satisfied with
what they do day in and day out. Reasons can be many as different people will have a different
say about it. However, we can discuss the primary and common reasons or causes of job
dissatisfaction:.
What are the five pillars of faith Solution1) Shahadah2) .pdf
What are the five pillars of faith
Solution
1) Shahadah
2) Salah
3) Zakat
4) Sawm during Ramadan
5) Hajj
In Sunni Islam, theFive Pillars of Islam is the term given tothe five duties incumbent on every
Muslim. These duties areShahada (Profession ofFaith), Salat (Prayers), Zakat (Givingof Alms),
Sawm (Fastingduring Ramadan) and Hajj (pilgrimage toMecca). These fivepractices are
essential to Sunni Islam;Shi\'a Muslimssubscribe to eight ritual practices which substantially
overlapwith the five Pillars.[1]Twelvers have fivefundamentalbeliefs which relates to Aqidah.[2].
What are the opportunities and threats facing Whole Foods Inc.S.pdf
What are the opportunities and threats facing Whole Foods Inc.?
Solution
In 1980 twenty-five year old college dropout John Mackey and twenty-one year old Rene
Lawson Hardy created the Whole Food Company (WFC) in Austin, Texas. It was born with the
idea to provide a grocery store featuring good, wholesome food; not a \"health food\" store filled
with pills and potions. Sales doubled each year for the first four years.
Opportunities.
what are the disadvantages of joint ventureswhat are the dis.pdf
what are the disadvantages of joint ventures
what are the disadvantages of joint ventures
what are the disadvantages of joint ventures
Solution
A joint venture (JV) is a business arrangement by which, two or more entities make an
arrangement by which they share assets, expertise & technology to execute a particular business
venture. The parties to a JV share the liabilities and profits together.
A JV can be a short-term arrangement, made to cater to a specific project only.
However, there may be some disadvantages to a JV, as follows.
1) A cross-country JV has the main issue of cultural difference. It is often difficult for partner
entities from different countries with different cultures, to operate efficiently enough as to create
positive synergy.
2) The goals and objectives of the JV partners may not agree, which may create a friction &
conflict of interest going ahead.
3) Efficient sharing of responsibilities is a pivotal aspect in a JV, in absence of which, the
arrangement may collapse.
4) A JV works best in presence of perfect communication flow with no barriers, which is rarely
achieved in real life.
5) Sharing of resource may be uneven, or perceived to be sub-optimal, by one or more of the
partners.
6) A final disadvantage of a JV is the dispute resolution process. Due to shared responsibilities,
authorities and functioning, a conflict is more difficult to get resolved, since its resolution
depends on multiple levels and locations of the JV organization hierarchy..
What are the methods of conducting trade SolutionA business m.pdf
What are the methods of conducting trade ?
Solution
A business may conduct international trade using following channels and methods:
(1) Direct Trade
The company directly exposts its goods and services to other countries, and imports products &
services from other countries.
(2) Licensing.
A company (X) grants another company (Y) in another country, to produce and sell X\'s
products, a license to Y against a fee/royalty that Y should pay to X. Such licensing agreement
may cover not only goods and services, but other intangibles like technology, copyright or
patents.
(3) Management Contracts
These are contracts between two companies in different countries through which one company
provides technical expertise or management expertise to another company.
(4) Turnkey Projects
One company (X) lends its resources and expertise to another company from other country (Y),
in helping Y start and build new projects, from the basic planning & design stage, to the final
execution stage. In exchange for this, Y pays a fee to X.
(5) Joint Ventures (JV)
This involves joint collaboration between 2 companies in different countries. It includes mutual
sharing of all resources, including technical, financial and managerial expertise sharing. This
form of trade includes sharing of both risks and rewards.
(6) Wholly Owned Subsidiary
This is the final form of trade where, a company sets up a fully-owned unit in another country.
The parent company owns the subsidiary and controls it. This ensures maximum profit to the
parent company, however, country-specific laws and political scenarios pose certain risks in such
multy-country operations..
What are the main changes in this current global marketHow do you.pdf
What are the main changes in this current global market?
How do you define a global manager?
What are the main responsibilities of a global manager?
Solution
Answer1
Economics differentiates four major market structures: perfect competition, monopoly,oligopoly
and monopolistic competition. If we evaluate the changeswhich occurred in the last part of the
twentieth century, we can clearly see a drasticmetamorphosis in the globalised markets: two of
the above mentioned market structuresare losing ground while one of them is definitely coming
into the forefront. First let ushave a look at the losers!
- Perfect competition is in the process of fading out. The decrease of its importance can be traced
back to two reasons: firstly sectors traditionally characterized by perfectcompetition are losing
their share in the economy; secondly companies operating inthese industries to gain competitive
advantage are trying to differentiate their offerings,even if they seemed to be rather homogenous
in the past, from those of their competitors. If the majority of them succeed the competition is
gradually transforminginto a form of imperfect competition. It is worthwhile to mention that it
was Levitt whofirst drew attention to the importance of differentiation.
- The share and importance of monopolies is also decreasing. In democratic societiesthere is a
great pressure on government regulation to abolish monopolies, to deregulate,and liberalise these
industries. The banking system, most of the mass transportation, and basic utilities have already
been deregulated, and monopolies still functioning are setunder strong societal control
Parallel with the decreasing importance of perfect competition and monopolies, the twoother
forms of market structures are gaining ground, especially and most importantly:oligopoly. The
study would like to prove that the world is moving towards the dominance of a market structure
which could be called.
What are the main causes of and contributing factors to internationa.pdf
What are the main causes of and contributing factors to international financial crises? How can
they be resolved? How can they be prevented? Answer this question in the context of the Asian
Crisis of 1997.
Solution
Causes of Asian financial crisis-. Firstly, huge amounts of foreign capital became readily
available at relatively low interest rates, as investors in search of fresh opportunities shifted huge
amounts of capital into Asia. As under all boom cycles, stock and real estate prices in Asia
increased initially, thus attracting further funds. But, domestic allocation of borrowed foreign
capital was inefficient due to weak banking systems, inefficient corporate governance, and
inadequate transparency of financial sector. Insufficient absorptive capacity also added to the
inefficient allocation of foreign capital. Secondly, the economies\' exchange rate regime was
fixed hence giving borrowers an illusionary sense of security, encouraging them to go for dollar-
denominated borrowings.
The huge capital inflows plus weakening exports were reflected in increasing current account
deficits. Also, a substantial part of the capital inflows was in the form of short-term borrowing,
making these economies prey to external shocks.
Once the trigger started in Thailand , other markets overreacted and the crisis spread.
Remedies.
What are the main characteristics of a research study that uses inde.pdf
What are the main characteristics of a research study that uses independent measures?
Solution
An independent measures study requires a separate sample for each of the
treatments or populations being compared. An independent measures t statistic is appropriate
when a researcher has two samples and wants to use the sample mean difference to test
hypotheses about the population mean difference..
What are the main factors that determine exchange rates Why are exc.pdf
What are the main factors that determine exchange rates? Why are exchange rates so volatile?
Solution
Exchange rate is the rate of currency of a country in terms of other. Factors determining
exchange rate are:
Exchange rate are very sensitive to the factors mentioned above. A small change in any of the
above factor in any country will result in change in currency value of a country in terms of other
country. Hence exchange rate keeps fluctuationg accordingto the performance of an economy on
daily basis..
what are the key words for idientifiying what is a operating investi.pdf
what are the key words for idientifiying what is a operating investing or financing activivity from
cash flows?
Solution
Identification of cash flows can be done with the following steps:
Investing activities:
These activities are :
1.Purchase of assets / investments.
2.Sale of assets / investments.
3.Income / loss on assets / investments.
Financing activities:
These activities are:
1.Receiving / Payment of cash from issue of any security of the company (Shares, debentures
etc.)
2.Receiving/ payments of cash from loan taken.
3.Payment of interest / dividend.
Operating activities:
All other day to day operating activities like sales, purchases, expense etc are covered under
operating activities..
What are the main advantages and disadvantages of going publicS.pdf
What are the main advantages and disadvantages of going public?
Solution
There are many advantages for a company going public. The financial benefit in the form of
raising capital is the most distinct advantage. Capital can be used to fund research and
development, fund capital expenditure or even used to pay off existing debt. Another advantage
is an increased public awareness of the company because IPOs often generate publicity by
making their products known to a new group of potential customers.
Subsequently this may lead to an increase in market share for the company. An IPO also may be
used by founding individuals as an exit strategy. Many venture capitalists have used IPOs to cash
in on successful companies that they helped start-up.
One of the most important changes is the need for added disclosure for investors. Public
companies are regulated by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in regard to periodic financial
reporting, which may be difficult for newer public companies. They must also meet other rules
and regulations that are monitored by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). More
importantly, especially for smaller companies, is the cost of complying with regulatory
requirements can be very high. These costs have only increased with the advent of the Sarbanes-
Oxley Act. Some of the additional costs include the generation of financial reporting documents,
audit fees, investor relation departments and accounting oversight committees.
Public companies also are faced with the added pressure of the market which may cause them to
focus more on short-term results rather than long-term growth. The actions of the company\'s
management also become increasingly scrutinized as investors constantly look for rising profits.
This may lead management to perform somewhat questionable practices in order to boost
earnings.
Before deciding whether or not to go public, companies must evaluate all of the potential
advantages and disadvantages that will arise. This usually will happen during the underwriting
process as the company works with an investment bank to weigh the pros and cons of a public
offering and determine if it is in the best interest of the company..
What are the key things an organization can do to enhance an RFP to .pdf
What are the key things an organization can do to enhance an RFP to be sent to vendors?
Solution
We know that Request For Proposals is type of document that sent to vendors for invites to
submit plans for providing hardwares, softwares, and related services to the firm. Any firm can
sent proposals few things must be remainded for the firms. That is,
1. Select a well planned approach.
2. Select the right people to involvement.
3. Must be clear on priorites criteria
4. Give imporatnce to confidentailly clause
5. Always choose lower cost vendors.
6. Always check the entire details of Delivery
7. Follow up the unselected vendors.
What are the limitations of rationalism of empiricismSolutio.pdf
What are the limitations of rationalism? of empiricism?
Solution
The term ‘rationalist’ originates from the Latinratio; meaning reason. Rationalists believe that
thenature of human knowledge is logic. The main argument forrationalism is based on the
assumption that knowledge requirescertainty. Therefore, one can only claim to possess
knowledge if itis logically impossible to prove that they are wrong. Rationalstatements are
known a priori, or independent of experience. Itstruth or falsity can be proven by reasoning
alone. The claim‘two add three equals five’ is rational. From ourknowledge of the concept, it
cannot be otherwise. Therefore we saythat a priori truths are necessarily true. Likewise, ‘asquare
has four sides’ is also known a priori and isnecessarily true, for a square has four sides by
definition. We canwork it out by logic alone. A priori truths tend to be associatedwith maths and
geometry.
The term ‘empirical’ comes from the Greekemperia, meaning experience. An empirical
statement is onewhose truth or falsity can be known by experience alone. The term‘experience’
refers to the senses of sight, sound,touch, taste, and smell. Unlike rationalism, empiricism claims
thatprior to experience, the mind is like a ‘blank slate’and we have no innate a priori knowledge.
Empirical claims areknown a posteiori, or through experience. For example, the claim‘There are
three people in the room’ would be known aposteriori. It would be impossible to work out by
reason. It canonly be known through experience. However, it could have beenotherwise; there
could only have been two people in the room.Therefore, we say that empirical claims are
contingently true.Empirical truths are associated with scientific research and theway the world
works. Everything we know about the world is known aposteriori.
Plato, René Descartes and Goltfreid Wilhelm Von Leibnizwere all rationalist philosophers. Plato
argued that themathematical concepts of a triangle, the fact that all three anglesadd up to 180, for
example, were indubitable and eternal. However,any triangle which we may see in the
experiential world will neverbe quite perfect. Perhaps it would be slightly crooked. It willonly be
an approximate of the ideal triangle. Therefore Platoconcluded that logic is a vastly superior
means to obtain knowledgethan through the senses.
Being a mathematician, Descartes was drawn to the rationalapproach. In his first meditation, ‘of
things which we maydoubt’, he firmly rejects the senses as unreliable, for hehas often found
himself deceived by them before. Descartesconsidered arithmetic and geometry, which ‘regard
merely thesimplest and most general of objects’ to be more reliablethan physics and medicine,
For physics and medicine rely uponexperience whereas geometry relies purely on logic.
Descartesfamously claimed to gain knowledge of his own existence from thefact that he was
thinking.
Hume, Berkeley, and Lock were all empiricists. Lock stronglydisagreed with Descartes that.
What are the key components of the master budgeted income statement.pdf
What are the key components of the master budgeted income statement? Who are the key
stakeholders in the budgeting process? What are some of the key planning assumptions used?
Solution
Budgeted Income Statement is the predicted income statement prepared for a particular period of
time i.e month , quarter or year . Budgeted Income statement gives the predicted results about the
income and expenses of the business . Key stakeholders in the budgeting process are as follows:
1) Banks
2) Creditors
3) Investors
Key planning assumptions used are the costs and incomes that the company is going to incur or
earn for a particular period of time.
What are the inherent limitations of financial-ratio analysis How c.pdf
What are the inherent limitations of financial-ratio analysis? How can managers make financial
information meaningful for those who may not be adept in understanding the language of
finance?
Solution
Most of the companies in the world use Financial ratio analysis to provide relevant information
about how the company is doing on an specfic time. This is something that it.
What are the implications for union-citizen relationshipsSolutio.pdf
What are the implications for union-citizen relationships
Solution
Post World War II, the citizenship was only restricted to national boundaries, but gradually as
the world globalized, some of the countries come together to form a union to peruse their self-
interest economic means. In doing so the citizenship overlaps among the people of the union.
There are some implications when countries integrate and form a union. It brings positive change
as well as negative change in the society. Positive change would be economic opportunities,
which would entail movement of goods and services from one country to another. The
movement of factors of production would bring in efficiency. The government would have to
design policies that sync with the rest of the member countries. In short, overall, the union will
better off in economic terms. However, the negative implications do also exist. Integration often
leads to loss of jobs for national citizen, which may brew tension among the local class.
Sometime it happens that in the time of recession, the priorities of the member countries diverge
from one another, due to differences, the economic condition of one of the member countries
may compromise. The social cohesiveness would disturbed and may bring political instability in
the region..
What are the implications of the increasing U.S. trade deficit for g.pdf
What are the implications of the increasing U.S. trade deficit for global production and exports?
Solution
there are many reasons to increase trade deficit. if exports value is lesser than imports value, it
leads to deficit or payments are higher to its neighbour nations (foreign nations) and receivables
are lesser it also leads to trade deficit.
now a days, US is depending on more imports from many other nations and its exports are
drastically declined. so, when payments are increased and receivables are declined, automatically
it leads to trade defecit.
to minimize the trade deficit, US has to work on to minimize the gap between imports and
exports, then trade deficit also minimizes..
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What are the political and legal issues of South Africa. For instanc.pdf
What are the political and legal issues of South Africa. For instance the stability of the
government, legal issues of concern to four business, etc.
Solution
SOuth Africa is a growing nation with a long way to go. Though many polcies have been enacted
for socio economic prosperity, there are still many issues that serves as hurdle for economic
growth..
what are the primary differences between investor-owned and not for .pdf
what are the primary differences between investor-owned and not for profit corporations?
Solution
Investor owned corporation Not for profit organisation Owner Owned by the
shareholders Are not owned by shareholders Tax Corporations pay tax on the income Can
be tax expempt if are qualified. Objective The main objective is to maximize the wealth of
the shareholders The main objective is for the not maximize the wealth of the shareholders since
it does not have the shareholders but is pulic welfare Wind up At the time of windup the left
over assets are used to clear the debts and to pay the shareholders In the case of windup the
assets are used for the charitable purpose.
What are the five conditions necessary for the binomial distribution.pdf
What are the five conditions necessary for the binomial distribution to be appropriate
Solution
1) a fixed number of trails
2)each trail is independent of others
3)there are only two outcomes
4)the probability of each outcome remains constant from trail to trail.
What are the primary causes of job dissatisfactionSolutionThe.pdf
What are the primary causes of job dissatisfaction?
Solution
There are many people who are not happy with their jobs. Meaning they are not satisfied with
what they do day in and day out. Reasons can be many as different people will have a different
say about it. However, we can discuss the primary and common reasons or causes of job
dissatisfaction:.
What are the five pillars of faith Solution1) Shahadah2) .pdf
What are the five pillars of faith
Solution
1) Shahadah
2) Salah
3) Zakat
4) Sawm during Ramadan
5) Hajj
In Sunni Islam, theFive Pillars of Islam is the term given tothe five duties incumbent on every
Muslim. These duties areShahada (Profession ofFaith), Salat (Prayers), Zakat (Givingof Alms),
Sawm (Fastingduring Ramadan) and Hajj (pilgrimage toMecca). These fivepractices are
essential to Sunni Islam;Shi\'a Muslimssubscribe to eight ritual practices which substantially
overlapwith the five Pillars.[1]Twelvers have fivefundamentalbeliefs which relates to Aqidah.[2].
What are the opportunities and threats facing Whole Foods Inc.S.pdf
What are the opportunities and threats facing Whole Foods Inc.?
Solution
In 1980 twenty-five year old college dropout John Mackey and twenty-one year old Rene
Lawson Hardy created the Whole Food Company (WFC) in Austin, Texas. It was born with the
idea to provide a grocery store featuring good, wholesome food; not a \"health food\" store filled
with pills and potions. Sales doubled each year for the first four years.
Opportunities.
what are the disadvantages of joint ventureswhat are the dis.pdf
what are the disadvantages of joint ventures
what are the disadvantages of joint ventures
what are the disadvantages of joint ventures
Solution
A joint venture (JV) is a business arrangement by which, two or more entities make an
arrangement by which they share assets, expertise & technology to execute a particular business
venture. The parties to a JV share the liabilities and profits together.
A JV can be a short-term arrangement, made to cater to a specific project only.
However, there may be some disadvantages to a JV, as follows.
1) A cross-country JV has the main issue of cultural difference. It is often difficult for partner
entities from different countries with different cultures, to operate efficiently enough as to create
positive synergy.
2) The goals and objectives of the JV partners may not agree, which may create a friction &
conflict of interest going ahead.
3) Efficient sharing of responsibilities is a pivotal aspect in a JV, in absence of which, the
arrangement may collapse.
4) A JV works best in presence of perfect communication flow with no barriers, which is rarely
achieved in real life.
5) Sharing of resource may be uneven, or perceived to be sub-optimal, by one or more of the
partners.
6) A final disadvantage of a JV is the dispute resolution process. Due to shared responsibilities,
authorities and functioning, a conflict is more difficult to get resolved, since its resolution
depends on multiple levels and locations of the JV organization hierarchy..
What are the methods of conducting trade SolutionA business m.pdf
What are the methods of conducting trade ?
Solution
A business may conduct international trade using following channels and methods:
(1) Direct Trade
The company directly exposts its goods and services to other countries, and imports products &
services from other countries.
(2) Licensing.
A company (X) grants another company (Y) in another country, to produce and sell X\'s
products, a license to Y against a fee/royalty that Y should pay to X. Such licensing agreement
may cover not only goods and services, but other intangibles like technology, copyright or
patents.
(3) Management Contracts
These are contracts between two companies in different countries through which one company
provides technical expertise or management expertise to another company.
(4) Turnkey Projects
One company (X) lends its resources and expertise to another company from other country (Y),
in helping Y start and build new projects, from the basic planning & design stage, to the final
execution stage. In exchange for this, Y pays a fee to X.
(5) Joint Ventures (JV)
This involves joint collaboration between 2 companies in different countries. It includes mutual
sharing of all resources, including technical, financial and managerial expertise sharing. This
form of trade includes sharing of both risks and rewards.
(6) Wholly Owned Subsidiary
This is the final form of trade where, a company sets up a fully-owned unit in another country.
The parent company owns the subsidiary and controls it. This ensures maximum profit to the
parent company, however, country-specific laws and political scenarios pose certain risks in such
multy-country operations..
What are the main changes in this current global marketHow do you.pdf
What are the main changes in this current global market?
How do you define a global manager?
What are the main responsibilities of a global manager?
Solution
Answer1
Economics differentiates four major market structures: perfect competition, monopoly,oligopoly
and monopolistic competition. If we evaluate the changeswhich occurred in the last part of the
twentieth century, we can clearly see a drasticmetamorphosis in the globalised markets: two of
the above mentioned market structuresare losing ground while one of them is definitely coming
into the forefront. First let ushave a look at the losers!
- Perfect competition is in the process of fading out. The decrease of its importance can be traced
back to two reasons: firstly sectors traditionally characterized by perfectcompetition are losing
their share in the economy; secondly companies operating inthese industries to gain competitive
advantage are trying to differentiate their offerings,even if they seemed to be rather homogenous
in the past, from those of their competitors. If the majority of them succeed the competition is
gradually transforminginto a form of imperfect competition. It is worthwhile to mention that it
was Levitt whofirst drew attention to the importance of differentiation.
- The share and importance of monopolies is also decreasing. In democratic societiesthere is a
great pressure on government regulation to abolish monopolies, to deregulate,and liberalise these
industries. The banking system, most of the mass transportation, and basic utilities have already
been deregulated, and monopolies still functioning are setunder strong societal control
Parallel with the decreasing importance of perfect competition and monopolies, the twoother
forms of market structures are gaining ground, especially and most importantly:oligopoly. The
study would like to prove that the world is moving towards the dominance of a market structure
which could be called.
What are the main causes of and contributing factors to internationa.pdf
What are the main causes of and contributing factors to international financial crises? How can
they be resolved? How can they be prevented? Answer this question in the context of the Asian
Crisis of 1997.
Solution
Causes of Asian financial crisis-. Firstly, huge amounts of foreign capital became readily
available at relatively low interest rates, as investors in search of fresh opportunities shifted huge
amounts of capital into Asia. As under all boom cycles, stock and real estate prices in Asia
increased initially, thus attracting further funds. But, domestic allocation of borrowed foreign
capital was inefficient due to weak banking systems, inefficient corporate governance, and
inadequate transparency of financial sector. Insufficient absorptive capacity also added to the
inefficient allocation of foreign capital. Secondly, the economies\' exchange rate regime was
fixed hence giving borrowers an illusionary sense of security, encouraging them to go for dollar-
denominated borrowings.
The huge capital inflows plus weakening exports were reflected in increasing current account
deficits. Also, a substantial part of the capital inflows was in the form of short-term borrowing,
making these economies prey to external shocks.
Once the trigger started in Thailand , other markets overreacted and the crisis spread.
Remedies.
What are the main characteristics of a research study that uses inde.pdf
What are the main characteristics of a research study that uses independent measures?
Solution
An independent measures study requires a separate sample for each of the
treatments or populations being compared. An independent measures t statistic is appropriate
when a researcher has two samples and wants to use the sample mean difference to test
hypotheses about the population mean difference..
What are the main factors that determine exchange rates Why are exc.pdf
What are the main factors that determine exchange rates? Why are exchange rates so volatile?
Solution
Exchange rate is the rate of currency of a country in terms of other. Factors determining
exchange rate are:
Exchange rate are very sensitive to the factors mentioned above. A small change in any of the
above factor in any country will result in change in currency value of a country in terms of other
country. Hence exchange rate keeps fluctuationg accordingto the performance of an economy on
daily basis..
what are the key words for idientifiying what is a operating investi.pdf
what are the key words for idientifiying what is a operating investing or financing activivity from
cash flows?
Solution
Identification of cash flows can be done with the following steps:
Investing activities:
These activities are :
1.Purchase of assets / investments.
2.Sale of assets / investments.
3.Income / loss on assets / investments.
Financing activities:
These activities are:
1.Receiving / Payment of cash from issue of any security of the company (Shares, debentures
etc.)
2.Receiving/ payments of cash from loan taken.
3.Payment of interest / dividend.
Operating activities:
All other day to day operating activities like sales, purchases, expense etc are covered under
operating activities..
What are the main advantages and disadvantages of going publicS.pdf
What are the main advantages and disadvantages of going public?
Solution
There are many advantages for a company going public. The financial benefit in the form of
raising capital is the most distinct advantage. Capital can be used to fund research and
development, fund capital expenditure or even used to pay off existing debt. Another advantage
is an increased public awareness of the company because IPOs often generate publicity by
making their products known to a new group of potential customers.
Subsequently this may lead to an increase in market share for the company. An IPO also may be
used by founding individuals as an exit strategy. Many venture capitalists have used IPOs to cash
in on successful companies that they helped start-up.
One of the most important changes is the need for added disclosure for investors. Public
companies are regulated by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in regard to periodic financial
reporting, which may be difficult for newer public companies. They must also meet other rules
and regulations that are monitored by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). More
importantly, especially for smaller companies, is the cost of complying with regulatory
requirements can be very high. These costs have only increased with the advent of the Sarbanes-
Oxley Act. Some of the additional costs include the generation of financial reporting documents,
audit fees, investor relation departments and accounting oversight committees.
Public companies also are faced with the added pressure of the market which may cause them to
focus more on short-term results rather than long-term growth. The actions of the company\'s
management also become increasingly scrutinized as investors constantly look for rising profits.
This may lead management to perform somewhat questionable practices in order to boost
earnings.
Before deciding whether or not to go public, companies must evaluate all of the potential
advantages and disadvantages that will arise. This usually will happen during the underwriting
process as the company works with an investment bank to weigh the pros and cons of a public
offering and determine if it is in the best interest of the company..
What are the key things an organization can do to enhance an RFP to .pdf
What are the key things an organization can do to enhance an RFP to be sent to vendors?
Solution
We know that Request For Proposals is type of document that sent to vendors for invites to
submit plans for providing hardwares, softwares, and related services to the firm. Any firm can
sent proposals few things must be remainded for the firms. That is,
1. Select a well planned approach.
2. Select the right people to involvement.
3. Must be clear on priorites criteria
4. Give imporatnce to confidentailly clause
5. Always choose lower cost vendors.
6. Always check the entire details of Delivery
7. Follow up the unselected vendors.
What are the limitations of rationalism of empiricismSolutio.pdf
What are the limitations of rationalism? of empiricism?
Solution
The term ‘rationalist’ originates from the Latinratio; meaning reason. Rationalists believe that
thenature of human knowledge is logic. The main argument forrationalism is based on the
assumption that knowledge requirescertainty. Therefore, one can only claim to possess
knowledge if itis logically impossible to prove that they are wrong. Rationalstatements are
known a priori, or independent of experience. Itstruth or falsity can be proven by reasoning
alone. The claim‘two add three equals five’ is rational. From ourknowledge of the concept, it
cannot be otherwise. Therefore we saythat a priori truths are necessarily true. Likewise, ‘asquare
has four sides’ is also known a priori and isnecessarily true, for a square has four sides by
definition. We canwork it out by logic alone. A priori truths tend to be associatedwith maths and
geometry.
The term ‘empirical’ comes from the Greekemperia, meaning experience. An empirical
statement is onewhose truth or falsity can be known by experience alone. The term‘experience’
refers to the senses of sight, sound,touch, taste, and smell. Unlike rationalism, empiricism claims
thatprior to experience, the mind is like a ‘blank slate’and we have no innate a priori knowledge.
Empirical claims areknown a posteiori, or through experience. For example, the claim‘There are
three people in the room’ would be known aposteriori. It would be impossible to work out by
reason. It canonly be known through experience. However, it could have beenotherwise; there
could only have been two people in the room.Therefore, we say that empirical claims are
contingently true.Empirical truths are associated with scientific research and theway the world
works. Everything we know about the world is known aposteriori.
Plato, René Descartes and Goltfreid Wilhelm Von Leibnizwere all rationalist philosophers. Plato
argued that themathematical concepts of a triangle, the fact that all three anglesadd up to 180, for
example, were indubitable and eternal. However,any triangle which we may see in the
experiential world will neverbe quite perfect. Perhaps it would be slightly crooked. It willonly be
an approximate of the ideal triangle. Therefore Platoconcluded that logic is a vastly superior
means to obtain knowledgethan through the senses.
Being a mathematician, Descartes was drawn to the rationalapproach. In his first meditation, ‘of
things which we maydoubt’, he firmly rejects the senses as unreliable, for hehas often found
himself deceived by them before. Descartesconsidered arithmetic and geometry, which ‘regard
merely thesimplest and most general of objects’ to be more reliablethan physics and medicine,
For physics and medicine rely uponexperience whereas geometry relies purely on logic.
Descartesfamously claimed to gain knowledge of his own existence from thefact that he was
thinking.
Hume, Berkeley, and Lock were all empiricists. Lock stronglydisagreed with Descartes that.
What are the key components of the master budgeted income statement.pdf
What are the key components of the master budgeted income statement? Who are the key
stakeholders in the budgeting process? What are some of the key planning assumptions used?
Solution
Budgeted Income Statement is the predicted income statement prepared for a particular period of
time i.e month , quarter or year . Budgeted Income statement gives the predicted results about the
income and expenses of the business . Key stakeholders in the budgeting process are as follows:
1) Banks
2) Creditors
3) Investors
Key planning assumptions used are the costs and incomes that the company is going to incur or
earn for a particular period of time.
What are the inherent limitations of financial-ratio analysis How c.pdf
What are the inherent limitations of financial-ratio analysis? How can managers make financial
information meaningful for those who may not be adept in understanding the language of
finance?
Solution
Most of the companies in the world use Financial ratio analysis to provide relevant information
about how the company is doing on an specfic time. This is something that it.
What are the implications for union-citizen relationshipsSolutio.pdf
What are the implications for union-citizen relationships
Solution
Post World War II, the citizenship was only restricted to national boundaries, but gradually as
the world globalized, some of the countries come together to form a union to peruse their self-
interest economic means. In doing so the citizenship overlaps among the people of the union.
There are some implications when countries integrate and form a union. It brings positive change
as well as negative change in the society. Positive change would be economic opportunities,
which would entail movement of goods and services from one country to another. The
movement of factors of production would bring in efficiency. The government would have to
design policies that sync with the rest of the member countries. In short, overall, the union will
better off in economic terms. However, the negative implications do also exist. Integration often
leads to loss of jobs for national citizen, which may brew tension among the local class.
Sometime it happens that in the time of recession, the priorities of the member countries diverge
from one another, due to differences, the economic condition of one of the member countries
may compromise. The social cohesiveness would disturbed and may bring political instability in
the region..
What are the implications of the increasing U.S. trade deficit for g.pdf
What are the implications of the increasing U.S. trade deficit for global production and exports?
Solution
there are many reasons to increase trade deficit. if exports value is lesser than imports value, it
leads to deficit or payments are higher to its neighbour nations (foreign nations) and receivables
are lesser it also leads to trade deficit.
now a days, US is depending on more imports from many other nations and its exports are
drastically declined. so, when payments are increased and receivables are declined, automatically
it leads to trade defecit.
to minimize the trade deficit, US has to work on to minimize the gap between imports and
exports, then trade deficit also minimizes..
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdf
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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- 1. What are the policies usually advocated by supply side economics? How do they justify these proposals? Solution Keynesian believes that consumers and their demand for goods and services are key economic drivers, while a supply-sider believes that producers and their willingness to create goods and services set the pace of economic growth. Supply-side claims that demand is largely irrelevant. It says that over-production and under- production are not sustainable phenomena. Supply-siders argue that when companies temporarily "over-produce," excess inventory will be created, prices will subsequently fall and consumers will increase their purchases to offset the excess supply.