The document summarizes the annotated bibliography portion of a paper on human trafficking. It examines the issue through the lenses of human resources and communication studies. It provides annotations for 6 sources on law enforcement training needs, statistics on human trafficking, training hospital staff to identify victims, an account from a survivor, increased government funding to combat trafficking, and long-term impacts on victims. The sources cover the quantitative and qualitative aspects of theories regarding human trafficking.

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INTS 3300: Dr. Gail Bentley
10/7/2015
Steve Weber

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In this paper I will be demonstrating the annotated bibliography portion of my paper on
human trafficking. We can come up with multiple theories when addressing such a terrible
crime that is affecting millions of people worldwide. However, I will be focused on my two
strongest disciplines which are human resources and communication studies. The human
resources approach will look primarily for theories that deal with training to fight this horrible
crime and what is needed to be successful against human trafficking. It will always look for
credible forms of information on the administration side of human trafficking including statistic
information which includes law enforcement/legal cases. The second discipline, communication
studies, will be based on theories from survivors and their stories of human trafficking including
post-traumatic stress, how they got involved in the first place, and finally what is being done to
slow it down in America and the rest of the world.
I started this theory research process by locating credible and strong evidence on
human trafficking law enforcement training. I selected law enforcement agencies over any
other form of agencies because I wanted to find a credible site that deals primarily with training
on human trafficking in the United States and the rest of the world. The first source of
information that I was able to locate using primary scholar google webpages is Law
Enforcement Response to Human Trafficking and Implications for Victims: Current Practices and
Lessons Learned. The authors used federal funds provided by the U.S. department of justice to
prepare a final report on human trafficking. The quote shows what law enforcement agencies
request for proper training needs.

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The following credible source states, “Key stakeholders commented on the primary
training needs of law enforcement across the country. They mentioned the need for better
quality training background information on what human trafficking is, recognizing indicators of
human trafficking, interviewing potential victims, working collaboratively with other law
enforcement and victim service providers, establishing memoranda of understanding and
information sharing agreements, and reviewing investigation techniques. Respondents also
suggested there was a need to train law enforcement on Federal and State human trafficking
laws, although legal issues were regarded as less important than the human aspects of this
crime. The key stakeholder recommendations were similar to those provided by investigators
and line officers during the telephone surveys.” (Clawson, H. Dutch, N. & Cummings, M. 2006)
This article applies to the human resources training approach as this article points out
areas of exactly what human trafficking is, interviewing victims, working with other law
enforcement agencies, sharing agreements, and reviewing investigation techniques to
determine what is the best approach. It goes further by examining what the federal and state
laws on trafficking are and although the answers they received were similar to former
telephone surveys, the most important aspect is that they are on the same page- to win the
battle. The steps/theory applied by the multiple steps followed by law enforcement on their
training and the source located falls under the quantitative, as it has a lot of information on the
subject however it does not truly go in depth as they don`t explain each single detail in-depth.
Training is an extremely important and it can not be ignored within trafficking.

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The business side of human resources or the administration brings out a credible source
when determining statistic information on human trafficking throughout the world. Tiffany
Dovydaitis wrote the article Human Trafficking: The role of the healthcare provider, in her
article it is quoted, “The International Labor Organization estimates human trafficking to be a
$32 billion per year industry.10Human trafficking is the third largest source of income for
organized crime, and there are twice as many people enslaved today as during the African slave
trade.11-13 Human trafficking involves forced labor, bonded labor, debt bondage among migrant
laborers, involuntary domestic servitude, forced child labor, child soldiers, and sex trafficking.”
(Dovydaitis, T. 2010) The article and the journal are on taarget on human trafficking as it points
out strong credible sources such as the $32 billion yearly and third largest income for crime and
it’s shocking to even compare with the African slave trade. The statistics speak volumes in the
article, the theory shows us multiple sources that one needs to know. I never knew there were
twice as many people enslaved today compared to the African trade days. If I didn`t then
maybe the next person will not know that fact either.
The article also falls under the quantitative as it applies multiple areas of knowledge but
again does not go in-depth on each credible step. I believe the article is just pointing out strong
sources instead of attempting to go too far in-depth on each source. The main focus here was
to bring out statistic information for the reader as some areas I knew from my previous
research on human trafficking but there were some basic areas that I did not know as it is very
possible to uncover new forms of information on subjects when starting new research.

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The third and final source using my human resource discipline is intervening for the
employee/organization. One area where human resources come into play is training staff
members to keep a raised awareness on trafficking. Catlin Nalley recently wrote an article
where nurses keep an eye out for possible victims as it points out, “The realization that the U.S.
is not immune to the horrors of human trafficking has gained momentum in recent years and
professionals, especially in healthcare, are taking notice. Healthcare workers are on the
frontlines of this problem and often come face to face with the most brutalized victims, said
Nancy Walsh Henson, MSN, RN, and CPCE. Nurses are in a unique position. Not only do they
have the chance to identify and help human trafficking victims, their knowledge and expertise
can also be used to inform others.” (Nalley, C. 2012)
The journal and the article I was able to locate are on the same battle to fight against
trafficking. Nurses are now being trained to look for potential signs of trafficking and report it
through the proper channels. It is all related due that when patients arrive for service in
hospitals, nurses now have been taught the signs to look such as no English skills, failure to
remain eye contact, and lack proper health care. The theory is, being taught the skills to notice
if they are possibly in danger and/or involved in human trafficking. Finally, this source is
quantitative as it applies limited forms of information but the information goes in depth and
with a great deal of knowledge from the article.
The main aspect for this source was to gain knowledge from average citizens such as
hospital workers who might see more traffickers due to the abuse they receive.

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Hospital staff members easily could see more human traffickers due to possible doctor
visits that are needed for any injuries that might occur while being trafficked. The truth is some
of the girls that are brought to America are forced to come here by the men forcing them into
trafficking or are lied to that America is so great. A former trafficker recently stated in an article
written by Naomi Eide, ““The way we see America in Africa, oh my God, it’s like heaven,” said
Evelyn Chumbow, a survivor of domestic labor trafficking. “You would have never told me I
would see a homeless person or I would be enslaved in America. I would never, ever [have]
thought that. Labor trafficking can be found in sweatshops, on farms, in restaurants and nail
salons, on construction crews and custodial staffs and in American households, according to the
Maryland Human Trafficking Task Force. Labor trafficking victims are more commonly
immigrants brought to the United States than Americans, according to “Hidden in Plain Sight,” a
2014 Urban Institute-Northeastern University study.” (Eide, N. 2015)
This source falls under communication studies as it comes directly from one of the
survivors of trafficking. One could easily select multiple areas out of this article to use for a
credible source. The main theory of using this is I wanted to have an article directly from the
mouth of one of the survivors of this crime. This article has the ability to follow under the
quantitative as I could us the 5`W`s for my research. This girl never believed America could
have so much crime or even human trafficking for that matter as she believed that coming to
America would be a dream come true; sadly a lot of girls are tricked and lied to in the beginning
only to be trafficked.

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In an article released last month, the Salvation Army of Ohio received a $750,000
Federal grant to fight against human trafficking. This local grant is part of $44million announced
by U.S. Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch. “Human traffickers prey on some of the most
vulnerable members of our society, and their crimes— which are nothing short of modern-day
slavery—have no place in this country,” Lynch said in a statement. “These grants...will fund
efforts across the country to fight human trafficking, to provide services for survivors and to
expand research going forward.” This article is saying that America is going to fight trafficking
more seriously, this applies toward our main problem at hand-human trafficking and
plan/theory is to have the funding available to fight this fight for the victims and survivors. This
applies the qualitative approach as it focus on the quality of our problem. I believe that we
need the government to stand up to this problem once and for all and protect all of the victims
and put an end to or slow down this terrible crime.
We have already seen the story of being lied to and now we see our government
standing up to this crime. Unfortunately we have not seen the aftermath of the victims.
According to the Department of Health and Human Services, victims of this horrible crime after
being rescued, could battle potential drug and alcohol addiction, broken bones or concussions,
traumatic brain injuries, nightmares, sexually transmitted diseases, sterility, miscarriages, and
other diseases like TB and hepatitis. (Grimes, T. 2010) This follows under the communication
studies and quantitative portion of the paper. So although they are free from their controller is
their life greater now? Probably not considering the above source on potential problems.

8. References
Clawson, H. Dutch, N. & Cummings, M. (2006) Law enforcement response to human trafficking
and the implications for victims: current practices and lessons learned. Retrieved on October
03, 2015 from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/216547.pdf
Nalley, C. (2012) the fight against human trafficking requires teamwork across disciplines and
professions. Retrieved on October 3, 2015 from
http://nursing.advanceweb.com/Features/Articles/Human-Trafficking.aspx
Dovydaitis, T. (2010) Human trafficking: the role of the health care provider. Retrieved on
October 04, 2015 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3125713/
Eide, N. (2015) Victims of labor trafficking, often invisible, lured by dreams of better life.
Retrieved on October 05 fromhttp://cnsmaryland.org/human-trafficking/story/victims-labor-
trafficking-often-invisible-lured-dreams-better-life.html
Johnson, A. (2015) Salvation Army gets $750,000 federal human trafficking grant. Retrieved on
October 7, 2015 from http://www.dispatch.com/content/blogs/the-daily-
briefing/2015/09/09.25.2015-trafficking-grant.html
Grimes, T. (2010) Psychological and Physical effects of sex trafficking on its victims. Retrieved on
October 7, 2015 from https://healthcrimeinthenews.wordpress.com/2010/12/07/human-sex-
trafficking-violence-psychological-physical-trauma/