The document summarizes a senior design project to create a water filtration system to reduce concentrations of estriol, triclosan, and sulfmerizine contaminants. Key points: - The system aimed to reduce contaminant concentrations by a factor of 10 using a flowing filtration with graphitized carbon black. - Testing found triclosan was significantly reduced but estriol absorption in the flowing system did not achieve the desired reduction. - The total cost of the prototype water cooler system was $550, with $107 required every 3 months for filter replacement. - Recommendations include determining if channeling occurs in filters, improving encapsulation of the absorbent material, and running tests

1. Water Processing
Prototype
SENIOR DESIGN

2. Abstract
•Objectives
• To reduce the concentrations of Estriol, Triclosan, and Sulfmerizine by a factor of 10
• Construct a flowing filtration system
•Estriol needs to be in contact with the GCB longer in order to be reduced
• Triclosan was significantly reduced
• For a 3 month filter replacement our unit costs $107 vs. $72 Brita unit
• Total cost of water cooler $550

3. How Our Drinking Water Has Changed

4. Health Risks for Contaminants
Contaminant Concentration in
tap water
Potential health
effects due to long
term exposure
Goal for removal
Triclosan 5 ppb Affects the
endocrine system.
0.5 ppb
Sulfamerazine 5 ppb Affects the muscular
system
0.5 ppb
Estriol 0.1 ppb Gallbladder Disease 0.01 ppb

5. Contaminants
• Attempting to reduce our lowest containment from 0.1 ppb to 0.01 ppb
• 0.1 ppb is quite small value
• To give perspective there are about 7 billion people on earth
• 0.1 ppb is like one person out of 1.5 earth’s worth of people
• We want to take that 1 person out of 1.5 earth and reduce to 1 person out of 14 earths
Estriol Sulfamerizine

6. Graphitized Carbon Black
•High Surface area due to porous nature
•Affinity for ring structures
•GCB is hydrophobic
•Low necessary residence time to adsorb
contaminant

7. Sample Preparation
Solid contaminants
◦ 2-6 mg of contaminant weighed to be put into solution
Dissolved in organic solvent
◦ Ethyl Acetate
Diluted in Distillata
◦ Bringing concentration to the 1-10 ppm range
◦ Further dilutions were made to reach necessary concentrations

8. Prototype Design
A “Water Cooler” system
Pros
◦ Gravity Driven
◦ Easily Replaced
◦ Isolated Unit
◦ Easily tested
Cons
◦ Separate Unit

9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qB72N3u
YoMU
Prototype
Operation
• Flow rate of 3 Liters per minute
• Valve Operation for Control
• Tank level has little to no effect on
flowrate
• The chemistry takes place in a
small volume

10. Measuring Our Samples
• Currently using mass spectrometry in Dr. Sandler’s lab to create a
• In order to prepare samples they must be extracted from the water and concentrated
 Used Ethyl Acetate to extract contaminants from samples
 We assumed 100% extraction of contaminants to solvent

11. Measuring Our Samples
•Following the Extraction we then used a Rotary Evaporator to further concentrate our samples

12. Testing Methods
•Mass Spectrometry
• Cleveland State Chemistry Department
•GEO Analytical
• Solid Phase Extraction
•ELISA Assay Kit
ELISA Assay Kit Mass Spectrometry

13. Results
+ Tri-Methyl-Silane
(TMS)
10 PPB
Estriol

14. Results
+ Tri-Methyl-Silane
(TMS)

15. Results

16. Results
Triclosan
Dilution Sample
5ppb
+ Tri-Methyl-Silane
(TMS)

17. Results
Triclosan Reduced
+ Tri-Methyl-Silane
(TMS)

18. Results
• GS
Chromatogram
• Mass Spectrum
+ Tri-Methyl-Silane
(TMS)

19. Results
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
0 5 10 15 20 25
AUPTriclosan/AUPTriclosan
InternalStd
Concentration
Triclosan Calibration Curve
.1 ppb 1 ppb 5 ppb 10 ppb 15 ppb 20 ppb

20. Global Population Using Safer Drinking Water

21. Market Data
• $2.95 billion spent on water filtration systems in 2015
• 46% on Reverse Osmosis water purifiers
• 29% on Gravity-based water purifiers
• 25% on Ultraviolet water purifiers
RO water purifier Gravity-based water purifier UV water purifier

22. Price Range of Water Purifiers
• Reverse Osmosis Water Purifiers
• $160.00 - $540.00
• Companies: Littlewell, 3M, APEC and GE
•Gravity-Based Water Purifiers
• $10.00 - $310.00
• Companies: Brita, Berkey and Aquacera
•Ultraviolet Water Purifiers
• $140.00 - $580.00
• Companies: Watts, APEC and 3M

23. Business Case
Product Price Estrogens Pesticides Taste/Odor
G3 Bottleless Water
Cooler
$405.00
×  
Sharp Ultrafiltration
Water Cooler
$610.00
×  
MOJO Frost $399.99
× × 
Our System $550.00
  

24. Product Life Cycle
•A typical water cooler lasts 5-7 years
•The filters would need to be replaced every 3
months
• $107 for filter replacement
•The compressor typically lasts 3-5 years
• For future design to provide cold water

25. Conclusions
• In a flowing system, we did not achieve the desired Estriol absorption
• Triclosan was significantly reduced
• For a 3 month filter replacement our unit costs $107 vs. $72 Brita unit
• Total cost of water cooler $550

26. Recommendations
• Determine if there is any channeling occurring in the filters
• Find a better way to encapsulate the GCB
• Run tests with a lower water flowrate
• Determine when leeching in filter will occur
• Use glass storage containers for samples
• Fund a chemist to find derivatizations of Sulfamerazine

27. Acknowledgments
Thank you to Parker Hannifin Corporation
Also we would like to thank
•Dr. Kovach
•Dr. Thrash
•Dr. Sandlers
•Dr. Boyd
•Dr. Masnovi
•Dr. Belovich