This document summarizes the process of developing waste management strategies in Myanmar and Cambodia with support from the IGES-UNEP Collaborating Centre on Environmental Technologies (CCET). It describes how CCET worked with stakeholders in each country to conduct studies, identify gaps, and hold workshops to draft national strategies and action plans. The strategies establish goals for improving waste collection, recycling, disposal, and developing the capacity for long-term management of waste as a resource.

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CCET Waste Management Strategy
Development:
Consultation and Formulation
Process
Matthew Hengesbaugh, Policy
Researcher
IGES Sustainable Consumption and Production Area
Mainstreaming Disaster Waste Management Symposium
Osaka City Government/UNEP-IETC
14 February 2017

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Presentation Outline
1. Background: WM Challenges
2. IGES-UNEP Collaborating Centre on
Environmental Technologies (CCET)
3. Strategy Formulation in Myanmar and
Cambodia

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Institute of Global Environmental Strategies
• Founded in 1998 under the initiative of
Japanese government and with the support of
Kanagawa Prefecture.
• Purpose: To conduct innovative policy
development and strategic research for
environmental measures, reflecting the
results of research into political decisions for
realizing sustainable development both in the
Asia-Pacific region and globally.
• HQ：Hayama, Kanagawa Pref.
• Employees: 175
> Researchers 100
> Foreign Researchers 42%
• Ranked as 38th out of 6,500
research institutions across the globe.
(2014, Univ. Pennsylvania)
• 15/210 in Climate Change Research
（2013）

4. • IETC is a branch of UNEP / Division of
Technology, Industry and Economy
(DTIE), and is responsible for works
relevant to waste management.
• Its main function is to promote the
application of Environmentally Sound
Technologies (ESTs) in developing
countries and countries in transition,
with a focus on waste management
related issues.
• It is located in Tsurumi Park, Osaka
UNEP International Environmental
Technology Centre (IETC)

5. ● Holistic Approach to Waste Management
● Waste-to-Resource:
From Linear Flow to Closed-loop of Resource Circulation
● Promotion of Preventive Policy and 3R
Sustainability
Knowledge, Expertise, Technology,
Policies
Waste to
Resource
IETC’s Approach to Waste Management

6. EXPERIENCE OF IETC:
INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Wuxi City, China – 2008
• Pune City, India – 2008
• Maseru City, Lesotho – 2009
• Matale City, Sri Lanka – 2009
• Novo Humburgo City, Brazil – 2009
• Nairobi City, Kenya – 2010
• Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia – 2010
• Pathum Thani Province, Thailand – 2011
• Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia – 2011
• Da Nang City, Vietnam - 2012
• Kampot City, Cambodia - 2012
• Bangkok City, Thailand - 2012
• Honduras - 2013

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Challenge: Increasing Waste Generation
Currently, world cities generate about 1.3 billion tonnes of solid waste per
year. This volume is expected to increase to 2.2 billion tonnes by 2025.
“Lower income cities in Asia and Africa will double their municipal solid waste
generation within next 15-20 years”

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Resource Challenges for Asia & the Pacific
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•UNEP’s GEO-6 Report: Regional
Assessment for Asia & the Pacific (2016)
indicated that the region’s material
consumption accounted for more than 50
percent of global consumption in 2015.
• Further, UNEP’s REEO report (2011)
confirmed that material resource
consumption would increase 3 times in
2050 compared to 2005 in Asia-Pacific
region.
•Even if resource and energy efficiency
increase by 50%, resource consumption
continues to expand with supply demands.
•Therefore, developing economies need
to increase its resource efficiency on the
one hand; developed economies need to
shift policy and investment for systems
innovation towards decreasing resource
consumption.
Source：Figure 7.5, UNEP(2011), Resource
Efficiency: Economy and Outlook and the Pacific, P.
171.

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Paradigm shift from Waste Management to Resource
Management
20th CENTURY
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
“How do we get rid of our
waste efficiently with minimum
damage to public health and
the environment?”
21st CENTURY
RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
“How do we handle our discarded resources
in ways which do not deprive future
generations of some, if not all, of their
value?”

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What needs to be done at the local and national levels

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IGES-UNEP Collaborating Centre on
Environmental Technologies (CCET)

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IGES Centre Collaborating with UNEP on Environmental
Technologies (CCET)
• Founded in March 2014 based on the Agreement between UNEP and IGES for the
Establishment of the Centre Collaborating with UNEP on Environmental Technologies.
• Purpose: To support UNEP-IETC (International Environmental Technology Centre)
1) By assisting the provision of additional scientific, technological and policy relevant
knowledge and information through existing resources
2) By enabling additional networking and collaboration with other domestic / international
partners.
• Location：IGES HQ
(Hayama, Kanagawa Pref.)
• Employees:
Director, 2 IGES researchers
(1) Sustainable Consumption
and Production Research
(2) 3R and Resource
Efficiency Policy Research
(3) CCET

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Collaborating Centre: Work Plan (1)
1. Supporting Development / Implementation of National, City & Regional Level
Waste Management Strategies and Action Plans
- Supporting Myanmar, Cambodia and their target cities (Mandalay/Phnom Penh) for the
development of national as well as city-level Holistic Waste Management Strategies and
Action Plans, and for implementation of pilot projects.
- Providing technical assistance to Maldives towards the development of regional waste
management plan in line with existing national strategy (1st Workshop scheduled May 2017).
- Additional target countries to be considered in future upon requests from stakeholders.
Outreach activities for other cities in the selected countries and expansion of the project to
other countries will also be explored.
1st National / City
Level Workshop
2nd National / City
Level Workshop
Data Collection
Strategy and
Action Plan
Assessment of current solid
waste management system
Pilot Project

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Collaborating Centre: Work Plan (2)
２．Contribution to development of Knowledge-hub and Curriculum for Waste
Management
• Collected data, policy information and technical knowledge gained through above activities
will be provided to IETC as the contribution to its Waste Management Knowledge-hub.
Centre will provide case study materials for the curriculum IETC plans to develop in
collaboration with Kyoto University, Asian Institute of Technology (Thailand), Tongji University
(China), TERI University (India), and University of New South Wales (Australia). The Centre will
also conduct workshops.

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Collaborating Centre: Work Plan (3)
３．Supporting IETC’s Outreach
• In order to support IETC’s outreach effort to relevant stakeholders in Japan, the Centre will
provide assistance through organizing its own event(s) in Japan, setting-up exhibition booth in
relevant events, engage in publicity, organizing websites, and providing Japanese contents.
• The Agreement between UNEP and IGES stipulates that CCET can also engage in projects
partly or entirely financed by external funding, in addition to the projects mandated by the
above Project Cooperation Agreement (PCA). The Center will also seek the possibility of
conducting projects financed by government agencies, development assistance institutions,
international organizations and private parties.

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Strategy Formulation Process

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Roadmap for Strategy Development

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Key Principles and Concepts to be Considered
Holistic/Inte
grated Waste
Management
Sustainable
Consumption
and
Production
Cleaner
Production
Resource
Efficiency
Life Cycle
Approach
Green
Economy
Eco
Innovation

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Structure of Waste Management Strategy & Action Plan

20. (1) Preliminary meetings and
consultation with key stakeholders
29 Feb 2016 (Meeting with MONREC), 29 Feb 2016 (Meeting with Nay Pyi Taw City
Development Committee)
(2) Carried out a quick study and
identified key gaps (Mar – May 2016)
2 Mar 2016 (Site visit in Mandalay City
Development Committee)
(3) 1st National /City
Workshop (13 – 15
June 2016) for
drafting a national
waste management
strategy and action
plan
A total 65 participants are represented different
sectors
(4) 2nd National/City
Workshop (5-6
December 2017) for
finalising a national
waste management
strategy and action
plan More than 50 participants are represented different sectors
Development of National Waste Management Strategy in Myanmar:
Progress made to date

21. Goals, Targets and Objectives
Goals Targets Objectives
Goal A –
Promote waste
minimisation,
reuse, recycling
and recovery to
establish a
resource circular
society
• Waste reduction targets – 25% (2022) and 50% (2030) -
Yangon, Mandalay and Nay Pyi Taw have institutionalised
waste separation at source by 2022
• All other Township Development Committees have initiated
separation at source programmes by 2030.
• Waste reduction and recycling targets set in Industrial Waste
Management Plans (IWMP) by 2022
• Promote waste
minimisation from
upstream (in the
design, fabrication and
manufacturing of
products)
• Promote waste reuse,
recycling and recovery
of waste materials
before final disposal

22. Goal B: Ensure
the effective and
efficient delivery
of waste services
• Achieved waste collection services for 95% of urban
households and 75% of rural households by 2022,
respectively, and 100% coverage by 2030.
• Closed open dumping and operate well-functioning sanitary
landfills in Yangon, Mandalay and Nay Pyi Taw with 80% of
waste disposal sites in the country possessing permits by 2022
and all waste disposal sites in the country have permits
ensuring its sanitary operation by 2030.
• Separate waste collection system and treatment methods in
place for industrial waste generated in major industrial zones
by 2022 and throughout the entire country by 2030
• Provision of effective waste collection and treatment systems
for medical waste in Yangon, Mandalay and Nay Pyi Taw by
2022 throughout the entire country by 2030
• Provision of effective waste collection and treatment systems
for liquid waste management in Yangon, Mandalay and Nay
Pyi Taw by 2022 and throughout the entire country by 2030
• Progressively expand
access to waste
management in order
to ensure a minimum
level of services
• Safe disposal of waste
in permitted landfill
sites

23. Goal C: Ensure
sustainable
budgeting and
sound financial
management of
the waste sector
• 70% of municipalities that provide waste services have
conducted full-cost accounting for waste services by 2022 and
100% by 2030
• 70% of municipalities that provide waste services have
implemented cost reflective tariffs by 2022 and 100% by 2030
• Enhanced financing
options for waste
management
• Sustainably financed
waste management at
the local level

24. Goal D:
Compliance,
monitoring,
enforcement and
recognition
• 50% of local governments have established a suitable
mechanism for monitoring and enforcement by 2022 with
100% achieved by 2030.
• Quantifiable increase in the number of successful
enforcement actions filed against non-compliant facilities
• Quantifiable increase the number of staff appointed at the
national and local levels for conducting monitoring and
enforcement of the waste sector
• Institutionalise
mechanisms for
monitoring,
enforcement and
recognition
Goal E: Capacity
development,
awareness raising
and advocacy
• 70% of municipalities conducting local awareness campaigns by
2022, achieving 100% by 2030
• 70% of schools implementing waste awareness programmes by
2022, achieving 100% by 2030
• Mainstream
environmental SWM in
school curricula and
programmes at all
levels
• Mobilise support of all
SWM stakeholders by
increasing awareness
and participation in
environmental SWM

25. This has identified the following major goals:
• Goal A – Maximise municipal solid waste collection and the 3Rs (Reduce,
Reuse and Recycling) in the city
• Goal B – Improve final treatment and disposal system in the city
• Goal C – Maximise proper collection and disposal of industrial and
hazardous (medical) waste
• Goal D – Maximise proper disposal and treatment of wastewater
• Goal E: Capacity development, awareness raising and advocacy
• Goal F - Ensure sustainable services through review, monitoring,
innovation and improvement
City Waste Management Strategy

26. (1) Preliminary meetings and
consultations with key stakeholders
Development of National Waste Management Strategy in Cambodia:
(2) Carried out a quick study to identify
the key gaps (Mar – May 2016)
(3) 1st National
Workshop (25 – 26
July 2016) for
drafting a national
waste management
strategy and action
plan
(4) 2nd National
Workshop (19-20
December 2017) for
finalising a national
waste management
strategy and action
plan
Progress made to date

27. Development of National Waste Management Strategy in Cambodia
National Goal
Development of environmentally sound management of solid waste, ensuring
a balance between economic development and environmental protection
Objective A:
To improve waste collection
coverage at urban area and
minimize the amount of
waste, disposed at landfill by
promoting segregation of
organic and plastic waste at
source for recycle.
SDG3: Good Health and Well
Being
SDG11: Sustainable Cities and
Communicities
SDG12: Responsivle
Consumption and Production
Objective B:
To nurture recycling
business sector by
promoting recycling of
recyclable waste for
sustainable resource
management and economy
development.
SDG1: No Povery
SDG9: Industry, Innovation and
Infrastructure
SDG12: Responsivle
Consumption and Production
Objective C:
To promote multi-benefits on
the improvement of water and
air pollution through
establishing sound
management of solid waste.
SDG13: Climate Action,
SDG14: Life Below Water
Objective D:
To improve data collection
and estimation methods on
waste management situation
for monitring and evaluation of
waste management.
SDG12: Responsivle
Consumption and Production
Linkage with SDGs

28. Development of National Waste Management Strategy of Cambodia
Ob. Indicators Year Targets
A Waste Collection Coverage (%)
= collection service pop. /whole
pop.
Current
By 2020
By 2030
40% in whole countries
100 % at large cities and 50% in whole countries
100 % at large cities and 75% in whole coutries
Waste Collection Rate (%)
= collection amout/generation
amount
Current
By 2020
By 2030
?
100 % at large cities and 50% in whole countries
100 % at large cities and 75% in whole coutries
Waste Generation per Capita
(kg/cap/day)
Current
By 2020
By 2030
0.5 kg/cap/day in the whole country and 1.5kg/cap/day in PPCH
0.5 kg/cap/day in the whole country
0.5 kg/cap/day in the whole country
* reducing or keeping the waste geration
No of city implemeitng Waste
Segregation for promoting
recycling
Current
By 2020
By 2030
0?
implementation of the waste separation at source for MSW at large
cities
XXX
B nurture recycling business sector
by promoting recycling of
recyclable waste
Current
By 2020
By 2030
?
10% of organic waste and 5% of plastic waste to be recycled by
establishing recylcing markets/ parks and recycling infrustrucures to
promote domestics recycling.
30% of organic waste and 10% of plastic waste
Targets Setting to each objectives
Quantitative Targets currently under
revision based on the discussion at
the 2nd National Workshop

29. Development of National Waste Management Strategy of Cambodia
Targets Setting to each objectives
Ob. Indicators Year Targets
C multi-benefits on the improvement of
water and air pollution through
establishing sound management of
solid waste.
XXX XXX
GHG emission reduction thourgh
improved waste management
Current
By 2020
By 2030
XXX, Avoid GHG emission from landfills by reducing oranic waste
into uncontrolled landfills.
improve the wastewater treatment
sytem of landfills.
Current
By 2020
By 2030
XXX, Number Upgraded/ installed the wastewatter treatment
sytems from landfill
D To improve data collection and
estimation methods on waste
management situation for monitoring
and evaluation of waste management.
XXX XXX, once a year, conducting waste study to cover the waste
generation and collection in cities, waste composition, recycling
activities etc.
Improve data collection and estimation on necessary information
for the evaluation such as waste generation, collection coverage
rate, recycling rate, disposal rate etc.
Quantitative Targets currently under
revision based on the discussion at
the 2nd National Workshop

30. Implementation Priorities and Lessons Learned
Implementation
Regulation
and
enforcement
Application of
economic
instruments
Education of
consumers,
producers, the
general public and
others
Harnessing
commitment of the
community groups
and non-
governmental
organizations
Voluntary
agreements
with industries
and
commercial
groups
Executive
decision
making

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Thank you for your kind attention!