Initially published on 31st July 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Continuing the series of articles on the insightful documentation provided by the Russian Military Officer, Explorer, and Orthodox Monk in his books about his deeds and excursions, observations and explorations in Abyssinia (undertaken over three years 1896 – 1899), I herewith republish the chapter on the Abyssinian army; this part of Bulatovich´s text is also very critical because it highlights (below in the section: ´Conduct of War´) the inhuman practices of environmental disaster spread by the criminal robbers and inhuman soldiers of the Abyssinian state, which supported by England and France, perpetrated the worst atrocities ever attested on African soil and the world´s most appalling and multifaceted genocide.
This chapter testifies to the monstrous and inhuman character and nature of the genocidal Abyssinian state; taking into consideration that the text was not written by an objective academic and an impartial political philosopher but by the last tsar's envoy, who had also the task to damage the Abyssinian - English relations and increase Russia's influence in the area whereby the tiny Abyssinian state was allowed by France and England to expand criminally and colonially, one can realize through the lines of the text the extent of the inhumanity and the evil deeds perpetrated by the monsters of Abyssinia over the invaded lands. I will republish further parts of Bulatovich's book in forthcoming articles, but herewith I make first available a recapitulation of the earlier articles of the series.
All the Oromos, Ogadenis, Afars, Sidamas and others, who fight for their independence, and all the neighboring countries, Somalia, Eritrea, Sudan and Egypt, which are threatened because of the evil, eschatological dreams of Greater Ethiopia, must study, understand and diffuse the insightful documentation available in this book, which was published by the Russian explorer before 110 years; in and by itself it constitutes good reason for the world to be preoccupied with the source of every regional trouble and instability: the Amhara and Tigray (Tewahedo) Monophysitic Abyssinians who rule tyrannically over the lands they invaded and the nations they subjugated.
Initially published on 30th July 2010 in American Chronicle, Buzzle and AfroArticles
Mentioned on the Facebook page of the Oromo Parliamentarians Council on 25 March 2011:
Jiradhu rabbi bakka jirtanti hamilee fi muranoo bilisummaf qabdan hajabeesu
Dhamisi heeduun marsaa Oromo Parliamentarians Council irrati wagoota sadii gutuu waan cicima Artiles namoota beekamuu 1000 maxansine jira;
Erga facebook dhimma waraqisa biyyati ergamuu guyya guyyan mxanfama:
1. Oromoon Paramida Egypte ijare achi ka'ee isaa ga'ee? 2. Oromoon Bilisommuf mal goochuu qaba? Prof. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis
3. Rakkon Oromoo Ethiopia mali ? Intervew 6 Dr. Getachew Jigi Demekssa
4. Habashan Atamiti Oromo cabsee lixe?The Evil, Colonial State of Abyssinia (fake Ethiopia) Exposed by Bulatovich, the Envoy of Russia articles bayee kkf
5. Erga atatama yerro yerron 1000 hunda bana ilaali waliif forward godha.
Oromoon diina ala fi keessa, gantuu, jalata fi sodatu kara irra maqisuu qaba!!
Jiradha Ni moona Shakki tokko ilee hin qabatina!!
https://www.facebook.com/notes/wfdo-bilisummaaf-wallabummaa-oromiyaa/website-oromo-parliamentarians-council-biyya-keessati-cufama-waan-taeef-facebook/112797848800021/
Initially published on 29th July 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Continuing the series of articles on the insightful documentation provided by the Russian Military Officer, Explorer, and Orthodox Monk in his books about his deeds and excursions, observations and explorations in Abyssinia (undertaken over three years 1896 – 1899), I herewith republish the entire text of his second excursion from Entotto to the River Baro, an area that had been already explored by the Italian military officer Vittorio Bottego.
Initially published on 29th July 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
The Abyssinian social practice makes it impossible for a king, a dynasty, and a royalty to truly exist. In fact, the expression "Abyssinian kingdom", referring to practices attested after the fall the Kushitic Agaw political power, is the world´s most obnoxious joke.
Not a single noble man, king or emperor has ever existed in the coarse and incestuous Abyssinian society. From Yekuno Amlak (the lewd, filthy, barefoot murderer of the last Agaw Chritian king Yetbarak) to Haile Selassie there has never been any emperor, any king, and – more critically – any nobleman in Abyssinia.
The entire history of post-Agaw Abyssinia is a succession of uncivilized gangsters of incestuous origin, who were peremptorily called ´noble men´, ´kings´ or ´emperors´; they were imposed as such to all the peoples and nations that, with Anglo-French permission and support, the Abyssinians invaded and subjugated.
Of course, all the subjugated nations preserved their noble character and rejected the Amhara fallacy, fornication and barbarism. The memory of their noble past is still alive among them. They remember that as late as the mid 19th century, the Hadiya King rejected to meet the filthy trash that impersonated the Abyssinian "king". Fornication, incest and prostitution are totally out of nobility and royalty.
This is something the Abyssinians will never understand.
It is essential now to explain why there cannot be any ´noble men´, ´kings´ or ´emperors´ among the Abyssinians.
Due to the absolute lack of family in the Amhara society, as I already exposed in an earlier article (see below), there is no chance for a noblesse to come to existence.
Initially published on 10th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Continuing the series of articles on the insightful documentation provided by the Russian Military Officer, Explorer, and Orthodox Monk in his books about his deeds and excursions, observations and explorations in Abyssinia (undertaken over three years 1896 – 1899), I herewith republish a second part from his second book titled "With the Armies of Menelik II"; the part covers "Jimma".
This excerpt offers a paradisiacal picture of the Oromo Kingdom of Jimma, and a magnificent portrait of the sublime mystic, the Oromo Moti (King) Aba Jefar. In striking contrast with all other words and sentences of his own text, Bulatovich insists on calling the noble king "half-savage". This shows the extent and the depth of the European colonial evilness, Anti-African prejudice and zero-degree tolerance for any non-Christian. Without knowing it, Bulatovich proves that European colonialism was the World History's most terrorist, most antihuman, and most iniquitous political deed.
Initially published on 25th July 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
In the present sixth article of the series, I republish further excerpts from the same volume of Bulatovich; focused on the Abyssinians, these critical paragraphs by Bulatovich highlight the unclean and incestuous character of the pseudo-Christian Abyssinian society.
They represent some of Bulatovich´s most critical paragraphs because they reveal the abysmal reality of the Abyssinian society, namely all that has been scrupulously hidden by the Abyssinians and their allies, the Freemasonic, colonial regimes of Paris, London and Washington.
It is a lie that the Amhara Tewahedo (Monophysitic) Abyssinians are Christians; in fact, they constitute a desecrated society rejected by all Christian believers, because they practice a generalized fornication which is incompatible with the Christian creed, faith and principles.
With no family, there is no Christian society.
All the Oromos, Ogadenis, Afars, Sidamas and others, who fight for their independence, and all the neighboring countries, Somalia, Eritrea, Sudan and Egypt, which are threatened because of the evil, Satanic eschatological dreams of Greater Ethiopia, must diffuse these great text, which was published by the Russian explorer before 110 years, to the four corners of the universe.
The true barbarous identity of the Amharas is revealed in the chapter on the Abyssinian family that Bulatovich found it necessary to elaborate and submit to the top Russian imperial authorities.
In fact, there is no family in the Amhara society whereby an extensive fornication has been imposed by the pseudo-Christian monks. This filthy and barbaric practice makes of the Amhara society the outcast of the Mankind and the embodiment of the savages.
It is only for the needs of the Anti-Islamic plot of the Anglo-French Freemasonry and the Zionist movement that the Abyssinians are widely but erroneously considered as Christians.
Their fake Jesus is in fact the Antichrist mentioned in John´s Revelation, and their eschatological aspirations about Zion in their dirty and fake Ethiopia apply to a society deprived of marriage and forced into fornication.
Initially published on 14th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Continuing the series of articles on the insightful documentation provided by the Russian Military Officer, Explorer, and Orthodox Monk in his books about his deeds and excursions, observations and explorations in Abyssinia (undertaken over three years 1896 – 1899), I herewith republish a sixth part from his second book titled "With the Armies of Menelik II"; this excerpt offers an in-depth presentation of the itinerary between the borders of Abyssinia to the Lake Rudolf. As Bulatovich´s narratives about various indigenous nations and tribes were not due to first hand information but Amhara filters of translation and misinterpretation, every part of the text that pertains to analysis should be dealt with extreme caution. The itinerary part is however impressive.
In several forthcoming articles, I will publish all the other parts of Bulatovich´s second book, and in addition, I will extensively comment on parts of his first book (notably History, Religion, Conclusion). Herewith, I make first available a recapitulation of the earlier twenty four (24) articles of this series, and then republish the excursion narrative.
All the Oromos, Ogadenis, Afars, Sidamas and others, who fight for their independence, and all the neighboring countries, not only Egypt and Sudan but also Somalia and Eritrea, which are threatened because of the evil, eschatological dreams of Greater Ethiopia, must study, understand and diffuse the insightful documentation available in the two books, which were published by the Russian explorer before 110 years; in and by itself, this documentation constitutes good reason for the world to be preoccupied with the source of every regional trouble and instability: the Amhara and Tigray (Tewahedo) Monophysitic Abyssinians who rule tyrannically over the lands they invaded and the nations they subjugated.
Initially published on 6th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
All the Oromos, Ogadenis, Afars, Sidamas and others, who fight for their independence, and all the neighboring countries, not only Egypt and Sudan but also Somalia and Eritrea, which are threatened because of the evil, eschatological dreams of Greater Ethiopia, must study, understand and diffuse the insightful documentation available in this book, which was published by the Russian explorer before 110 years; in and by itself it constitutes good reason for the world to be preoccupied with the source of every regional trouble and instability: the Amhara and Tigray (Tewahedo) Monophysitic Abyssinians who rule tyrannically over the lands they invaded and the nations they subjugated.
Initially published on 7th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Continuing the series of articles on the insightful documentation provided by the Russian Military Officer, Explorer, and Orthodox Monk in his books about his deeds and excursions, observations and explorations in Abyssinia (undertaken over three years 1896 – 1899), I herewith republish excerpts from a remarkable and insightful treatise elaborated by the Russian Jewish Communist Historian and Philologist Isidor Saavich Katsnelson.
Katsnelson was a leading Egyptologist and Africanist who also contributed to the then nascent Meroitic Studies, the academic research about the last period of pre-Christian History of Ethiopia, i.e. Sudan, when Meroe (today´s Bagrawiyah, nearby Ad-Damer and Atbarah in Sudan).
Katznelson´s contributions hit the final nail on the coffin of the fallacious use of the great historical name of Ethiopia by the barbarous Abyssinian tribes who proved to be the worst pestilence in Africa´s History of Tyranny, Persecution, Racism, False Eschatology, Anti-human Conspiracy, and Genocide.
Katsnelson was greatly interested in the personal history and explorations, spiritual and metaphysical search, travels and pursuits of Bulatovich; much of what we know now of Bulatovish is due to Katznelson. The selection of Bulatovich´s excerpts translated from Russian to English was made by the translator of Bulatovich´s two books, Richard Seltzer. Herewith, I reproduce it integrally.
Katznelson´s analysis, like Bulatovich´s book, demonstrates how erroneous the Russian and Soviet East African policy has always been and how it worked at the detriment of Russia (or Soviet Union) itself.
Initially published on 30th July 2010 in American Chronicle, Buzzle and AfroArticles
Mentioned on the Facebook page of the Oromo Parliamentarians Council on 25 March 2011:
Jiradhu rabbi bakka jirtanti hamilee fi muranoo bilisummaf qabdan hajabeesu
Dhamisi heeduun marsaa Oromo Parliamentarians Council irrati wagoota sadii gutuu waan cicima Artiles namoota beekamuu 1000 maxansine jira;
Erga facebook dhimma waraqisa biyyati ergamuu guyya guyyan mxanfama:
1. Oromoon Paramida Egypte ijare achi ka'ee isaa ga'ee? 2. Oromoon Bilisommuf mal goochuu qaba? Prof. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis
3. Rakkon Oromoo Ethiopia mali ? Intervew 6 Dr. Getachew Jigi Demekssa
4. Habashan Atamiti Oromo cabsee lixe?The Evil, Colonial State of Abyssinia (fake Ethiopia) Exposed by Bulatovich, the Envoy of Russia articles bayee kkf
5. Erga atatama yerro yerron 1000 hunda bana ilaali waliif forward godha.
Oromoon diina ala fi keessa, gantuu, jalata fi sodatu kara irra maqisuu qaba!!
Jiradha Ni moona Shakki tokko ilee hin qabatina!!
https://www.facebook.com/notes/wfdo-bilisummaaf-wallabummaa-oromiyaa/website-oromo-parliamentarians-council-biyya-keessati-cufama-waan-taeef-facebook/112797848800021/
Initially published on 29th July 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Continuing the series of articles on the insightful documentation provided by the Russian Military Officer, Explorer, and Orthodox Monk in his books about his deeds and excursions, observations and explorations in Abyssinia (undertaken over three years 1896 – 1899), I herewith republish the entire text of his second excursion from Entotto to the River Baro, an area that had been already explored by the Italian military officer Vittorio Bottego.
Initially published on 29th July 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
The Abyssinian social practice makes it impossible for a king, a dynasty, and a royalty to truly exist. In fact, the expression "Abyssinian kingdom", referring to practices attested after the fall the Kushitic Agaw political power, is the world´s most obnoxious joke.
Not a single noble man, king or emperor has ever existed in the coarse and incestuous Abyssinian society. From Yekuno Amlak (the lewd, filthy, barefoot murderer of the last Agaw Chritian king Yetbarak) to Haile Selassie there has never been any emperor, any king, and – more critically – any nobleman in Abyssinia.
The entire history of post-Agaw Abyssinia is a succession of uncivilized gangsters of incestuous origin, who were peremptorily called ´noble men´, ´kings´ or ´emperors´; they were imposed as such to all the peoples and nations that, with Anglo-French permission and support, the Abyssinians invaded and subjugated.
Of course, all the subjugated nations preserved their noble character and rejected the Amhara fallacy, fornication and barbarism. The memory of their noble past is still alive among them. They remember that as late as the mid 19th century, the Hadiya King rejected to meet the filthy trash that impersonated the Abyssinian "king". Fornication, incest and prostitution are totally out of nobility and royalty.
This is something the Abyssinians will never understand.
It is essential now to explain why there cannot be any ´noble men´, ´kings´ or ´emperors´ among the Abyssinians.
Due to the absolute lack of family in the Amhara society, as I already exposed in an earlier article (see below), there is no chance for a noblesse to come to existence.
Initially published on 10th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Continuing the series of articles on the insightful documentation provided by the Russian Military Officer, Explorer, and Orthodox Monk in his books about his deeds and excursions, observations and explorations in Abyssinia (undertaken over three years 1896 – 1899), I herewith republish a second part from his second book titled "With the Armies of Menelik II"; the part covers "Jimma".
This excerpt offers a paradisiacal picture of the Oromo Kingdom of Jimma, and a magnificent portrait of the sublime mystic, the Oromo Moti (King) Aba Jefar. In striking contrast with all other words and sentences of his own text, Bulatovich insists on calling the noble king "half-savage". This shows the extent and the depth of the European colonial evilness, Anti-African prejudice and zero-degree tolerance for any non-Christian. Without knowing it, Bulatovich proves that European colonialism was the World History's most terrorist, most antihuman, and most iniquitous political deed.
Initially published on 25th July 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
In the present sixth article of the series, I republish further excerpts from the same volume of Bulatovich; focused on the Abyssinians, these critical paragraphs by Bulatovich highlight the unclean and incestuous character of the pseudo-Christian Abyssinian society.
They represent some of Bulatovich´s most critical paragraphs because they reveal the abysmal reality of the Abyssinian society, namely all that has been scrupulously hidden by the Abyssinians and their allies, the Freemasonic, colonial regimes of Paris, London and Washington.
It is a lie that the Amhara Tewahedo (Monophysitic) Abyssinians are Christians; in fact, they constitute a desecrated society rejected by all Christian believers, because they practice a generalized fornication which is incompatible with the Christian creed, faith and principles.
With no family, there is no Christian society.
All the Oromos, Ogadenis, Afars, Sidamas and others, who fight for their independence, and all the neighboring countries, Somalia, Eritrea, Sudan and Egypt, which are threatened because of the evil, Satanic eschatological dreams of Greater Ethiopia, must diffuse these great text, which was published by the Russian explorer before 110 years, to the four corners of the universe.
The true barbarous identity of the Amharas is revealed in the chapter on the Abyssinian family that Bulatovich found it necessary to elaborate and submit to the top Russian imperial authorities.
In fact, there is no family in the Amhara society whereby an extensive fornication has been imposed by the pseudo-Christian monks. This filthy and barbaric practice makes of the Amhara society the outcast of the Mankind and the embodiment of the savages.
It is only for the needs of the Anti-Islamic plot of the Anglo-French Freemasonry and the Zionist movement that the Abyssinians are widely but erroneously considered as Christians.
Their fake Jesus is in fact the Antichrist mentioned in John´s Revelation, and their eschatological aspirations about Zion in their dirty and fake Ethiopia apply to a society deprived of marriage and forced into fornication.
Initially published on 14th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Continuing the series of articles on the insightful documentation provided by the Russian Military Officer, Explorer, and Orthodox Monk in his books about his deeds and excursions, observations and explorations in Abyssinia (undertaken over three years 1896 – 1899), I herewith republish a sixth part from his second book titled "With the Armies of Menelik II"; this excerpt offers an in-depth presentation of the itinerary between the borders of Abyssinia to the Lake Rudolf. As Bulatovich´s narratives about various indigenous nations and tribes were not due to first hand information but Amhara filters of translation and misinterpretation, every part of the text that pertains to analysis should be dealt with extreme caution. The itinerary part is however impressive.
In several forthcoming articles, I will publish all the other parts of Bulatovich´s second book, and in addition, I will extensively comment on parts of his first book (notably History, Religion, Conclusion). Herewith, I make first available a recapitulation of the earlier twenty four (24) articles of this series, and then republish the excursion narrative.
All the Oromos, Ogadenis, Afars, Sidamas and others, who fight for their independence, and all the neighboring countries, not only Egypt and Sudan but also Somalia and Eritrea, which are threatened because of the evil, eschatological dreams of Greater Ethiopia, must study, understand and diffuse the insightful documentation available in the two books, which were published by the Russian explorer before 110 years; in and by itself, this documentation constitutes good reason for the world to be preoccupied with the source of every regional trouble and instability: the Amhara and Tigray (Tewahedo) Monophysitic Abyssinians who rule tyrannically over the lands they invaded and the nations they subjugated.
Initially published on 6th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
All the Oromos, Ogadenis, Afars, Sidamas and others, who fight for their independence, and all the neighboring countries, not only Egypt and Sudan but also Somalia and Eritrea, which are threatened because of the evil, eschatological dreams of Greater Ethiopia, must study, understand and diffuse the insightful documentation available in this book, which was published by the Russian explorer before 110 years; in and by itself it constitutes good reason for the world to be preoccupied with the source of every regional trouble and instability: the Amhara and Tigray (Tewahedo) Monophysitic Abyssinians who rule tyrannically over the lands they invaded and the nations they subjugated.
Initially published on 7th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Continuing the series of articles on the insightful documentation provided by the Russian Military Officer, Explorer, and Orthodox Monk in his books about his deeds and excursions, observations and explorations in Abyssinia (undertaken over three years 1896 – 1899), I herewith republish excerpts from a remarkable and insightful treatise elaborated by the Russian Jewish Communist Historian and Philologist Isidor Saavich Katsnelson.
Katsnelson was a leading Egyptologist and Africanist who also contributed to the then nascent Meroitic Studies, the academic research about the last period of pre-Christian History of Ethiopia, i.e. Sudan, when Meroe (today´s Bagrawiyah, nearby Ad-Damer and Atbarah in Sudan).
Katznelson´s contributions hit the final nail on the coffin of the fallacious use of the great historical name of Ethiopia by the barbarous Abyssinian tribes who proved to be the worst pestilence in Africa´s History of Tyranny, Persecution, Racism, False Eschatology, Anti-human Conspiracy, and Genocide.
Katsnelson was greatly interested in the personal history and explorations, spiritual and metaphysical search, travels and pursuits of Bulatovich; much of what we know now of Bulatovish is due to Katznelson. The selection of Bulatovich´s excerpts translated from Russian to English was made by the translator of Bulatovich´s two books, Richard Seltzer. Herewith, I reproduce it integrally.
Katznelson´s analysis, like Bulatovich´s book, demonstrates how erroneous the Russian and Soviet East African policy has always been and how it worked at the detriment of Russia (or Soviet Union) itself.
Initially published on 15th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Journal of an expedition from Ethiopia to Lake Rudolf
By Alexander K. Bulatovich
With four diagrams, three maps, and 78 photographs by the author and Lieutenant Davydov; Saint Petersburg, "Artistic Press" Publishing House, 28 Angliyskiy St., 1900, 271 pages
Published with permission of the Military Science Committee of the Chief of Staff
Reissued in 1971 as part of the volume With the Armies of Menelik II, edited by I. S. Katsnelson of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. "Science" Publishing House Chief Editorial Staff of Oriental Literature Moscow 1971.
Translated by Richard Seltzer
VII. From Kolu to Lake Rudolf
March 4.
At 5:30 in the morning, the select detachment of 5,664 men under the command of Ras Wolda Giyorgis left the fortress at Kolu. I accompanied him.
Since we were travelling light, I only took 11 ashkers and several pack mules. Of course, Zelepukin came with me.
Before I set out, the sick and wounded who were staying in Kolu asked me to give them medicine in reserve. A heavily wounded man, with a puncture through his chest was desperate, saying that now he would be helpless and most likely he would die...
Finally, we got started.
All four interpreters were led in front of the Ras. The old man, Muruta Babus, rode, wearing the red cloak he had been given. His legs, which were too long, dangled helplessly since he could not rest them in the short stirrups. Jufa boldly ran ahead and led the detachment. Along a steep slope strewn with rocks, we went down to the Kori River and headed west, following its course. At four o'clock in the afternoon, after a ten-hour march without a break, we reached the inhabited and cultivated territory of Lessi and set up camp here. The natives ran away when we got close. Nonetheless, soldiers succeeded in capturing several women who were from the same tribe as Jufa and who were just as ugly as those we took prisoner in the land of Balis.
Initially published on 17th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Continuing the series of articles on the insightful documentation provided by the Russian Military Officer, Explorer, and Orthodox Monk in his books about his deeds and excursions, observations and explorations in Abyssinia (undertaken over three years 1896 – 1899), I herewith republish another part from his second book titled "With the Armies of Menelik II", namely the Preface and the Introduction.
Beyond the various mistakes of Abyssinian History that are due to Amhara falsehood presented to Bulatovich disguised as "historical truth", this section offers an exemplary warning to present day governments of Sudan and Egypt. When Bulatovich considered options about possible expeditions to undertake in Abyssinia, one possibility was thought to be in Benishangul. On this occasion, the tsarist envoy marks the related geo-strategic target of the barbarous and heinous state of Abyssinia. Astounded we realize that the target remains the same either in 1897 or in 2010: the Nile.
This demonstrates that any cooperation between Sudan, Egypt and Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia) is futile, and that consequently, Khartoum and Cairo must systematically program and execute the destruction and the demise of the anti-African racist state of Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia), which secretively and with the support of the Anglo-French Freemasonry executes a vicious plan against the existence of Egypt, Sudan, and African Islam. I herewith highlight the aforementioned excerpt:
"Three main expeditions were proposed:
1) Ras Makonnen10, the governor-general of Harar and Somaliland, was supposed to move west with a thirty-thousand-man detachment and conquer the gold-region of Beni Shangul, and reach, if possible, the banks of the Nile."
Initially published on 12th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Continuing the series of articles on the insightful documentation provided by the Russian Military Officer, Explorer, and Orthodox Monk in his books about his deeds and excursions, observations and explorations in Abyssinia (undertaken over three years 1896 – 1899), I herewith republish a fourth part from his second book titled "With the Armies of Menelik II". This excerpt offers an in-depth presentation of Andrachi, the Kaffa capital, and a narration of Bulatovich´s sojourn there (January 8-22).
Despite many inaccuracies pertaining to the Sidamas and the Kaffas, this chapter reveals the barbarous nature of the criminal Amhara armies, their bellicose attitude, and their cruel behavior. This is revealed in the following excerpt that describes a scene of entertainment after a dinner:
"Having dined and drunk their portion of mead, they sat around the campfire and struck up songs. For the most part, these were military improvisations, and their contents amounted to praise of themselves and of their master. Liban sang in his clear, beautiful voice, and the chorus joined in the monotonous refrain, "Gedau! Berekhanyau!" ("Killer, killer, tramp of the desert!"). One of the ashkers, in a form of accompaniment, beat in time with his palms on an empty water tin. Women's voices joined in the chorus".
One has indeed to be as barbarous as an Amhara to praise (instead of denouncing and ridiculing) a "killer" and a "tramp of the desert".
Such barbarism has never been attested anytime anywhere, even among the Nazi soldiers of Hitler´s Germany.
If the "killer" is to be praised collectively by the armed representatives of a society, one can quasi-automatically understand that this society is a barbarous entity that has to be isolated, deprived of any control over other nations, and put under international mandate in order to be re-educated and re-organized from scratch – with forceful imposition of civil and civilized nations´ manners and customs.
Initially published on 8th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
From a confidential letter sent by B. Chermerzin, charge d' affaires of the Russian Embassy in Abyssinia to A. A. Neratov, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, on December 15, 1911, we get an insightful about Bulatovich´s later travel to Abyssinia whereby he had the ambition to establish a monastic order.
Despite the fact that the Russian Orthodox explorer, military officer and monk was accepted by the Abyssinian gangster and ruler Sahle Mariam (pseudo-royal nickname: Menelik) to heal him through use of Russian holy icons, the hidden conclave of the Amhara heretic, pseudo-Christian Satanists who rule the cursed country of tyranny and genocide, prevented Bulatovich from achieving his pious target, thus clearly demonstrating their alliance with the Anglo-French freemasons and their hatred of Christianity.
What was possible for a Russian monk to undertake in Romania, Albania, Greece, Palestine, and Egypt was absolutely out of the question in the pseudo-Christian state of Abyssinia.
The important document serves therefore as perfect refutation of the fallacy that Abyssinia (fallaciously and unlawfully re-baptized as Ethiopia) is a "Christian" country. The Amhara and Tigray Tewahedo (Monophysitic) Abyssinians are not Christian; under the coverage of a simulacrum of Christian heretic faith, an enormous number of anti-Christian traits and a deep-seated hatred of Egyptian Coptic Christianity, Russian Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism are the determinant factors of the incestuous Amhara society whereby fornication is overwhelming and the family concept does not exist.
Initially published on 3rd August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles, and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Although he tried to stay close to the facts, Bulatovich was overwhelmed by his own dream of an Orthodox alliance against the Anglo-French penetration in the wider area of Dar al Islam, the Islamic region. But his dreams could not outmaneuver the systematic diplomatic – military – economic – academic efforts of the Anglo-French Freemasonry that had taken place for almost 100 years before Bulaovich´s arrival in Abyssinia (French invasion of Egypt under Napoleon in 1798). In Abyssinia itself, Bulatovich arrived very late; he certainly advanced up to different points where no other European had set foot, but his diplomatic effort was deployed more than 125 years after the notorious James Bruce´s travel.
Worse, Bulatovich failed to realize that the deeply Anti-Christian nature of Abyssinia was the greatest obstacle in his path to promote an exclusive, Christian Orthodox alliance between Russia and Abyssinia. The incestuous character of the Amhara society, so explicitly narrated by Bulatovich, irrevocably placed Africa´s monstrous and alien state closer to the Anglo-French Freemasonic fornication than to the Orthodox Church.
Had he truly focused on the subject, Bulatovich would have realized that his best allies would be the Copts and the Muslims of Egypt. In fact, Bulatovich failure to take facts at face value has cost Russia as much as the case of the Armenians who, although neighboring with Russia and partly belonging to St Petersburg´s authority, were more effectively manipulated by Paris and London during WW I – to their terrible prejudice of course.
Initially published on 17th July 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles, and Buzzle
Mentioned in the Russian Newsroom on 18th July 2010:
http://news.russiannewsroom.com/details.aspx?item=30781
Republished on 30th July 2010 here:
http://originaloromantic.blogspot.com/2010/07/russia-oromos-egypt-sudan-abyssinia.html
Initially published on 26th July 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
In the present article I do not intend to undertake a comprehensive presentation about this subject that hinges on the interaction of multiple fallacies and systematized falsification.
Primarily, there is no Biblical reference to the state that today is fallaciously and mendaciously named ´Ethiopia´; similarly, the Bible does not mention anything about the Axumite Abyssinians, the ancestors of today´s Amhara and Tigray who tyrannically rule Abyssinia (fake Ethiopia) and therein imprisoned subjugated nations.
All Biblical references to Kush (Ethiopia) concern Ancient Sudan, and the people who have been related with Napata and Meroe, the two capitals of the Ancient and true, Ethiopia. Descendants of these people are today the Arabic-speaking Sudanese, and the Kushitic nations that have been subjugated by the Abyssinains, namely the Oromos, the Sidamas, the Hadiyas, the Kaffas and the Kambatas.
Secondly, there has never been any connection of the Biblical and Quranic Yemenite Queen of Sheba with any African territory, let alone Axum whereby excavations have been highly propagandized as revealing connections that are hypothetical, preposterous, and – worse – premeditated.
Thirdly, there is no proof and no evidence that the historical kings of Pre-Christian and Christian Axum had any connection with the Ancient Hebrews and, after the elimination of the Ancient Israelites (10 tribes), the Judeans (2 tribes). The material record offers substantive proof that there is no chance that any Axumite king ever pretended to be descendant of Solomon or any Hebrew royal family.
Fourthly, there is no proof and no evidence that the Christian kings of the Agaw nation considered themselves as descendants of either the Axumite Abyssinian kings or Solomon and any other Hebrew royal family.
Fifthly, the monstrous falsification of the Ancient History of the Orient by the mentally defective author of Kebra Negast, involving the fallacious fabrication of otherwise inexistent mythical "persons" (such as Ethiopis), is a late literary product impossible to be substantiated by any earlier textual, epigraphic or archeological evidence. Any claims, assumptions and efforts of contextualization therein included with respect to earlier historical developments are totally invalid, if not corroborated by earlier developments. It is essential therefore to conclude that Kebra Negast does not confirm the existence of a Solomonic dynastical line up to the moment when that text was written; it merely hypothesizes it in a derisory manner.
There has never been any post-Agaw Abyssinian ´Kingdom´.
Initially published on 9th November 2004 in Buzzle
Excerpt:
Which are the major historical-cultural foundations on which the future Afghani education should be based?
Ten major topics of historical evolution and cultural achievement are to be present in this regard. Even if only one is missing, the result is going to be an unbalanced or minimized perception of the dimensions of the Afghanistan’s contribution to the History of the Mankind. In the past, several of these pillars were present, but undermined, other pillars were totally absent, and finally one pillar was excessively over-accentuated and misleadingly presented. In the rest of the present article, the Ten Pillars are briefly specified; at the same time, special consideration is given to the way they should be presented through the 12-year obligatory Education that the current Afghani government has to promulgate.
Every cultural – historical unity must be present at all levels: History, Literature, Language, Art History, History of the Religion, Philosophy, including also Sciences, i.e. Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, and Cosmology.
Pablo Brescia and Jorges Luis Borges by K. MillikanSarahlynn Pablo
K. Millikan's summary of Pablo Brescia's article, "A Superior Magic," on Literary Politics and the Rise of the Fantastic in Latin American Fiction (with particular emphasis on Jorges Luis Borges)
Initially published on 11th August 2010 in AfroArticles, American Chronicle, and Buzzle
Republished on 21st December 2013 here:
https://kafaforfreedom.wordpress.com/2013/12/21/bulatovich-noble-kaffas-oromos-sidamas-vs-evil-amhara-and-the-forthcoming-end-of-abyssinia/
This article belongs to a long series of articles that I published in July and August 2010 about the Imperial Russian envoy to Abyssinia Alexander Bulatovich's book "With the Armies of Menelik II" (1900), based on the English translation by Richard Seltzer.
In each article of the series, after an introduction, I republished a substantive part of Bulatovich's book that serves as historical testimony to the criminal Abyssinian invasions of the African kingdoms of the Oromos, the Kaffas, the Sidamas, the Hadiyas and other ancient Cushitic nations in the last decades of the 19th c. Those invasions were fully supported by the English and French allies of the Abyssinian colonial gangsters and resulted in the Modern History's first and worst genocide that the inhuman and evil establishments of London and Paris did their best to hide for over a century.
Over the next few weeks, I will republish the entire series of articles of which the first was published on 27th July 2010 and the last on 18th August 2010.
Initially published on 16th July 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles, and Buzzle
Republished on 30th July 2010 here:
http://originaloromantic.blogspot.com/2010/07/oromo-genocide-solemnly-confessed-by.html
Initially published on 21st July 2010 in American Chronicle, Buzzle and AfroArticles
Excerpt:
In the present article, I republish three chapters dealing with Oromo national identity, religion and language. All the preconceived concepts of the colonial era herewith present, thus leading Bulatovich to erroneous interpretations. Certainly, the Russian explorer was not a linguist, historian or historian of religions, and more importantly, academic exploration was not the primary interest of his travel which was kind of diplomatic reconnaissance. In fact, Bulatovich viewed the Oromos, the Sidamas, the Kaffas, the Amharas and the other nations that he encountered in his travel as the outcome of an interaction occurred at his lifetime with no past! Attempting to explain the origins and the nature of Oromo festivals like that of Borenticha, he never imagined that the closest possible parallel could be that of the Khonsu festival in Ancient Egypt, which took place in May and had genuinely apotropaic character.
However, the chapter on the Oromo national character is greatly interesting because it demolishes the Ethiopianist myth of a supposed Ethiopian nation. There isn´t and there can´t be any Ethiopian nation other the one identified by the Ancient Greeks and Romans as located south of Egypt, which means the Ancient Kushites and Meroites of Sudan, who are the ancestors of today´s brotherly nations, the Oromos, the Sidamas and the Arabic-speaking Sudanese.
By describing the traits of the Oromos and by clearly indicating that they are diametrically opposed to those of the Amharas (discussed in another chapter of his book that I will republish in a forthcoming article), Bulatoovich destroys the myth of possible Oromo – Amhara connection and/or affinity.
Initially published on 15th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Journal of an expedition from Ethiopia to Lake Rudolf
By Alexander K. Bulatovich
With four diagrams, three maps, and 78 photographs by the author and Lieutenant Davydov; Saint Petersburg, "Artistic Press" Publishing House, 28 Angliyskiy St., 1900, 271 pages
Published with permission of the Military Science Committee of the Chief of Staff
Reissued in 1971 as part of the volume With the Armies of Menelik II, edited by I. S. Katsnelson of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. "Science" Publishing House Chief Editorial Staff of Oriental Literature Moscow 1971.
Translated by Richard Seltzer
VII. From Kolu to Lake Rudolf
March 4.
At 5:30 in the morning, the select detachment of 5,664 men under the command of Ras Wolda Giyorgis left the fortress at Kolu. I accompanied him.
Since we were travelling light, I only took 11 ashkers and several pack mules. Of course, Zelepukin came with me.
Before I set out, the sick and wounded who were staying in Kolu asked me to give them medicine in reserve. A heavily wounded man, with a puncture through his chest was desperate, saying that now he would be helpless and most likely he would die...
Finally, we got started.
All four interpreters were led in front of the Ras. The old man, Muruta Babus, rode, wearing the red cloak he had been given. His legs, which were too long, dangled helplessly since he could not rest them in the short stirrups. Jufa boldly ran ahead and led the detachment. Along a steep slope strewn with rocks, we went down to the Kori River and headed west, following its course. At four o'clock in the afternoon, after a ten-hour march without a break, we reached the inhabited and cultivated territory of Lessi and set up camp here. The natives ran away when we got close. Nonetheless, soldiers succeeded in capturing several women who were from the same tribe as Jufa and who were just as ugly as those we took prisoner in the land of Balis.
Initially published on 17th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Continuing the series of articles on the insightful documentation provided by the Russian Military Officer, Explorer, and Orthodox Monk in his books about his deeds and excursions, observations and explorations in Abyssinia (undertaken over three years 1896 – 1899), I herewith republish another part from his second book titled "With the Armies of Menelik II", namely the Preface and the Introduction.
Beyond the various mistakes of Abyssinian History that are due to Amhara falsehood presented to Bulatovich disguised as "historical truth", this section offers an exemplary warning to present day governments of Sudan and Egypt. When Bulatovich considered options about possible expeditions to undertake in Abyssinia, one possibility was thought to be in Benishangul. On this occasion, the tsarist envoy marks the related geo-strategic target of the barbarous and heinous state of Abyssinia. Astounded we realize that the target remains the same either in 1897 or in 2010: the Nile.
This demonstrates that any cooperation between Sudan, Egypt and Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia) is futile, and that consequently, Khartoum and Cairo must systematically program and execute the destruction and the demise of the anti-African racist state of Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia), which secretively and with the support of the Anglo-French Freemasonry executes a vicious plan against the existence of Egypt, Sudan, and African Islam. I herewith highlight the aforementioned excerpt:
"Three main expeditions were proposed:
1) Ras Makonnen10, the governor-general of Harar and Somaliland, was supposed to move west with a thirty-thousand-man detachment and conquer the gold-region of Beni Shangul, and reach, if possible, the banks of the Nile."
Initially published on 12th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Continuing the series of articles on the insightful documentation provided by the Russian Military Officer, Explorer, and Orthodox Monk in his books about his deeds and excursions, observations and explorations in Abyssinia (undertaken over three years 1896 – 1899), I herewith republish a fourth part from his second book titled "With the Armies of Menelik II". This excerpt offers an in-depth presentation of Andrachi, the Kaffa capital, and a narration of Bulatovich´s sojourn there (January 8-22).
Despite many inaccuracies pertaining to the Sidamas and the Kaffas, this chapter reveals the barbarous nature of the criminal Amhara armies, their bellicose attitude, and their cruel behavior. This is revealed in the following excerpt that describes a scene of entertainment after a dinner:
"Having dined and drunk their portion of mead, they sat around the campfire and struck up songs. For the most part, these were military improvisations, and their contents amounted to praise of themselves and of their master. Liban sang in his clear, beautiful voice, and the chorus joined in the monotonous refrain, "Gedau! Berekhanyau!" ("Killer, killer, tramp of the desert!"). One of the ashkers, in a form of accompaniment, beat in time with his palms on an empty water tin. Women's voices joined in the chorus".
One has indeed to be as barbarous as an Amhara to praise (instead of denouncing and ridiculing) a "killer" and a "tramp of the desert".
Such barbarism has never been attested anytime anywhere, even among the Nazi soldiers of Hitler´s Germany.
If the "killer" is to be praised collectively by the armed representatives of a society, one can quasi-automatically understand that this society is a barbarous entity that has to be isolated, deprived of any control over other nations, and put under international mandate in order to be re-educated and re-organized from scratch – with forceful imposition of civil and civilized nations´ manners and customs.
Initially published on 8th August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
From a confidential letter sent by B. Chermerzin, charge d' affaires of the Russian Embassy in Abyssinia to A. A. Neratov, Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, on December 15, 1911, we get an insightful about Bulatovich´s later travel to Abyssinia whereby he had the ambition to establish a monastic order.
Despite the fact that the Russian Orthodox explorer, military officer and monk was accepted by the Abyssinian gangster and ruler Sahle Mariam (pseudo-royal nickname: Menelik) to heal him through use of Russian holy icons, the hidden conclave of the Amhara heretic, pseudo-Christian Satanists who rule the cursed country of tyranny and genocide, prevented Bulatovich from achieving his pious target, thus clearly demonstrating their alliance with the Anglo-French freemasons and their hatred of Christianity.
What was possible for a Russian monk to undertake in Romania, Albania, Greece, Palestine, and Egypt was absolutely out of the question in the pseudo-Christian state of Abyssinia.
The important document serves therefore as perfect refutation of the fallacy that Abyssinia (fallaciously and unlawfully re-baptized as Ethiopia) is a "Christian" country. The Amhara and Tigray Tewahedo (Monophysitic) Abyssinians are not Christian; under the coverage of a simulacrum of Christian heretic faith, an enormous number of anti-Christian traits and a deep-seated hatred of Egyptian Coptic Christianity, Russian Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism are the determinant factors of the incestuous Amhara society whereby fornication is overwhelming and the family concept does not exist.
Initially published on 3rd August 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles, and Buzzle
Excerpt:
Although he tried to stay close to the facts, Bulatovich was overwhelmed by his own dream of an Orthodox alliance against the Anglo-French penetration in the wider area of Dar al Islam, the Islamic region. But his dreams could not outmaneuver the systematic diplomatic – military – economic – academic efforts of the Anglo-French Freemasonry that had taken place for almost 100 years before Bulaovich´s arrival in Abyssinia (French invasion of Egypt under Napoleon in 1798). In Abyssinia itself, Bulatovich arrived very late; he certainly advanced up to different points where no other European had set foot, but his diplomatic effort was deployed more than 125 years after the notorious James Bruce´s travel.
Worse, Bulatovich failed to realize that the deeply Anti-Christian nature of Abyssinia was the greatest obstacle in his path to promote an exclusive, Christian Orthodox alliance between Russia and Abyssinia. The incestuous character of the Amhara society, so explicitly narrated by Bulatovich, irrevocably placed Africa´s monstrous and alien state closer to the Anglo-French Freemasonic fornication than to the Orthodox Church.
Had he truly focused on the subject, Bulatovich would have realized that his best allies would be the Copts and the Muslims of Egypt. In fact, Bulatovich failure to take facts at face value has cost Russia as much as the case of the Armenians who, although neighboring with Russia and partly belonging to St Petersburg´s authority, were more effectively manipulated by Paris and London during WW I – to their terrible prejudice of course.
Initially published on 17th July 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles, and Buzzle
Mentioned in the Russian Newsroom on 18th July 2010:
http://news.russiannewsroom.com/details.aspx?item=30781
Republished on 30th July 2010 here:
http://originaloromantic.blogspot.com/2010/07/russia-oromos-egypt-sudan-abyssinia.html
Initially published on 26th July 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle
Excerpt:
In the present article I do not intend to undertake a comprehensive presentation about this subject that hinges on the interaction of multiple fallacies and systematized falsification.
Primarily, there is no Biblical reference to the state that today is fallaciously and mendaciously named ´Ethiopia´; similarly, the Bible does not mention anything about the Axumite Abyssinians, the ancestors of today´s Amhara and Tigray who tyrannically rule Abyssinia (fake Ethiopia) and therein imprisoned subjugated nations.
All Biblical references to Kush (Ethiopia) concern Ancient Sudan, and the people who have been related with Napata and Meroe, the two capitals of the Ancient and true, Ethiopia. Descendants of these people are today the Arabic-speaking Sudanese, and the Kushitic nations that have been subjugated by the Abyssinains, namely the Oromos, the Sidamas, the Hadiyas, the Kaffas and the Kambatas.
Secondly, there has never been any connection of the Biblical and Quranic Yemenite Queen of Sheba with any African territory, let alone Axum whereby excavations have been highly propagandized as revealing connections that are hypothetical, preposterous, and – worse – premeditated.
Thirdly, there is no proof and no evidence that the historical kings of Pre-Christian and Christian Axum had any connection with the Ancient Hebrews and, after the elimination of the Ancient Israelites (10 tribes), the Judeans (2 tribes). The material record offers substantive proof that there is no chance that any Axumite king ever pretended to be descendant of Solomon or any Hebrew royal family.
Fourthly, there is no proof and no evidence that the Christian kings of the Agaw nation considered themselves as descendants of either the Axumite Abyssinian kings or Solomon and any other Hebrew royal family.
Fifthly, the monstrous falsification of the Ancient History of the Orient by the mentally defective author of Kebra Negast, involving the fallacious fabrication of otherwise inexistent mythical "persons" (such as Ethiopis), is a late literary product impossible to be substantiated by any earlier textual, epigraphic or archeological evidence. Any claims, assumptions and efforts of contextualization therein included with respect to earlier historical developments are totally invalid, if not corroborated by earlier developments. It is essential therefore to conclude that Kebra Negast does not confirm the existence of a Solomonic dynastical line up to the moment when that text was written; it merely hypothesizes it in a derisory manner.
There has never been any post-Agaw Abyssinian ´Kingdom´.
Initially published on 9th November 2004 in Buzzle
Excerpt:
Which are the major historical-cultural foundations on which the future Afghani education should be based?
Ten major topics of historical evolution and cultural achievement are to be present in this regard. Even if only one is missing, the result is going to be an unbalanced or minimized perception of the dimensions of the Afghanistan’s contribution to the History of the Mankind. In the past, several of these pillars were present, but undermined, other pillars were totally absent, and finally one pillar was excessively over-accentuated and misleadingly presented. In the rest of the present article, the Ten Pillars are briefly specified; at the same time, special consideration is given to the way they should be presented through the 12-year obligatory Education that the current Afghani government has to promulgate.
Every cultural – historical unity must be present at all levels: History, Literature, Language, Art History, History of the Religion, Philosophy, including also Sciences, i.e. Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, and Cosmology.
Pablo Brescia and Jorges Luis Borges by K. MillikanSarahlynn Pablo
K. Millikan's summary of Pablo Brescia's article, "A Superior Magic," on Literary Politics and the Rise of the Fantastic in Latin American Fiction (with particular emphasis on Jorges Luis Borges)
Initially published on 11th August 2010 in AfroArticles, American Chronicle, and Buzzle
Republished on 21st December 2013 here:
https://kafaforfreedom.wordpress.com/2013/12/21/bulatovich-noble-kaffas-oromos-sidamas-vs-evil-amhara-and-the-forthcoming-end-of-abyssinia/
This article belongs to a long series of articles that I published in July and August 2010 about the Imperial Russian envoy to Abyssinia Alexander Bulatovich's book "With the Armies of Menelik II" (1900), based on the English translation by Richard Seltzer.
In each article of the series, after an introduction, I republished a substantive part of Bulatovich's book that serves as historical testimony to the criminal Abyssinian invasions of the African kingdoms of the Oromos, the Kaffas, the Sidamas, the Hadiyas and other ancient Cushitic nations in the last decades of the 19th c. Those invasions were fully supported by the English and French allies of the Abyssinian colonial gangsters and resulted in the Modern History's first and worst genocide that the inhuman and evil establishments of London and Paris did their best to hide for over a century.
Over the next few weeks, I will republish the entire series of articles of which the first was published on 27th July 2010 and the last on 18th August 2010.
Initially published on 16th July 2010 in American Chronicle, AfroArticles, and Buzzle
Republished on 30th July 2010 here:
http://originaloromantic.blogspot.com/2010/07/oromo-genocide-solemnly-confessed-by.html
Initially published on 21st July 2010 in American Chronicle, Buzzle and AfroArticles
Excerpt:
In the present article, I republish three chapters dealing with Oromo national identity, religion and language. All the preconceived concepts of the colonial era herewith present, thus leading Bulatovich to erroneous interpretations. Certainly, the Russian explorer was not a linguist, historian or historian of religions, and more importantly, academic exploration was not the primary interest of his travel which was kind of diplomatic reconnaissance. In fact, Bulatovich viewed the Oromos, the Sidamas, the Kaffas, the Amharas and the other nations that he encountered in his travel as the outcome of an interaction occurred at his lifetime with no past! Attempting to explain the origins and the nature of Oromo festivals like that of Borenticha, he never imagined that the closest possible parallel could be that of the Khonsu festival in Ancient Egypt, which took place in May and had genuinely apotropaic character.
However, the chapter on the Oromo national character is greatly interesting because it demolishes the Ethiopianist myth of a supposed Ethiopian nation. There isn´t and there can´t be any Ethiopian nation other the one identified by the Ancient Greeks and Romans as located south of Egypt, which means the Ancient Kushites and Meroites of Sudan, who are the ancestors of today´s brotherly nations, the Oromos, the Sidamas and the Arabic-speaking Sudanese.
By describing the traits of the Oromos and by clearly indicating that they are diametrically opposed to those of the Amharas (discussed in another chapter of his book that I will republish in a forthcoming article), Bulatoovich destroys the myth of possible Oromo – Amhara connection and/or affinity.
The famous French academician Jean Baptiste Duroselle was commissioned by the Commission of the European Union (European Communities at the time) and Jacques Delors personally to author a European History of Europe, which would justify the establishment of the European Union in the 2nd half of the 20th c. as the crown of all earlier efforts to establish one state across the continent. The book was written in French (L'Europe: histoire de ses peuples, Paris, Perrin, 1990, 708 p.) and it was geared to become (as it really did) the basic textbook of European History for the secondary education of all EU member states. For this reason, numerous translations were produced at the local level, and the book became in this manner the cornerstone of the European identity; as regards countries that were not member-states in 1990 but became later, the book was translated to the official language(s) of each country after its adhesion.
As one could anticipate, the chauvinist, racist, and bogus-European state of Greece made the exception.
V.I. Lenin Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalis.docxjessiehampson
V.I. Lenin
Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
A POPULAR OUTLINE
PREFACE
Petrograd, April 26, 1917
The pamphlet here presented to the reader was written in the spring of 1916, in Zurich. In
the conditions in which I was obliged to work there I naturally suffered somewhat from a
shortage of French and English literature and from a serious dearth of Russian literature.
However, I made use of the principal English work on imperialism, the book by J. A.
Hobson, with all the care that, in my opinion, that work deserves.
This pamphlet was written with an eye to the tsarist censorship. Hence, I was not only
forced to confine myself strictly to an exclusively theoretical, specifically economic
analysis of facts, but to formulate the few necessary observations on politics with extreme
caution, by hints, in an allegorical language—in that accursed Aesopian language—to
which tsarism compelled all revolutionaries to have recourse whenever they took up the pen
to write a “legal” work.
It is painful, in these days of liberty, to re-read the passages of the pamphlet which have
been distorted, cramped, compressed in an iron vice on account of the censor. That the
period of imperialism is the eve of the socialist revolution; that social-chauvinism
(socialism in words, chauvinism in deeds) is the utter betrayal of socialism, complete
desertion to the side of the bourgeoisie; that this split in the working-class movement is
bound up with the objective conditions of imperialism, etc.—on these matters I had to speak
in a “slavish” tongue, and I must refer the reader who is interested in the subject to the
2
articles I wrote abroad in 1914-17, a new edition of which is soon to appear. In order to
show the reader, in a guise acceptable to the censors, how shamelessly untruthful the
capitalists and the social-chauvinists who have deserted to their side (and whom Kautsky
opposes so inconsistently) are on the question of annexations; in order to show how
shamelessly they screen the annexations of their capitalists, I was forced to quote as an
example—Japan! The careful reader will easily substitute Russia for Japan, and Finland,
Poland, Courland, the Ukraine, Khiva, Bokhara, Estonia or other regions peopled by non-
Great Russians, for Korea.
I trust that this pamphlet will help the reader to understand the fundamental economic
question, that of the economic essence of imperialism, for unless this is studied, it will be
impossible to understand and appraise modern war and modern politics.
PREFACE TO THE FRENCH AND GERMAN EDITIONS[1]
July 6, 1920
I
As was indicated in the preface to the Russian edition, this pamphlet was written in 1916,
with an eye to the tsarist censorship. I am unable to revise the whole text at the present time,
nor, perhaps, would this be advisable, since the main purpose of the book was, and remains,
to present, on the basis of the summarised re ...
Race and Racial Thinking: Africa and Its Others in Heart of Darkness and Othe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Initially published on 30th December 2006 in Buzzle and American Chronicle
Republished on 31st December 2006 here:
http://oromooswiss.blogspot.com/2006/12/
Excerpt:
Demand the immediate removal of the African Union headquarters from the cenotaph of Addis Ababa, and utterly request that no tyranny be ever a place for African leaders to meet and deliberate!
Postulate that Africans should give priority to human rights, democracy and freedom over political realism, governmental prerequisites and amoral choices!
Explain that by virtue of their valuable and painful historical experience Africans should definitely and unquestionably castigate all acts of political dictatorship, ethnic racism, cultural discrimination, usurpation of ethnic names, and renaming of places and cities following invasions.
Leave therefore your name to the posterity as that of a Great African who had the courage to say:
- African Union headquarters must be removed from Addis Ababa now, and they should return to Finfinne, only when the Amhara / Tigray invaders are expelled!
Armenian Genocide and Holocaust Comparison
Armenian People During WW1
The Armenian Genocide Essay
The Armenian Genocide
Armenia Genocide Essay
Write An Essay On The Armenian Genocide
Armenian Genocide Essay
Armenian Genocide Research Paper
Argumentative Essay On The Armenian Genocide
The Armenian Genocide Essay
Armenian Genocide Case Study
Armenian Genocide Summary
Turkish Armenian Genocide
Armenian Genocide Report
Armenian Genocide Research Paper
The Armenian Genocide
Armenian Genocide: A Case Study
Evidence of the Armenian Genocide Essay
Armenian Genocide Research Paper
This research paper would like to examine Marlow’s frailty as a narrator, his ethnocentricity and color consciousness and inability to comprehend inscrutable Africa that leads the author to support the colonizers against the Africans and how his approach is shared by Conrad as well. Conrad, in the colonial novel, Heart of Darkness has biasness for European colonialism, though the biasness is not so much conspicuous but ostensible, covertly and allusively maintained throughout. This study aims to focus upon Conrad’s treatment of and race and racial conflicts. It also would like to explain the concept of race through applying the critical comments made by different critics and scholars.
First published on 11th February 2021 here:
https://megalommatiscomments.wordpress.com/2021/02/11/turkey-china-and-the-diverse-forms-of-colonial-forgery-of-history-fake-muslims-and-the-fake-states-of-greece-russia-iran-india-israel-and-ethiopia/
Turkey, China and the Diverse Forms of Colonial Forgery of History: Fake Muslims and the Fake States of Greece, Russia, Iran, India, Israel, and Ethiopia
Turkey and China: an Alliance to Conquer the World – Part III
There are no prosperous countries, successful states and victorious armies, but forceful societies; this means creative, expanding cultures and triumphant faiths. In Modern Times and among the developed countries, cultures have been mostly supplanted by state-controlled education, which is geared in order to apply preconceived ideas and fabricated dogmas on a degraded society with abandoned moral values, mutating cultures, highly politicized faith, and therefore ailing structures. When a religion is turned to mere political ideology, the faith is dead and the culture is putrefied. The society that lives this tragedy is a passive corpse unable for action, let alone continuity or survival. Then, the nation in question has gradually become a tool for the materialization of the political targets of secluded elites that have full consciousness of their criminality.
Мировая политика как черное и белое: Иран и Израиль, или как люди становятся жертвами намеренно проецируемых на них заблуждений
Содержание
Введение
I. Каждый сектантский подход и каждая сектантская мысль являются порочной ошибкой и нетерпимым поступком
II. Политическая ситуация и международные отношения не определяют природу режимов, правительств и государств
III. Когда дело касается мировых дел, не существует шахматной доски с «черными» и «белыми» клетками
IV. Все СМИ сообщают одну и ту же ложь, меняя только «шахматные наборы»
V. Достоинство иранцев и палестинцев является наиболее спорным вопросом
VI. Вера в обещания, данные врагами, замаскированными под друзей, может оказаться смертельной
VII. Военные и фермеры против королевской семьи и аятолл
VIII. Нет никакой разницы между Ираном и Египтом, когда дело доходит до раболепия по отношению к крупным колониальным схемам
Contents
Introduction
I. Every sectarian approach and every sectarian thought are a vicious mistake and an intolerable act.
II. Political situations and international relations do not define the nature of regimes, governments, and states.
III. When it comes to world affairs, there is no such thing as a chessboard with "black" and "white" squares.
IV. All mass media report the same lies, changing only the «chess sets».
V. The dignity of the Iranians and the Palestinians is a most controversial subject.
VI. Believing promises given by enemies disguised as friends may be lethal.
VII. Military and farmers against the royals and the ayatollahs
VIII. There is no difference between Iran and Egypt when it comes to servility toward major colonial schemes.
За пределами афроцентризма: предпосылки для того, чтобы Сомали возглавила африканскую деколонизацию и девестернизацию
Содержание
Введение
I. Деколонизация и отказ афроцентрической интеллигенции
II. Афроцентристским африканским ученым следовало бы отобрать египтологию у западных востоковедов и африканистов.
III. Западная узурпация африканского наследия должна быть отменена.
IV. Афроцентризм должен был включать в себя резкую критику и полное неприятие так называемой западной цивилизации.
V. Афроцентризм как форма африканского изоляционизма, проводящая линию разделения между колонизированными странами Африки и Азии.
VI. Общая оценка человеческих ресурсов, времени и необходимых затрат
VII. Деколонизация означает, прежде всего, деанглификацию и дефранкизацию.
Contents
Introduction
I. Decolonization and the failure of the Afrocentric Intelligentsia
II. Afrocentric African scholars should have been taken Egyptology back from the Western Orientalists and Africanists
III. Western Usurpation of African Heritage must be canceled.
IV. Afrocentrism had to encompass severe criticism and total rejection of the so-called Western Civilization
V. Afrocentrism as a form of African Isolationism drawing a line of separation between colonized nations in Africa and Asia
VI. General estimation of the human resources, the time, and the cost needed
VII. Decolonization means above all De-Anglicization and De-Francization
What was Ordinary in the Antiquity looks Odd today, due to the Greco-centric Fallacy of the Biased European Colonial 'Academics'
Contents
Introduction
I. Fayoum, Al Bahnasa (Oxyrhynchus), and Ancient Egyptian Papyri
II. Karl Wessely and his groundbreaking research and publications
III. Papyrus fragment 1224 of Karl Wessely's SPP VIII
IV. Βουλγαρικ- (Vulgarik-)
V. Eastern Roman Emperor Maurice's Strategicon and the Bulgarian cloaks
VI. Historical context and the Ancient History of Bulgars
VII. Historical context, the Silk Roads, and Bulgarian exports to Egypt
VIII. Academic context and the Western falsehood of a Euro-centric World History
i- the conceptualization of World History
ii- the contextualization of every single document newly found here and there
iii- the stages of historical falsification that were undertaken over the past 500 years
iv- the forgers themselves and their antiquity
v- and last but not least, several points of
a) governance of modern states
b) international alliances, and
c) the ensuing captivity of all the targeted nations, each one well-adjusted into the preconceived role that the forgers invented for it
Contents
Introduction
I. A fictional concept: the origin of the fraud
II. A construct based on posterior textual sources
III. The deceitful presentation
IV. 5th century BCE texts found in 15th c. CE manuscripts do not make 'History'.
V. Abundant evidence of lies and deliberate distortions attested in the manuscript transmission
VI. Darius I the Great, the Behistun inscription, and Ctesias
VII. The historical Assyrian Queen Shammuramat and the fictional Queen Semiramis of the 'Ancient Greek sources'
VIII. The malignant intentions of the Benedictine liars: from the historical Darius I the Great to the fictional Semiramis
IX. The vicious distortions of the Benedictine liars: from Ctesias to Herodotus
亞里斯多德作為歷史偽造品,西方世界的虛假歷史和腐爛的基礎,金灿荣和他敏銳的評論
Аристотель как историческая подделка, фальшивая история и гнилые основы западного мира, и проницательные комментарии профессора Цзинь Канронга
Contents
I. Aristotle: a Major Founding Myth of the Western World
II. When, where and by whom was the Myth of Aristotle fabricated?
III. The Myth of Aristotle and its first Byproducts: Scholasticism, East-West Schism, the Crusades & the Sack of Constantinople (1204)
IV. Aristotelization: First Stage of the Westernization and the Colonization of the World
V. Aristotelization as Foundation of all the Western Forgeries: the so-called Judeo-Christian Heritage and the Fraud of Greco-Roman Civilization
VI. The Modern Western World as Disruption of History
VII. The Myth of Aristotle and the Monstrosity of Western Colonialism
Introduction
I. Chinese as the First Foreign Language in Egypt
II. Systematic Dissociation and Separation from Western Europe and North America
III. The Egypt - Sudan - Libya Confederation
IV. How the Chinese-Egyptian Alliance will reshape Africa into Five Mega-States
Contents
Introduction
I. Toshka or New Valley Project
II. Water Desalination Plants
III. Relocation of a Sizeable Part of Egypt's Population
IV. The Rafah-Taba Canal
V. Twenty (20) Chinese Universities to operate in Egypt
--------
First published on 18th January 2024 here:
https://megalommatiscomments.wordpress.com/2024/01/18/a-special-military-alliance-with-china-is-egypts-only-chance-for-survival-iv/
Contents
I. Grave Threats for Egypt's Existence and Serious Danger for China's Expansion
II. Perspectives of the Strategic Alliance between Egypt & China
III. Two Chinese Military Bases in Egypt: One Million Chinese Military on African Soil
IV. Joint Chinese-Egyptian Military Operations in Sudan and the Perspectives of a Chinese-Egyptian-Sudanese Alliance
V. Joint Chinese-Egyptian Military Operations in Libya and the Perspectives of a Chinese-Egyptian-Libyan Alliance
----------
First published on 16th January 2024 here:
https://megalommatiscomments.wordpress.com/2024/01/16/a-special-military-alliance-with-china-is-egypts-only-chance-for-survival-iii/
The rise of China as a world superpower has hitherto been a long path marked with several successes and advances, but also significant drawbacks and failures. The Arab Spring can be seen from many viewpoints and interpreted as per its impact on diverse states, but it was indisputably a severe impediment to China's attempt to penetrate in Africa and offer the numerous African nations a trustworthy perspective and a valuable support in terms of nation building and sustainable development. It goes without saying that, if the Chinese establishment truly intends to bring forth a groundbreaking change at the worldwide level, Beijing must carefully take the lesson of those circumstances before 13 years and overwhelmingly modify China's understanding of perplex situations and approach to long standing problems, notably the European colonialism in Africa and elsewhere.
In the first part of this series of articles, I expanded on a) the centuries-old Western hatred of Egypt, b) the existing historical threats against the Valley of the Nile, c) the gradual process of decomposition that the criminal Western gangsters applied to Libya and the Sudan over the past 12 years, and d) the direct relationship between the otherwise worthless Renaissance Dam (also known as GERD), which has been built in the Occupied Benishangul land (currently province) of Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia), and the Abyssinian 'Prophecy' against Egypt and Sudan. This is the link:
https://megalommatiscomments.wordpress.com/2024/01/01/a-special-military-alliance-with-china-is-egypts-only-chance-for-survival/
In the present article, I will complete the presentation of the Egyptian approach to the need of the Egyptian-Chinese Military Alliance and I will expand on the Chinese perspective towards the topic.
Contents
I. The War in Gaza and the Destabilization of the Red Sea Region
II. The Rise of China as a World Super-power
III. The Irrevocable Prerequisites of China's Worldwide Predominance
The Western World hates Egypt terribly; that's why all the administrations of the country -pseudo-royal (khedivial), presidential (military) or Islamist (republican)- were always appointed after French, English and/or American decision or active involvement and with Western support only to function as local ignorant servants definitely unable to fathom the deeply self-destructive nature of the acts that their foreign masters force them to implement, and absolutely unsuspicious of the venomous hatred that their beastly superiors harbor against the Holy Land that is the Valley of the Nile down to Khartoum.
Contents
I. Western Hatred against Egypt and Plans against Mankind
II. The End of Egypt may be very close
III. Egypt and the Pulverization of Sudan and Libya
IV. The Renaissance Dam in the light of the Abyssinian 'Prophecy' against Egypt and Sudan
Περιεχόμενα
Α. Πνευματικότητα, Θρησκείες, Θεολογίες και Ιδεολογίες
Β. Αποδοχή μιας άλλης θρησκείας και δράση προσηλύτων
Γ. Εγκλήματα προσηλυτιστών
Δ. Αλλαγή θρησκείας, προσηλυτισμός και πολυπολιτισμικότητα
Ε. Δεν υπάρχει το Ισλάμ ως θρησκεία χωρίς τις ιστορικές ισλαμικές επιστήμες
Επίλογος
Προτάσεις για την Υπέρβαση της Θράκης, του Κοσμά Μεγαλομμάτη: Εξόρμηση, 5 Μαρτίου 1990; Πολιτικά Θέματα, 2-8 Μαρτίου 1990; Οικονομικός Ταχυδρόμος, Ιούλιος 1990
Proposals to transcend the problem in Thrace, by Cosmas Megalommatis: Exormisi (Sortie), 5 March 1990; Politika Themata (Political Matters), 2-8 March 1990; Oikonomikos Tahydromos (Economic Courier), July 1990
Предложения по преодолению проблемы во Фракии, автор Космас Мегаломматис: Exormisi (Вылазка), 5 марта 1990 г.; Политика Фемата (Политические вопросы), 2–8 марта 1990 года; Ойкономикос Тагидромос (Экономический курьер), июль 1990 г.
Σουννίτες και Σιίτες: στη ρίζα της διαφοράς, του Κοσμά Μεγαλομμάτη – Εποπτεία 119, Ιανουάριος 1987, σελ. 29-37
Sunnis and Shiites: at the root of the dispute, by Cosmas Megalommatis: Epopteia (‘Overview’) 119, January 1987, p. 29-37
Сунниты и шииты: в основе спора, (автор:) Кузьма Мегаломматис: Эпоптея («Обзор») 119, январь 1987 г., с. 29-37
Η διεθνής αντιμετώπιση της ισλαμικής Περσίας, του Κοσμά Μεγαλομμάτη: Εποπτεία 119, Ιανουάριος 1987, σελ. 38-48
How the international community treated the Islamic Republic of Iran, by Cosmas Megalommatis: Epopteia (‘Overview’) 119, January 1987, p. 38-48
Как международное сообщество относилось к Исламской Республике Иран, (автор:) Кузьма Мегаломматис: Эпоптея («Обзор») 119, январь 1987 г., стр. 38-48
Η Πολιτική Ζωή στην Ισλαμική Περσία, του Κοσμά Μεγαλομμάτη: Εποπτεία 119, Ιανουάριος 1987, σελ. 19-28
Political Life in Islamic Iran, by Cosmas Megalommatis: Epopteia (‘Overview’) 119, January 1987, p. 19-28
Политическая жизнь в исламском Иране, (автор:) Кузьма Мегаломматис: Эпоптея («Обзор») 119, январь 1987 г., с. 19-28
——————————–
Συνήθεις αναγνώστες μου θα παραξενευθούν επειδή χρησιμοποιώ τον όρο ‘Περσία’ αντί ‘Ιράν’ στο συγκεκριμένο άρθρο, καθώς και σε πολλά άλλα άρθρα, εγκυκλοπαιδικά λήμματα, επιστημονικ΄ά άρθρα, και βιβλία δημοσιευμένα στην δεκαετία του 1980 και στις αρχές του 1990. Αυτό οφείλεται στο γεγονός ότι ο όρος αυτός είναι περισσότερο γνωστός και αγαπητός στο ελληνόφωνο αναγνωστικό κοινό, ενώ ο όρος ‘Ιράν’ ακούγεται μάλλον ξενικός. Τότε έγραφα για να πληροφορήσω και να κατατοπίσω σχετικά με θέματα ιστορικού, πνευματικού, θρησκευτικού και πολιτιστικού ενδιαφέροντος σχετιζόμενα με το Ιράν, καθώς και για υποθέσεις επιμελώς αποκρυμμένες σε όλο τον δυτικό κόσμο, όπως επίσης και για δημιουργήσω συμπάθεια προς το Ιράν εναντίον του οποίου στρέφονταν η Δυτική Ευρώπη, το σοβιετικό μπλοκ, οι ΗΠΑ, άλλες δυτικές χώρες, και τα τρισάθλια σκουπίδια των εθελόδουλων κυβερνητών του ανύπαρκτου και ανυπόστατου “αραβικού” κόσμου. Βεβαίως και τότε γνώριζα πολύ καλά ότι ο εξεπίτηδες προτιμώμενος από την μεροληπτική, αποικιοκρατική, δυτική βιβλιογραφία όρος ‘Περσία’ είναι ολότελα λαθεμένος, επειδή το Φαρς (Περσία) αποτελεί μόνον ένα μικρό τμήμα του ιστορικού Ιράν.
Several of my readers may be astounded because I use the term ‘Persia’ instead of ‘Iran’ in this article, as well as in many other articles, entries to encyclopedias, scholarly articles and books published in the 1980s and the early 1990s. This is due to the fact that this term is better known and preferred by the Greek-speaking readership, while the term ‘Iran’ sounds rather foreign to them. At the time, I was writing in order to inform and enlighten about historical, spiritual, religious and cultural topics pertaining to Iran, as well as about matters carefully hidden throughout the Western world, and in order to generate sympathy for Iran against which Western Europe, the Soviet bloc, the USA, other Western countries, and the wretched, docile and useless rulers of the non-existent “Arab” world had formed an alliance. Of course, even then, I was fully aware of the fact that the term ‘Persia’, which is intentionally supported by the biased colonial Western scholarship, is wrong; this is so because Fars (Persia) is only a small part of historical Iran.
Κοσμάς Μεγαλομμάτης, Ουροβόρος: Παγκόσμια Μυθολογία, Ελληνική Εκπαιδευτική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια, 1989
Кузьма Мегаломматис, Уроборос (свернувшийся в кольцо змей или дракон, кусающий себя за хвост): мировая мифология, Греческая педагогическая энциклопедия, 1989
Kosmas Megalommatis, Ouroboros oder Uroboros (‘Selbstverzehrer’ oder ‘Schwanzverzehrender’ / eine zusammengerollte Schlange oder ein Drache, der sich in den Schwanz beißt): Weltmythologie, Griechische Pädagogische Enzyklopädie, 1989
Kosmas Gözübüyükoğlu, Ouroboros (kendi kuyruğunu ısıran bir yılan): Dünya Mitolojisi, Yunan Pedagoji Ansiklopedisi, 1989
قزمان ميغالوماتيس، اوروبروس (دُنبخوار/مار یا اژدهایی است که دماش را میخورد): اساطیر جهانی، دایره المعارف آموزشی یونانی، 1989
Côme Megalommatis, Ouroboros (un serpent ou un dragon qui se mord la queue): Mythologie mondiale, Encyclopédie pédagogique grecque, 1989
1989 قزمان ميغالوماتيس، الأوربوروس (الثعبان أو التنين وهو يأكل ذيله.) : الأساطير العالمية، الموسوعة التربوية اليونانية،
Cosimo Megalommatis, Urobòro (chiamato anche uroburo o uroboros o ancora ouroboros / un serpente o un drago che si morde la coda, formando un cerchio senza inizio né fine): mitologia mondiale, Enciclopedia pedagogica greca, 1989
Cosimo Megalommatis, Uróboros (uróboro o ouroboro o uroboro / serpiente que se come la cola): mitología mundial, Enciclopedia pedagógica griega, 1989
Cosmas Megalommatis, Ouroboros (or Uroboros / a serpent or dragon eating its own tail): World Mythology, Greek Pedagogical Encyclopedia, 1989
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
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‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
War Criminals of Abyssinia (fake Ethiopia), Their Atrocities Exposed by Bulatovich, Envoy of Russia - 2010
1. War Criminalsof Abyssinia (fake Ethiopia),
Their Atrocities Exposedby Bulatovich,
Envoy of Russia
Dr. MuhammadShamsaddinMegalommatis
July 31, 2010
Continuing the series of articles on the insightful documentation provided by the
Russian Military Officer, Explorer, and Orthodox Monk in his books about his deeds
and excursions, observations and explorations in Abyssinia (undertaken over three
years 1896 – 1899), I herewith republish the chapter on the Abyssinian army; this part
of Bulatovich´s text is also very critical because it highlights (below in the section:
´Conduct of War´) the inhuman practices of environmental disaster spread by the
criminal robbers and inhuman soldiers of the Abyssinian state, which supported by
England and France, perpetrated the worst atrocities ever attested on African soil
and the world´s most appalling and multifaceted genocide.
This chapter testifies to the monstrous and inhuman character and nature of the
genocidal Abyssinian state; taking into consideration that the textwas not written by
an objective academic and an impartial political philosopher but by the last tsar's
envoy, who had also the task to damage the Abyssinian - English relations and
increase Russia's influence in the area whereby the tiny Abyssinian state was allowed
by France and England to expand criminally and colonially, one can realize through
the lines of the text the extent of the inhumanity and the evil deeds perpetrated by
the monsters of Abyssinia over the invaded lands. I will republish further parts of
Bulatovich's book in forthcoming articles, but herewith I make first available a
recapitulation of the earlier articles of the series.
All the Oromos, Ogadenis, Afars, Sidamas and others, who fight for their
independence, and all the neighboring countries, Somalia, Eritrea, Sudan and Egypt,
which are threatened because of the evil, eschatological dreams of Greater Ethiopia,
must study, understand and diffuse the insightful documentation available in this
book, which was published by the Russian explorer before 110 years; in and by itself
it constitutes good reason for the world to be preoccupied with the source of every
regional trouble and instability: the Amhara and Tigray (Tewahedo) Monophysitic
Abyssinians who rule tyrannically over the lands they invaded and the nations they
subjugated.
Recapitulation
2. Earlier articles of the present series can be found here:
1st Article
The Oromo Genocide Solemnly Confessed by Official Russian Explorer in Abyssinia
(Fake Ethiopia) (http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/169749)
Selected and highlighted excerpts from a book – report published by a Russian
explorer, military officer and monk, Alexander Bulatovich, who spent three years in
Abyssinia, during the last decade of the 19th century. These excerpts undeniably
testify to the Oromo genocide perpetrated by the invading Amhara and Tigray
Abyssinian armies, and have therefore to be brought to the surface of political debate
by the Oromo political and intellectual leaders at the local, regional and international
levels.
2nd Article
Russia, the Oromos, Egypt, Sudan, Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia), Somalia, Islam &
Orthodox Christianity (http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/169937)
Republishing further excerpts from Bulatovich´s book, I focused on the possible
reasons for Russia´s failure as colonial power in the region. As reasons I identified an
inherent Russian quantitative approach to the colonial process and an overall
misperception of the past and the present of Asia and Africa, which is due to the
Russian academic, intellectual and ideological acceptance of the Anglo-French
Orientalism, a bunch of disciplines elaborated by the French and the English
academia in order to mainly promote and diffuse an interpretation of data that
would suit the interests of the Anglo-French Freemasonry, namely the driving force
of the Paris and London regimes.
3rd Article
Abyssinian Colonization of Oromia, Sidama and Kaffa in Bogus Ethiopia. An Early
Witness from Russia (http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/169997)
Another, longer, excerpt from Bulatovich´s ´From Entotto to the River Baro´ which
bears witness to the evil Amhara and Tigray plans of illegal occupation of the
annexed lands and of tyrannical consolidation of the Abyssinian colonialism by
means of settlements peremptorily implemented among the subjugated nations.
4th Article
Ethiopia (Oromo) vs. Abyssinia (Amhara). Unbridgeable Ethnic, Cultural Gap
Revealed by Bulatovich
(http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/170546)
Two more excerpts that focus on the Oromo society, namely ´Galla Clothing´ and
´Galla Family Life´. The text itself proves that Bulatovich came to get most of the
details indirectly, and in this case his treatise is conditioned by the evident lack of
3. access to the original source of information. Sometimes, Bulatovich insists on a
wrong term; although he knows that the correct name of the subjugated nation is
Oromo, he keeps calling them Galla. Furthermore, Arsi becomes Arussi, and Waaqo
turns out to be Wak.
5th Article
Oromo National Identity Diametrically Opposed to Amhara Manner, Russian Officer
Bulatovich Reveals (http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/170765)
Three chapters dealing with Oromo national identity, religion and language. All the
preconceived concepts of the colonial era are herewith present,thus leading
Bulatovich to erroneous interpretations. Certainly, the Russian explorer was not a
linguist, historian or historian of religions; more importantly, academic exploration
was not the primary interest of his travel which was kind of diplomatic
reconnaissance. In fact, Bulatovich viewed the Oromos, the Sidamas, the Kaffas, the
Amharas and the other nations thathe encountered in his travel as the outcome of an
interaction occurred at his lifetime with no past! Attempting to explain the origins
and the nature of Oromo festivals like that of Borenticha, he never imagined that the
closest possible parallel could be that of the Khonsu festival in Ancient Egypt, which
took place in May and had a genuinely apotropaic character.
However, the chapter on the Oromo national character is greatly interesting because
it demolishes the Ethiopianist myth of a supposed Ethiopian nation. There isn´t and
there can´t be any Ethiopian nation other the one identified by the Ancient Greeks
and Romans as located south of Egypt, which means the AncientKushites and
Meroites of Sudan, who are the ancestors of today´s brotherly nations, the Oromos,
the Sidamas and the Arabic-speaking Sudanese.
By describing the traits of the Oromos and by clearly indicating that they are
diametrically opposed to those of the Amharas (discussed in another chapter of his
book that I will republish in a forthcoming article), Bulatoovich destroys the myth of
possible Oromo – Amhara connection and/or affinity.
No common tradition, trait, quality, attribute or interest has ever existed between
Africa´s most opposite groups: the indigenous, ancient and authentically Kushitic
Oromos and the alien, Yemenite, a-historical and incestuous Amharas.
6th Article
Revelation of the Amhara Fornication: Light on the Anti-Christian Blasphemy of
Fake Ethiopia
(http//www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/171658)
Further excerpts from the same volume of Bulatovich, providing with his description
of the Abyssinians. Reporting accurately and truthfully, Bulatovich offered the
Orthodox tsarist Russia´s top authorities a trustful portrait of the unclean and
incestuous character of the pseudo-Christian Abyssinian society.
In just few paragraphs, he revealed a well hidden reality about the abysmal reality of
4. the Abyssinian society, namely that, despite apparent faith similarities, the Amhara
Tewahedo (Monophysitic) Abyssinians are not Christians; in fact,they constitute a
desecrated society rejected by all Christian believers, because they practice a
generalized fornication which is incompatible with the Christian creed, faith and
principles.
The true barbarous identity of the Amharas is revealed in the chapter on the
Abyssinian family that Bulatovich found it necessary to elaborate and submit to the
top Russian imperial authorities. In fact, there is no family in the Amhara society
whereby an extensive fornication has been imposed by the pseudo-Christian monks.
This filthy and barbaric practice makes of the Amhara society the outcast of the
Mankind and the embodiment of the savages.
With no family, there is no Christian society. As a matter of fact, Abyssinian
eschatology is a corrupt system at the very antipodes of Christianity. Their fake Jesus
is the Antichrist mentioned in John´s Revelation, and their eschatological aspirations
about another, fake Zion in their dirty and fake Ethiopia apply to a society deprived
of marriage and forced into fornication.
It is only for the needs of the Anti-Islamic plot of the Anglo-French Freemasonry and
the Zionist movement that the Abyssinians are widely but erroneously considered as
Christians.
7th Article
Outrageous Falsehood on Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia) Rejected: Solomonic Dynasty,
Kingdom Do Not Exist
http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/171939
Further excerpts from the same volume of Bulatovich, providing with his description
of the Abyssinians. Reporting accurately and truthfully, Bulatovich offered the
Orthodox tsarist Russia´s top authorities a convincing presentation and analysis of
how and why Abyssinian nobility does not exist – which consists in a formidable
blow against the falsehood of the so-called Solomonic dynasty of Abyssinia, and
their connection to the Ancient Hebrews. In fact, there has never been any post-
Agaw Abyssinian ´Kingdom´
The Abyssinian social practice makes it impossible for a king, a dynasty, and a
royalty to truly exist. In fact, the expression "Abyssinian kingdom", referring to
practices attested after the fall the Kushitic Agaw political power, is the world´s most
obnoxious joke.
Not a single noble man, king or emperor has ever existed in the coarse and
incestuous Abyssinian society. From Yekuno Amlak (the lewd, filthy, barefoot
murderer of the last Agaw Chritian king Yetbarak) to Haile Selassie there has never
been any emperor, any king, and – more critically – any nobleman in Abyssinia.
The entire history of post-Agaw Abyssinia is a succession of uncivilized gangsters of
incestuous origin, who were peremptorily called ´noble men´, ´kings´ or ´emperors´;
they were imposed as such to all the peoples and nations that, with Anglo-French
5. permission and support, the Abyssinians invaded and subjugated.
Of course, all the subjugated nations preserved their noble character and rejected the
Amhara fallacy,fornication and barbarism. The memory of their noble past is still
alive among them. They remember that as late as the mid 19th century, the Hadiya
King rejected to meet the filthy trash that impersonated the Abyssinian "king".
Fornication, incest and prostitution are totally out of nobility and royalty.
This is something the Abyssinians will never understand.
It is essential now to explain why there cannot be any ´noble men´, ´kings´ or
´emperors´ among the Abyssinians.
Due to the absolute lack of family in the Amhara society, as I already exposed in an
earlier article (see below), there is no chance for a noblesse to come to existence.
The Abyssinian ´noble men´ are rubbish collectors called ´noble men´. Nothing more!
The Abyssinian ´kings´ are filthy barefoot beggars called ´kings´. Nothing more!
The Abyssinian ´emperors´ are dirty beasts called ´emperors´. Nothing more!
Any incestuous ruler does not make a noble man, let alone king and emperor. In
Ancient Assyria and Babylonia, these people were called "son of nobody", and this
exactly what all the anti-Christian, incestuous Abyssinian pseudo-kings have been.
And wherever there is no noblesse, there cannot be any kingdom.
The history of a country whereby incestuous rulers are shamelessly called "kings"
and/or "emperors" is not the history of a kingdom or an empire; it´s the history of an
incestuous society ruled tyrannically by barbarous and blasphemous rulers.
The history of the Abyssinian states over the past 700 years is therefore the sub-
history of an ignoble and monstrous society plunged in incest and fornication.
Abyssinia is nothing more than blasphemy and sacrilege; at a later stage, they added
genocide.
8th Article
Russian Officer Bulatovich Relates on Colonial Raids of Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia) in
Kaffa Land I
http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/172593
The entire text of Bulatovich´s first excursion from Entotto to the River Baro,
9th Article
Russian Officer Bulatovich Relates on Colonial Raids of Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia) in
Kaffa Land II
6. www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/172612
The entire text of Bulatovich´s second excursion from Entotto to the River Baro,
10th Article
The Evil, Colonial State of Abyssinia (fake Ethiopia) Exposed by Bulatovich, the
Envoy of Russia
http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/172991
Chapters on the Ethiopian System of Government, the State Government and the
Distribution of Land, the Police, the Judicial System and Procedure, the Law and
Custom, the Crimes and Punishments, and the Economic Condition of the State – the
Treasury
Ethiopia through Russian Eyes
An eye-witness account of the end of an era, 1896-98 consisting of two books by
Alexander Bulatovich
From Entotto to the River Baro (1897)
With the Armies of Menelik II (1900)
Translated by Richard Seltzer (seltzer@samizdat.com, www.samizdat.com)
From Entotto to the River Baro
http://www.samizdat.com/entotto.html
An account of a trip to the southwestern regions of the Ethiopian Empire 1896-97 by
Lieutenant of His Majesty's Life-Guard Hussar Regiment Alexander Bulatovich
Originally published in St. Petersburg, 1897,Printed by V. Kirshbaum, 204 pages
Reissued in 1971 as part of the volume With the Armies of Menelik II, edited by I. S.
Katsnelson of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the
U.S.S.R."Science" Publishing House Chief Editorial Staff of Oriental Literature
Moscow 1971, entire book 352 pages, Entotto pp. 32-156
Translated by Richard Seltzer (from the 1971 edition)
The Military 99
Almost all those who have traveled in Abyssinia and written something about it
always have given information about the military. They described the hierarchy, the
numbers, the tactics and other details. Many have admired its bravery. But isn't it
strange that none of them has touched upon the most important feature of this army?
Why is it that one person has a large army and another a small one? Perhaps because
7. one has greater means and land? No, that is only partly true. Most important here is
the soldiers and how to pay them and how to rouse them.
The Abyssinian army is the Abyssinian people with its distinctive characteristics --
independence and a critical attitude to everything. It is more developed than the rest
of the population, extremely sensitive and rather spontaneous. The soldier goes to
serve whoever suits him best, whoever is popular for his generosity, good fortune
and personality. For example, Menelik now has 60,000 of his own soldiers and Tekla
Haymanot has 5,000 in all; and formerly these numbers were the reverse.
The Abyssinian army -- this spontaneous army, seems to us, Europeans,
disorganized. But in the apparent disorganization are contained historically
developed traditions, internal discipline and a manner of conducting war.Its relation
to the European manner of conducting war can be compared to the relation of a
trained horse to one which has not yet been broken. Anyone who is somewhat
acquainted with the rules of riding can ride a trained horse. But only a good
horseman can ride one which has not been broken. The Abyssinian army requires
outstanding military leaders and, in actuality, has an excellent cadre of officers. But
let's look into it in more detail.
Numbers and Organization of the Military
The Abyssinian army consists of the following types of troops:
1) The personal regular troops of the emperor.
2) Private regular troops of individual military leaders.
3) Territorial troops assembled only in case of mobilization.
4) Irregulars.
The personal regular troops of the emperor or, as they are called, gondari constitute
the main body of the army and support of the throne. There are about 60,000 of them,
part divided in regiments of 1,000 men under the leadership of bashi, and each
regiment divided into companies (units of a hundred) and half companies.
Companies are under the leadership of a yamato alaka.
Half companies are under a yaamsa alaka. The leader of a half company appoints a
sergeant major to help him. In addition, a half company is divided into squads of five
to ten men.
The field army is divided into two parts. One half is found near the emperor, and the
other half at the borders and with separate rulers with the aim, first, of increasing
their military strength against internal and external enemies, and second, in order to
hold them well in hand.
Private regular troops of individual military leaders consist of soldiers personally
recruited by them, armed and paid by them, and serving them personally. These
troops are not broken into regiments like the personal troops of the emperor.
8. They are distributed among officers of this or that military leader, each of whom has
the right to recruit their own soldiers as well, in addition to soldiers given to them by
their senior leader. The number of troops of individual leaders is not determined by
law for each separately, but rather depends on the wealth, the popularity of the
leader, and the size of the region that provides the means for maintaining the troops.
At the present time, the largest of these is that of Ras Darga, with up to 30,000 men.
In total, there are about 90,000 of this kind of troops.
Territorial and auxiliary troops consist of owners of plots of land, which are
connected with the obligation of service in time of war. There are plots which supply
porters and others which supply warriors. The number of men supplied by each plot
of land depends on its size. These auxiliary troops are not organized in separate
detachments; but rather are distributed in units that already exist. Their total number
is between 80,000 and 100,000men.
Irregular troops consist of inhabitants who voluntarily join the army. Most of them
are Galla. Their number is very indeterminate and depends on the circumstances and
the expedition which is being undertaken.
Military Hierarchy
As we already saw, only part of the regular troops of the emperor are distributed in
thousand-man regiments. The rest of them are unequally distributed among military
leaders.
The military hierarchy is extremely involved and cannot in any way be reduced to a
table of ranks. In concept, the gradation of ranks seems to be in the following steps:
Negus negasti -- the emperor, commander-in-chief of all armies.
Negus -- king, commander of the army of his own kingdom.
Ras -- field marshal, independent commander of the army of his region or of one of
the armies of the emperor or of a negus.
Dajazmatch -- full general or lieutenant general, commander either of his own army
or of a detachment of the emperor, of a negus or of a ras.
Fitaurari -- major general, leader of either a separate army or one of the detachments
of the emperor, a negus, a ras, or a dajazmatch. Etymologically, fitaurari means "to
plunder forward," in other words, leader of the advance guard.
Kanyazmatch -- colonel, leader of a detachment.This word can be translated as
"leader of the right wing," but this is completely untrue. They are just as often on the
left wing as on the right. Zmatch means "nobleman" and kan means "right." In other
words, "nobleman of the right." Formerly, in ceremonial processions, they stood to
the right of the throne, just as the likaunts and azzajs were of the right and left sides.
Dajazmatch means "noble of the doors." They stood in front of the throne and even
farther in front of them stood the fitaurari.
Gerazmatch -- lieutenantcolonel, noble of the left, leader of a detachment of the
9. emperor, a ras, a dajazmatch, or afitaurari.
Balambaras -- commandant.Literally translated "leader where there is a fort";
corresponds to captain.
Yamato alaka -- leader of a company, captain, junior captain
Yaamsa alaka -- leader of a half company, lieutenant.
In the thousand-man regiments of the emperor, their commanders -- bashi --
correspond to kanyazmatches or colonels. These are military ranks , but in addition,
each civilian and court occupation is connected with commandover its own soldiers,
the number of which sometimes exceeds 1,000 men.
Afa negus -- "mouth of the negus," the chief justice, general procurator.
Azzaj -- court marshals or those who govern estates.
Bajeronds -- also court posts of paymasters or heads of workshops. Of all of these we
must note the likamakos -- the post of adjutant general. They constantly must be near
the emperor and have great influence. Formerly, they had the responsibility of
dressing in the clothes of the emperor in time of war. They have their own soldiers
and are comparable in importance to a dajazmatch -- commander of a detachment.
This hierarchical sequence exists only in concept. In reality, there is no such
sequence. there are fitaurari who aremuch more importantthan dajazmatches. And
the correlation of fitaurari, kanyazmatches, gerazmatches, and balambarases is
impossible to establish, even in comparison with civilian ranks. For example, an
azzaj of the emperor is more important than any dajazmatch, and a balambaras of
the emperor is more importantthan a Kanyazmatch of anyone else, and near the
emperor there are gerazmatches who are more important than fitauraris.
As I already said before, the national character does not permit any abstract limits
and regulations. They always consider the actual situation,and if a gerazmatch is
stronger and more influential than a ras then he makes use of his great importance.
Promotion in the ranks is not based on gradual succession but rather depends solely
on the will of the person doing the promoting. A private can, on the spot, be made a
ras.
Once someone has a certain rank, he cannot be demoted. He might be removed from
a post and suffer any criminal punishment, but the title stays with him forever.
Independent commanders of regions -- neguses, rases, some dajazmatches, and
fitaurari -- have the right to promote in the ranks. In this regard, each of these has the
right of promotingto all ranks up to the one that comes just before his own. In other
words, a dajazmatch can promote up to fitaurari, and a fitaurari up to Kanyazmatch.
These leaders have nagarits -- kettledrums -- as signs of independence and power.
These nagarits can be bestowed only by the emperor, a negus, or a ras. The number
10. of nagarits that the various rulers have differs greatly and depends largely on the
size of the region. The emperor has more than 40 of them. The prerogatives of power
connected with the possession of nagarits include: the right of commanding one's
own army, independent government of a region in all its relations, the right of
criminal punishments up to and including cutting off of hands, and the right of
promoting in the ranks, as noted above.
Distribution of Troops
The troops are distributed in the area of the Ethiopian empire in the following way:
On the northern borders in Tigre, the Rases Mengesha, Wali and Wagshum Wangul -
- in total about 10,000.
In Central Abyssinia, Ras Mengesha Bituaded -- 15,000.
In the northwest and west, in Gojjam,Negus Tekla Haymanot -- 5,000.
In the northwest and west, Ras Mikael in Wollo -- 4,000.
In the present-day political center of Abyssinia, in Shoa -- 30,000.
In the west and southwest in Harar and Ogaden -- 18,000.
In the south in Arussi and the far southern borders, Ras Dargi, Ras Wolda Giyorgis --
40,000.
In the near western Galla lands -- Dajazmatch Demissew, Dajazmatch Balachio,
Fitaurari Abto Giyorgis -- 17,000.
On the far southwestern border -- Dajazmatch Tesemma -- 8,000.
On the far western border, the autonomous Galla states -- Wollaga of Dajazmatch Joti
and Leka of Dajazmatch Gebra Egziabeer -- 4,000.
Thus we see that the main body is grouped around the capital of the emperor. A
large mass is in the former political center of the empire for protection from internal
disorders. The northern, northwestern and northeastern borders are occupied
comparatively weakly, and the southern, southwestern and southeastern borders are
strongest of all since in these directions the empire is expanding its conquests, from
year to year getting all the larger.
Recruiting for the Army
In peacetime, not all the soldiers of the regular army are under arms, but only the
necessary part of them. The rest take leave and live on their plots of land.
The recruiting of regular troops is based on the principle of free individual will and
personal choice. Troops are recruited voluntarily and they join the service for an
undetermined period of time. A soldier serves only as long as he wants. The age of
the recruit at the time of joining has no significance. They take men who have
11. attained some degree of manhood, but also who are not yet decrepit. The induction
itself takes place in the following manner: the person who has joined receives a gun
(this is not obligatory) and presents a guarantor -- tayaja -- who is responsible for
him in case of flight or loss of the gun. The newly recruited solider is assigned to one
of the commanders and from that moment his real service begins.
The territorial troops are recruited from those who wish to work plots of land which
are connected with obligations.
Ownership of such plots of land for the most part passes from father to son.
Irregular troops are formed from volunteers at the moment of declaration of war.
Kinds of Arms, Weapons, Equipment and Clothing
The Abyssinian field troops consist of one kind of arms -- infantry. The cavalry is
almost all irregular and does not consist of separate tactical units. The emperor
himself has artillery and several of his military leaders have some cannon, but that's
the exception.
Infantry (neftenya) is armed mainly with guns of all sorts of systems. There are
Veterli, Gra, Winchester, and Remington; and the newest systems are also seen. Each
soldier has a cartridge belt with 35-40 cartridges. The total number of guns in the
empire together with those taken in the last war amounts to 125,000. This quantity
suffices for the majority of regular troops of the emperor and private commanders.
Those who do not have guns are armed with spears.
The side arms of the infantryman are a saber in the form of a curved, double-edged
yataghan or a large straight sword. In recent times, a saber of European manufacture
is in greater use.
The defensive weaponry of the Abyssinian is a shield made of the hide of buffalo,
hippopotamus or ox. From the development of battle with firearms, shields fell into
disuse in the infantry.
The clothing of soldiers does not in any way differ from that of other citizens. Only
when he goes into battle, he winds his shamma around his waist or leaves it in camp
and puts on his shoulders a lemd -- the hide of a ram, of some wild animal, or
velvety clothing made to look like hide. The purpose of this clothing is to protect the
body from thorns. Commanders dress especially splendidly -- their horses in rich
silver gear, sabers trimmed with gold; they wear lion or velvety lemds trimmed with
gold decorations, and on their heads they distinguish themselves with lion manes.
The troops do not wear footgear. Only when they go down into low-lying, sandy
plains do they wear a kind of sandal.
Each soldier receives either a plot of land or a ration in the form of meal, mead, and
meat. In Galla lands, together with a plot of land, they are given some gabars -- serfs.
The monetary allowance is several talers a year for clothing and gifts in the form of a
mule, a horse or a donkey. In general, besides rations, each soldier costs not less than
5-7 talers a year. I personally as a witness as was distributed 50,000 talers sent by
12. Menelik to be given out to men of Gondar who were under the commandof
Dajazmatch Demissew. They received the gifts variously and not all got them. Some
received 12 talers for a mule, some 8 for a horse, and some 4 for a donkey.
It appears that the commander is responsible for entertaining his soldiers. The
emperor gives banquets twice a week (Thursdays and Sundays) for his personal
guard and all commanders who are in the capital. On importantholidays he feeds all
available soldiers, and the other commanders do likewise at their own homes.
Having given a soldier a gun and cartridges and having satisfied him with a ration
or land and salary, the commander lets the soldier himself take care of his own
equipment. This equipment is extremely diverse and depends on the prosperity of
each individual soldier.
Territorial and auxiliary troops are armed with spears, sabers, and shields. Their
clothing is the same for all. They don't receive any allowance.
Mounted troops consist of cavalrymen who voluntarily follow the army. They are
irregular and are not divided into tactical units. In addition, all commanders fight on
horseback and those of the soldiers of the field armies who have horses. The
cavalryman -- farasenya -- is armed with several light spears, a saber and a shield.
The horses are of the local breed (see above). The saddles are small, light, with front
and back arches, stirrups in the form of small rings, letting through only one large
toe. The bit is a mouthpiece with a ring instead of a chain, extremely severe. Riding is
all based on balance. All the managing of the horse is by the outward reins and by
the legs. The clothing of cavalrymen does not differ from that of others. They do not
receive any allowance.
The artillery of the emperor consists of 101 guns -- 32 former ones and 69 taken in the
last war. In the number of recently taken ones are 8 machine guns; the rest are
mountain guns. Of the former guns, three are bronze, three machine guns, and the
rest are Hotchkiss 37 millimeters. Artillerymen -- medfanya -- are selected from the
more well-developed men, primarily from those who are on the coast. The main
command over the emperor's artillery is entrusted to Likamakos Abata, a favorite of
the negus. He is assisted by Bajerond Balcha and Gerazmatch Iosif. There are six men
for each gun. They receive comparatively greater pay than others. Their dress in
normal times is the same as that of the others, but in battle they dress in red shirts,
green wide trousers and green with red turbans.
In addition to that of the emperor, the following individuals have artillery: Ras
Makonnen has four Krupp guns that were taken from Sultan Abdulakhi, Ras Dargi
has three guns, and Ras Mengesha Bituaded has six former guns and two newly
taken ones, Dajazmatch Wangul has one gun; Azzaj Wolda Tadik and Dajazmatch
Demissew each have one, and Negus Tekla Haymanot has three.
Mobilization
The mobilization of the Abyssinian army takes place very quickly, which considering
the bad roads and the fact that in peacetime most of the army is dispersed at their
homes, is especially remarkable. Mobilization, either general or private, of separate
military leaders, is announced with beating of kettle drums -- nagarits -- in squares
13. and marketplaces and at the courts of commanders of provinces. The mustering
point is designated and how much provisions each should bring with him -- and
with this all anxiety about mobilization ends. The army assembles itself at the
designated place with striking speed. I was present at one such mobilization in the
lands of Dajazmatch Demissew. No sooner did they beat the nagarits than on all
roads there stretched out an endless line of separate caravans of soldiers.
Each soldier went by himself to the mustering point.
The whole Abyssinian army can be mobilized and concentrated in one and a half to
two months.
Movement by Marching
Abyssinian soldiers, setting out on a march must take care of their own clothing. For
the most part, they take their wives, sometimes children, slaves or servants if they
have such since each soldier goes with his own transport, which greatly impedes and
slows the movement of the army.
On the march each goes there where he finds it more convenient for himself, but in
bivouac that are in groups, surrounding the tents of their commanders. Near the
enemy, the transport is left behind under escort of the rear guard -- wobo, and the
troops go in battle order, making use of either several roads or the commander-in-
chief goes by a path and the rest go in a compact mass forward, right and left,
conforming with the movement of the commander, about which they judge by the
parasol held over him.
The supply of provisions during a march inside the state consists of durgo --
products brought by local residents on order of the authorities as a gift. In enemy
country they supply themselves by pillage and only in extremity do they resort to
their own provisions.
Conduct of War
Judging by the recent campaign against the Italians and wars against Gallas, the
Abyssinians, depending on the enemy, conduct war by two different methods. In the
first case, against Europeans, the Emperor tried to keep his army assembled, and
conducted guerrilla warfare with local residents and with Italian troops of Ras Sebat
who had changed sides. Going to the bounds of a hostile tribe, all troops dividing
into small groups, lay waste the country, burning houses, taking prisoners and
livestock, and at night usually assemble in camp. The main aim of war was to take
the king or the leader of the tribe, since by this the war would end and the tribe
would be subdued. For this they set in motion both stratagems and bribery. In case
the enemy troops are concentrated, they also concentrate their troops and if the
matter turns into a battle, then it takes on the character of a series of isolated battles.
Tactics
The tactics of the Abyssinians are the tactics of outflanking and turning movements.
Reserves do not exist. All troops are brought into battle at once. Since each man tries
to get to the enemy as quickly as possible, outflanking seems to be a natural
14. consequence of this. Troops in the rear, seeing before them the whole front occupied,
catch up from the flanks.
The formation is difficult to categorize under a concept of loose or close order. It is
not close since the separate parts do not know close order, and not loose since it does
not have the form of a chain. In general, it is more or less a thick crowd of people,
adapting itself to the ground.
Management of troops up until battle is in the hands of the main commander. At the
time of attack the parasol of the commander-in-chief serves as the direction of it and
the leading subject. Each soldier goes after his direct leader, who already
independently, if he has not received special orders, is adapting to the surrounding
circumstances. The attack is usually accompanied by beating of kettledrums and
playing of horns -- malakot -- and flutes -- embilta. Troops introduced into battle go
out of the hands of their commanders.
The Activity of Separate Kinds of Arms
The infantry strives as quickly as possible to meet the enemy at the distance of a near
rifle shot. Then they seek cover, adapt to the ground, and open fire. As soon as the
opponent begins to waver, they throw themselves into the attack with sidearms and
tirelessly pursue the enemy who has turned in flight. In case the attack does not
succeed or having learned of the death of their leader, his soldiers leave the battle
and, mourning the leader, carry away his body or run. In the latter case, running is
not considered a disgrace. Infantry prefers closed and rugged terrain for battle.
A cavalry battle is a battle of isolated riders who, having picked for themselves a
place that is convenient for racing, in full career ride up to their opponent and throw
spears at him.
In case of confusion in the infantry or of flight, the cavalry merges with them. A
battle of cavalry against cavalry consists of a whole series of isolated mounted
encounters that occur in one place. The cavalrymen ride up to the enemy and throw
spears at them, then sharply turn back and ride away. Several cavalrymen rush in
pursuit of those who had attacked, but already new cavalrymen from the other side
fly to the rescue. In this way, the battle continues until some, having felt the moral
and numerical superiority of the opponent, are forced to run, and then others follow
them.
Artillery in the Battle of Adowa was formed all together as a battery. The emperor
was well satisfied with its activity. It fired frequent shots. By our understanding, it
leaves much to be desired. In the recent battle, it had rather a moral significance.
Action with side arms and firearms differs greatly from ours.
When firing from canons, they badly adapt to the gun sight and aiming of shrapnel.
From rifles, they always shoot with a constantsight, changing the gun sight only
depending on distance.
With saber, they always cut from the right down to the left, and saber wounds are
less serious than they would be with skillful chopping. Their ability to wield a spear
15. is striking, especially the ability of cavalrymen. Cavalrymen can throw a spearat full
gallop for 150-300 paces.
Military Spirit
The spirit of the Abyssinian army is extremely high, and to each individual soldier
his purpose is clear -- to kill his opponent.
They do not make for themselves any illusions on this account and do not consider it
necessary to adorn this fact in any way. He knows that waris murder, and he goes to
it with joy. In addition, war for an Abyssinian is a pleasant pastime, a source of
income, a means to gratify ambition, to show one's valor and to receive well-known
honors.100
Murder is raised to a cult. Each man keeps track of the number of men he has killed
in war and for each one killed has the right to braid his hair and grease it for a year.
On the return of a hero, he is met with songs and dances, and accompanied by his
friends he goes to his leader where with enthusiasm he tells about the victory.
The main psychological difference between their army and European ones consists in
the fact that war as they understand it seems more active. The Abyssinian soldier
goes to kill. In the soul of the majority of Europeans, there is rather a feeling of
preparedness for self-sacrifice than a desire to personally kill an opponent.
The whole spirit of the army is formed in agreement with this. For the weaker to run
is not considered a disgrace but rather good sense. At first, an attack is extremely
energetic; but, once repelled, they rarely return. Incidents of heroic self-sacrifice by
entire units, to the best of my knowledge, simply don't appear in the annals of their
military history.
They adore battle and go to it with joy. They are brave and, although hot-tempered,
are quick-witted in battle and know how to use the terrain and circumstances. Their
youngest leaders and the majority of the soldiers understand the situation. In
addition, this army has extremely great endurance. They content themselves with a
very small quantity of food, and endure cold, heat, and long marches extremely well.
But this army requires good leaders. The leader who does not enjoy the faith and
respect of his subordinates cannot lead them into battle. In the opposite case, soldiers
are in the highest degree devoted to him, even to the detriment of the general
concept. In battle each soldier fights not for the general concept, but for himself and
his direct commander and repeats only the war cry of that commander.101 There is
no patriotic pan-Ethiopian concept, but there is the concept of "ashker" -- servant of
someone or other.
Discipline and Subordination
As regards discipline and subordination, they have the one and the other, but in a
unique way that is not similar to ours. They have a constant, conscientious and
critical relationship to everyone, and they do not obey their commander if he orders
them to do something that in their opinion is not appropriate.
Beginning with the most junior and up to the highest, the commander is the
16. spokesperson of the general will of individual persons and rarely is in a position to
oppose that will, except perhaps only if he has such real exceptional moral strength
as Menelik II.
But as much as the opinion is erroneous that the Abyssinian army is ideally
organized and disciplined, so too it would be untrue to consider it an undisciplined
horde. Although it is organized on the basis of personal will and therefore only he
who wants to serves and serves whom he wants, this does not have an effect on the
total number of the army, since militarism is the characteristic of their national spirit,
and only the particular grouping of separate commanders changes. Although in their
army one can note the rudiments of "praetorianism," in the form in which they are,
they do not represent a danger for the empire.
Although in form their army seems undisciplined, this is more than made up for by
their quick wits and understanding of the situation, and one can dare to say that
their military order is that ideal of personal initiative and ability to adapt to the
circumstances for which European armies strive. The lack of training is made up for
by their upbringing and by historical traditions. Training in the European manner
would be for them at the present time extremely out of place, since as they say "to
teach the learned man only corrupts him."
Notes
Footnotes are written by the author indicated with the initial block letter as per
below:
B: = Bulatovich, author
K: = Katsnelson, editor of the Russian reprint
S: = Seltzer, translator
99 K: Regarding the organization of the army in Ethiopia at the turn of the century,
see: K. Arnoldi, Military sketches of Ethiopia [Voennye ocherki Abissinii], St.
Petersburg, 1908 (the author often cites the books of A.K. Bulatovich).
100 B: Rewards for military distinction include advancement in the ranks and
outward signs of distinction: gold trim on the saber, gold miters on the head, lemds
made of the hide of a lion and velvety with gold decorations; horses and mules with
rich trappings.
101 B: In battle the Abyssinians yell entire recitatives, in a hoarse, shrill voice,
passionately. For instance: "Koretcha Farda! Aba Sanchayo! Enye Zaraf! Enye Geday!
Enye Yaba Danya Lydzh! Anchi man nesh? Enye Yaaba Danya Ashker! Enye Gabro
Mariam!" In translation this would be: "Horse of the hero! Killer! I am a robber! I am
a killer! I am the child of Aba Danyi -- 'Father of Justice' (the name of Menelik's
horse). Who are you? I am the servant of Aba Danya! I am Gebra Maryam (the name
of the person talking)."
Note
17. Picture: The Katamarsha of Kaffa (chief spokesperson of the High Council, which
was the highest Court of Law in the Kaffa Kingdom)
From:
http://www.samizdat.com/bulatovichphotos/illustrations/Katamarsha%20of%20K
affa.jpg