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War, Citizenship, and Masculinity
Dr. Amy J. Rutenberg
Associate Professor of History
Iowa State University
arutenbe@iastate.edu
Point 1: War and gender
are mutually constitutive
Ideals of gender,
including both masculinity and femininity,
shape war and are shaped by war
Jan van der
Straet,
The Discovery of
America, 1575
Point 2: Modern Americans
are usually pretty familiar
with martial masculinity
The idea that war is inherently masculine, and, in fact,
it builds men by fostering strength, toughness,
independence, heroism, virility, etc.
Udo J. Keppler, Puck, July 13, 1898
Postcard, American Soldiers, early 20th Century
The War of 1898
Herbert Paus, ca. 1918
Richard Babcock, 1917
World War I
McClelland Barclay, 1942
Navy Recruiting Bureau
Tom Woodburn, 1943
World War II
The Vietnam War
Point 3: Martial
masculinity is often used
to shore up domestic
masculinity
Johnson, Riddle & Co., Ltd
Parliamentary Recruiting Committee, [1915]
Point 4: In the
Modern US, martial
masculinity is deeply
connected to
concepts of
citizenship
Think about how we define “deserving”
Why can military
service fast track US
citizenship?
Why do soldiers
receive benefits that
other Americans do
not?
Why do military
benefits accrue to
whole families?
How have minoritized
people used veteran
status to argue for
equal rights?
How has veteran
status been used to
legitimate political
stances?
Point 5: But US
citizenship has
never been
predicated on
military service
The Militia Act of 1792 was
closest but also riddled
with loopholes
“The Battle of
Lexington, April 19,
1775,” by Amos
Doolittle, 1775
Point 6:
Martial
masculinity
is complex,
varies by
group, and
changes
over time
Point 7: Martial masculinity is not
the only masculinity available,
even in wartime
Harold Gauer,
“Photo of the
Group in
Costume: Result
of the Draft.”
Photo courtesy of the
Wisconsin Historical
Society
Emory Douglas,
1969
Baez sisters,
1968
Point 8: Even the federal government
does not always privilege martial
masculinity in wartime
Ex. Selective Service deferments
during the Cold War defined men
in certain civilian occupations
and breadwinning fatherhood as
performing national service on
par with military service
In other words, to the Selective
Service, domestic forms of
masculinity were just as
important (if not more
important) than martial
masculinity
Bomb Shelter,
Photo courtesy of the
Minnesota Historical Society
Selected Cold
War Draft
Classifications
• I-A – Available for military service
• I-O/I-A-O – Conscientious Objector
classifications
• I-Y – Unqualified for military service except
in national emergency
• II-A – Deferred for non-agricultural
occupation
• II-C – Deferred for agricultural occupation
• II-S – Deferred as student for higher
education
• III-A – Deferred for dependency or hardship
• IV-F – Rejected for military service for
physical, mental, or moral reasons
Kruchshev and Nixon,
Kitchen Debate,
Moscow, 1959
Gordon Parks, “The
Fontanelles at the
Poverty Board,”
1967
Meanwhile, a
whole different
set of policies
targeted poor
white men and all
men of color for
military service.
(Project 100,000
was 40% Black.)
Their purpose
was to
“rehabilitate”
supposedly
subpar men so
they could be
better
breadwinners
(i.e. real men)
after discharge.
Thank you!
arutenbe@iastate.edu

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War, Citizenship, & Masculinity (Amy Rutenberg)

  • 1. War, Citizenship, and Masculinity Dr. Amy J. Rutenberg Associate Professor of History Iowa State University arutenbe@iastate.edu
  • 2. Point 1: War and gender are mutually constitutive Ideals of gender, including both masculinity and femininity, shape war and are shaped by war
  • 3. Jan van der Straet, The Discovery of America, 1575
  • 4. Point 2: Modern Americans are usually pretty familiar with martial masculinity The idea that war is inherently masculine, and, in fact, it builds men by fostering strength, toughness, independence, heroism, virility, etc.
  • 5. Udo J. Keppler, Puck, July 13, 1898 Postcard, American Soldiers, early 20th Century The War of 1898
  • 6. Herbert Paus, ca. 1918 Richard Babcock, 1917 World War I
  • 7. McClelland Barclay, 1942 Navy Recruiting Bureau Tom Woodburn, 1943 World War II
  • 9. Point 3: Martial masculinity is often used to shore up domestic masculinity Johnson, Riddle & Co., Ltd Parliamentary Recruiting Committee, [1915]
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12. Point 4: In the Modern US, martial masculinity is deeply connected to concepts of citizenship
  • 13. Think about how we define “deserving” Why can military service fast track US citizenship? Why do soldiers receive benefits that other Americans do not? Why do military benefits accrue to whole families? How have minoritized people used veteran status to argue for equal rights? How has veteran status been used to legitimate political stances?
  • 14. Point 5: But US citizenship has never been predicated on military service The Militia Act of 1792 was closest but also riddled with loopholes “The Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775,” by Amos Doolittle, 1775
  • 15. Point 6: Martial masculinity is complex, varies by group, and changes over time
  • 16. Point 7: Martial masculinity is not the only masculinity available, even in wartime
  • 17. Harold Gauer, “Photo of the Group in Costume: Result of the Draft.” Photo courtesy of the Wisconsin Historical Society
  • 19. Point 8: Even the federal government does not always privilege martial masculinity in wartime
  • 20. Ex. Selective Service deferments during the Cold War defined men in certain civilian occupations and breadwinning fatherhood as performing national service on par with military service In other words, to the Selective Service, domestic forms of masculinity were just as important (if not more important) than martial masculinity Bomb Shelter, Photo courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society
  • 21. Selected Cold War Draft Classifications • I-A – Available for military service • I-O/I-A-O – Conscientious Objector classifications • I-Y – Unqualified for military service except in national emergency • II-A – Deferred for non-agricultural occupation • II-C – Deferred for agricultural occupation • II-S – Deferred as student for higher education • III-A – Deferred for dependency or hardship • IV-F – Rejected for military service for physical, mental, or moral reasons
  • 22. Kruchshev and Nixon, Kitchen Debate, Moscow, 1959
  • 23.
  • 24. Gordon Parks, “The Fontanelles at the Poverty Board,” 1967 Meanwhile, a whole different set of policies targeted poor white men and all men of color for military service. (Project 100,000 was 40% Black.) Their purpose was to “rehabilitate” supposedly subpar men so they could be better breadwinners (i.e. real men) after discharge.