Bu sunum; Gazi Üniversitesi İleri Teknolojiler ABD, Yrd.Doç.Dr. CEREN OKTAR 'ın sorumluluğunda olan" Yeni Nesil Polimerik Malzemeler ve Endüstriyel Uygulama Alanları" adlı derste sunmuş olduğum İletken Polimerler ve önemli bir iletken polimer olan Politiyofeni detaylı bir şekilde anlatmaktadır.
This document provides an introduction to polymers. It discusses that polymers are formed through polymerization reactions where small monomer units join together to create large polymer molecules. There are two main types of polymerization - addition and condensation polymerization. Polymers can be classified as homopolymers, formed from one monomer, or copolymers, formed from multiple monomers. The document also discusses important polymer properties like glass transition temperature, molecular weight, types of polymers including thermoplastics and thermosets, and basic mechanical properties.
A copolymer is a polymer formed from two or more different monomer types linked in the same polymer chain, unlike a homopolymer made of only one monomer. There are several types of copolymers including alternating, block, random, and graft copolymers. Copolymers are made to combine desirable properties from different monomers into a single material. Examples include styrene-butadiene random copolymer and polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymer.
Conducting polymers can conduct electricity when carbon atoms in the polymer backbone are linked by double bonds. Common conducting polymers include polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polythiophene. They are prepared through various synthesis methods and their conductivity is affected by factors like mobility, doping, and temperature. Potential applications of conducting polymers include corrosion protection, solar cells, medical uses, and more. While doped polymers are conductors, conjugate polymers are semiconductors. Conducting polymers offer opportunities to replace metals in various devices due to properties like mechanical flexibility and low cost.
This document outlines how plastics can become conductive through a process called doping. It discusses that polymers are normally insulating but certain polymers like polyacetylene can conduct electricity when doped. Doping involves introducing charges into the polymer through oxidation or reduction. This leaves holes that allow electrons to move along the polymer chain. Factors that affect conductivity include the number of charge carriers, their mobility, temperature, and presence of doping materials. Applications of conductive plastics include uses in electronics, solar cells, LEDs, electromagnetic shielding, and smart windows.
There are two primary types of isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism. Structural isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas due to different arrangements of atoms. Stereoisomerism arises when compounds have the same chemical formula but different orientations of atoms in three-dimensional space. The two main types of stereoisomerism are configurational isomerism, which includes cis-trans (geometric) isomers and optical isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images called enantiomers.
It's about Conducting Polymers their history and the latest discovery in the field with their application. And the future scope of the conducting Polymer. Here you will find all in one place.
This document provides an introduction to polymer science, including definitions of key terms like polymer, monomer, oligomer, and degree of polymerization. It discusses various classifications of polymers such as by origin, monomer composition (homopolymer, copolymer), chain structure, configuration, and thermal behavior. Mechanisms of polymerization including step-growth and chain-growth are introduced. Physical properties of polymers related to their structure like crystallinity, glass transition temperature, and elastomers are also covered.
Design and Testing of Magneto Rheological Damper for Vehicle SuspensionNagesh NARASIMHA PRASAD
This document describes the design and testing of a magneto-rheological damper for vehicle suspension. It begins with an introduction to suspension systems and defines the problem of conventional passive suspension. The objectives are then outlined as designing an MR damper to improve ride comfort and stability. Details are provided on MR fluids, literature reviews on previous MR damper designs, and the project methodology. The damper is modeled and parameters such as dimensions and materials are selected. The damper is manufactured using various machining processes and tested on a compression testing machine while supplying different currents. Test results show the damper's force increases with current, demonstrating the variable viscosity provided by the MR effect. The conclusions determine the damper's performance met objectives
This document discusses the definition of quasicrystals. It argues that quasicrystals should not be defined by requiring forbidden symmetry, but simply as quasiperiodic crystals. Quasicrystals have long-range order without periodicity, producing discrete diffraction patterns. Experimentally observed quasicrystals display various symmetries, including some like cubic that are allowed in periodic crystals. The definition of crystal includes any solid with discrete diffraction, not requiring periodicity. Therefore, all quasiperiodic crystals observed to date should be considered quasicrystals regardless of symmetry.
This document discusses polymerization reactions and polymer classification. It begins by defining monomers and polymers, and explaining that polymerization is the chemical reaction where monomers join together via covalent bonds to form polymers. Polymers are classified as homopolymers, copolymers, or by their chain structure. The two main types of polymerization reactions are step-growth and chain-growth polymerization. Step-growth includes condensation polymerization while chain-growth includes addition polymerization. The document provides examples of common polymers formed by different reaction types and ends by discussing applications of polymeric materials.
This document discusses the conducting polymer polyaniline. It provides an outline that covers an introduction to polymers, types of polymers, conducting polymers such as polyaniline, synthesis of polyaniline, properties of polyaniline nanowires, and applications. Polyaniline nanowires are a type of one-dimensional conducting polymer nanowire that can be used as an active layer in chemical sensors. They can be synthesized via chemical or electrochemical polymerization of aniline monomers. Potential applications of polyaniline nanowires and conducting polymers include uses in transistors, LEDs, solar cells, displays, and electromagnetic shielding.
It consists classification of polymerization techniques. What is bulk polymerization, how will the reaction proceed, and what are the advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Similarly, what is solution polymerization and how it will be carried out, what are the advantages, disadvantages, and applications behind it everything is explained in detail. Some of the related questions are also included for practice. All the contents taken from different websites and books are also mentioned.
Bu sunum; Gazi Üniversitesi İleri Teknolojiler ABD, Yrd.Doç.Dr. CEREN OKTAR 'ın sorumluluğunda olan" Yeni Nesil Polimerik Malzemeler ve Endüstriyel Uygulama Alanları" adlı derste sunmuş olduğum İletken Polimerler ve önemli bir iletken polimer olan Politiyofeni detaylı bir şekilde anlatmaktadır.
This document provides an introduction to polymers. It discusses that polymers are formed through polymerization reactions where small monomer units join together to create large polymer molecules. There are two main types of polymerization - addition and condensation polymerization. Polymers can be classified as homopolymers, formed from one monomer, or copolymers, formed from multiple monomers. The document also discusses important polymer properties like glass transition temperature, molecular weight, types of polymers including thermoplastics and thermosets, and basic mechanical properties.
A copolymer is a polymer formed from two or more different monomer types linked in the same polymer chain, unlike a homopolymer made of only one monomer. There are several types of copolymers including alternating, block, random, and graft copolymers. Copolymers are made to combine desirable properties from different monomers into a single material. Examples include styrene-butadiene random copolymer and polystyrene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymer.
Conducting polymers can conduct electricity when carbon atoms in the polymer backbone are linked by double bonds. Common conducting polymers include polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polythiophene. They are prepared through various synthesis methods and their conductivity is affected by factors like mobility, doping, and temperature. Potential applications of conducting polymers include corrosion protection, solar cells, medical uses, and more. While doped polymers are conductors, conjugate polymers are semiconductors. Conducting polymers offer opportunities to replace metals in various devices due to properties like mechanical flexibility and low cost.
This document outlines how plastics can become conductive through a process called doping. It discusses that polymers are normally insulating but certain polymers like polyacetylene can conduct electricity when doped. Doping involves introducing charges into the polymer through oxidation or reduction. This leaves holes that allow electrons to move along the polymer chain. Factors that affect conductivity include the number of charge carriers, their mobility, temperature, and presence of doping materials. Applications of conductive plastics include uses in electronics, solar cells, LEDs, electromagnetic shielding, and smart windows.
There are two primary types of isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism. Structural isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas due to different arrangements of atoms. Stereoisomerism arises when compounds have the same chemical formula but different orientations of atoms in three-dimensional space. The two main types of stereoisomerism are configurational isomerism, which includes cis-trans (geometric) isomers and optical isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images called enantiomers.
It's about Conducting Polymers their history and the latest discovery in the field with their application. And the future scope of the conducting Polymer. Here you will find all in one place.
This document provides an introduction to polymer science, including definitions of key terms like polymer, monomer, oligomer, and degree of polymerization. It discusses various classifications of polymers such as by origin, monomer composition (homopolymer, copolymer), chain structure, configuration, and thermal behavior. Mechanisms of polymerization including step-growth and chain-growth are introduced. Physical properties of polymers related to their structure like crystallinity, glass transition temperature, and elastomers are also covered.
Design and Testing of Magneto Rheological Damper for Vehicle SuspensionNagesh NARASIMHA PRASAD
This document describes the design and testing of a magneto-rheological damper for vehicle suspension. It begins with an introduction to suspension systems and defines the problem of conventional passive suspension. The objectives are then outlined as designing an MR damper to improve ride comfort and stability. Details are provided on MR fluids, literature reviews on previous MR damper designs, and the project methodology. The damper is modeled and parameters such as dimensions and materials are selected. The damper is manufactured using various machining processes and tested on a compression testing machine while supplying different currents. Test results show the damper's force increases with current, demonstrating the variable viscosity provided by the MR effect. The conclusions determine the damper's performance met objectives
This document discusses the definition of quasicrystals. It argues that quasicrystals should not be defined by requiring forbidden symmetry, but simply as quasiperiodic crystals. Quasicrystals have long-range order without periodicity, producing discrete diffraction patterns. Experimentally observed quasicrystals display various symmetries, including some like cubic that are allowed in periodic crystals. The definition of crystal includes any solid with discrete diffraction, not requiring periodicity. Therefore, all quasiperiodic crystals observed to date should be considered quasicrystals regardless of symmetry.
This document discusses polymerization reactions and polymer classification. It begins by defining monomers and polymers, and explaining that polymerization is the chemical reaction where monomers join together via covalent bonds to form polymers. Polymers are classified as homopolymers, copolymers, or by their chain structure. The two main types of polymerization reactions are step-growth and chain-growth polymerization. Step-growth includes condensation polymerization while chain-growth includes addition polymerization. The document provides examples of common polymers formed by different reaction types and ends by discussing applications of polymeric materials.
This document discusses the conducting polymer polyaniline. It provides an outline that covers an introduction to polymers, types of polymers, conducting polymers such as polyaniline, synthesis of polyaniline, properties of polyaniline nanowires, and applications. Polyaniline nanowires are a type of one-dimensional conducting polymer nanowire that can be used as an active layer in chemical sensors. They can be synthesized via chemical or electrochemical polymerization of aniline monomers. Potential applications of polyaniline nanowires and conducting polymers include uses in transistors, LEDs, solar cells, displays, and electromagnetic shielding.
It consists classification of polymerization techniques. What is bulk polymerization, how will the reaction proceed, and what are the advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Similarly, what is solution polymerization and how it will be carried out, what are the advantages, disadvantages, and applications behind it everything is explained in detail. Some of the related questions are also included for practice. All the contents taken from different websites and books are also mentioned.
1. Właściwości
polimerów, reologia
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
Podstawy Chemii Polimerów –
seminarium
dr Małgorzata M. Zaitz
malgorzata@zaitz.eu
2. Reologia
Nauka opisująca odkształcenia (plastyczna deformacja,
płynięcie) ciał pod wpływem naprężeo.
Obejmuje analityczny opis ruchów jednych elementów
ciała względem innych na poziomie zarówno makro-
(makroreologia) jak i mikroskopowym (mikroreologia).
Odkształceniom mogą ulegad:
- ciała stałe
- ciecze
- gazy
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
3. zachowanie lepkie - plastelina
zachowanie sprężyste – piłka
gumowa
Reologia
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
4. ODKSZTAŁCENIE
Odkształcenie sprężyste, odwracalne, zanika po
ustaniu działania sił zewnętrznych
Energia – magazynowana i odzyskiwana w czasie powrotu
Odkształcenie niesprężyste, nieodwracalne,
nie zanika po ustaniu sił zewnętrznych
Energia – ulega rozproszeniu i zamianie na energię cieplną
Przepływ, zachowanie lepkie, odkształcenie
nieodwracalne, którego stopieo wzrasta ciągle z upływem
czasu, pod działaniem sił o określonej wartości
Energia – ulega rozproszeniu
Reologia
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
5. Charakterystyczne temperatury
przemian w polimerach
Tg – temperatura zeszklenia
Tp – temperatura płynięcia
Tm – temperatura topnienia fazy
krystalicznej
Tkruch – temperatura kruchości
Tr – temperatura rozkładu
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
6. Stany mechaniczne
w polimerach amorficznych
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
7. odpowiedź na bodziec
zewnętrzny w zależnośd
od czasu relaksacji
A stan szklisty-kruchy
B stan szklisty-lepkosprężysty
(wymuszonej sprężystości)
C stan wysokiej elastyczności
(kauczukopodobny)
D stan lepko-płynny
(upłynnienia)
E stan płynny
Stany mechaniczne
w polimerach amorficznych
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
8. Stan sprężysty kruchy – pod
obciążeniem mechanicznym.
T ≤ Tkruch
Brak możliwości pojawiania się giętkości
makrocząsteczki. Drgania pojedynczych
atomów i grup. Wielkośd dopuszczalnych
odkształceo 2% - 5%
Stany mechaniczne
w polimerach amorficznych
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
9. Stan sprężysty z wymuszoną
elastycznością (lepkosprężysty).
Tkruch ≤ T ≤ Tg
Jedynie drgania atomów i ich grup mimo
wszystko pod wypływem obciążenia
zewnętrznego wartośd energii cieplnej może byd
na tyle duża że pojawią się odkształcenia
wysokoelastyczne
i plastyczne.
Stany mechaniczne
w polimerach amorficznych
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
10. Stan elastyczny (wysokoelastyczny).
Tg ≤ T ≤ Tp (Tr)
Mery i segmenty makrocząsteczek dokonują
nieustannych bardzo licznych zmian konformacji,
nawet pod niewielkim naprężeniem.
Makrocząsteczki są bardzo giętkie, dominują
odkształcenia wysokoelastyczne 100% - 1000%.
Stany mechaniczne
w polimerach amorficznych
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
11. Stan plastyczny
Tp ≤ T
Siły oddziaływao międzycząsteczkowaych
i wewnątrzcząsteczkowych są znikomo małe.
Nie tylko mery i segmenty, ale całe
makrocząsteczki są bardzo labilne i nawet pod
znikomym obciążeniem przemieszczają się
względem siebie.
Stany mechaniczne
w polimerach amorficznych
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
12. Stany szklisty → stan plastyczny
pęknięcia, rysy,
skazy
pęknięcie
próbki
dla polimerów w stanie
szklistym T < Tg
polimer twardy i kruchy
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
13. dla polimerów w stanie
szklistym z wymuszoną
elastycznością T < Tg
polimer miękki i kruchy
formowanie się małego
przewężenia pęknięcie
próbki
Stany szklisty → stan plastyczny
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
14. dla polimerów
w stanie elastycznym
T ≈ Tg
polimer miękki
i elastyczny
pęknięcie
próbki
Stany szklisty → stan plastyczny
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
15. dla polimerów
w stanie plastycznym T > Tg
polimer plastyczny
pęknięcie
próbki
Stany szklisty → stan plastyczny
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
23. KOLOR PŁOMIENIA
CZY PALI SIĘ SAMO
CZY SIĘ KOPCI
CZY TRZESZCZY
CZY SIĘ TOPI, SPALA itd
ZAPACH
pH
Laboratorium
22/24 kwietnia 2013 r. – Wydział Chemii UJ – Podstawy Chemii Polimerów – seminarium
