Vision academy classes bcs_bca_bba_sybba_php

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Classes For BCA/BCS/BBA(CA)/MCS/MCA/MCS/BE(ANY)
PHP
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What is PHP?
• PHP means " Hypertext Preprocessor"
• PHP is cross platform ,HTML embedded & server side web scripting language
cross platform=> PHP runs on many operating system such as windows,UNIX etc.
HTML embedded=>It can take a standard HTML page, drop in some PHP whenever
need & end up with a dynamic result.
Server Side=>PHP run on server such as apache,IIS etc
web scripting language=>It is used to write web script, not stand alone application.(PHP
programs are executed through web server)
Feature of PHP
• PHP can generate dynamic page content
• PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)
• It is open source.
• PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.)
• PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side
• PHP code can written in a procedure or object oriented manner.
• PHP supports a wide range of databases
1.Lexical Structure
The lexical structure of a programming language is the set of basic rules that governs how you
write programs in that language. It is the lowest-level syntax of the language and specifies such
things as what variable names look like, what characters are used for comments, and how
program statements are separated from each other.
Basic PHP Syntax
<?php
// PHP code goes here
?>
e.g
<html>
<body>

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<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>
</body>
</html>
It can insert HTML tag in PHP
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo "<b>Hello World!</b>";
?>
</body>
</html>
Comments in PHP
<?php
// This is a single-line comment
# This is also a single-line comment
/*
This is a multiple-lines comment block
that spans over multiple
lines
*/
?>
In PHP, all keywords (e.g. if, else, while, echo, etc.), classes, functions, and user-defined
functions are NOT case-sensitive. But variables are case sensitive
PHP variable
Rules for PHP variables:
• A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable
• A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character

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• A variable name cannot start with a number
• A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9,
and _ )
• Variable names are case-sensitive
<?php
$txt = "Hello world!";
$x = 5;
$y = 10.5;
echo "String is $txt";
echo "Integer is $x";
echo "float is $y";
?>
Data type in PHP
• Integers: are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195.
• float: are floating-point numbers, like 3.14159 or 49.1.
• Booleans: have only two possible values either true or false.
• NULL: is a special type that only has one value: NULL.
• Strings: are sequences of characters, like 'PHP supports string operations.'
• Arrays: are named and indexed collections of other values.
• Objects: are instances of programmer-defined classes,
• Resources: are special variables that hold references to resources external to PHP (such
as database connections, image).
PHP Constant
A constant is an identifier (name) for a simple value. The value cannot be changed during the
script.
A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore (no $ sign before the constant name).
To create a constant, use the define() function.
Syntax
define(name, value, case-insensitive)
Where
• name: Specifies the name of the constant

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• value: Specifies the value of the constant
• case-insensitive: Specifies whether the constant name should be case-insensitive. Default
is false
<?php
define("PI", 3.14);
echo PI;
?>
Variables variable
It can reference the value of variable whose name is stored in another variable
<?php
$a='hello';
$$a='world';
echo $a;
echo $$a;
?>
o/p
hello
world
Type Juggling
PHP does not require (or support) explicit type definition in variable declaration
The conversion of value from one type to another is called casting.
This kind of implicit casting is called type juggling.
<?php
$x="9hello"-1;
echo $x;
$y="3.14 pile"*2;
echo $y;
?>
o/p
8
6.28

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Operators
1.Arithmetic Operators
Operator Name Example Result
+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y
- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y
* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y
/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y
% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x divided by $y
2.Comparison Operators
==
Equal $x == $y
Returns true if $x is equal to
$y
$x = 100;
$y = "100";
$x == $y =>true(Because
values are equal)
===
Identical $x === $y
Returns true if $x is equal to
$y, and they are of the same
type
$x = 100;
$y = "100";
$x === $y
=>false(Because types
are not same)
!=
Not equal $x != $y
Returns true if $x is not
equal to $y
$x = 100;
$y = "100";
$x != $y
=>false(Because values
are equal)

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<>
Not equal $x < > $y
equal to $y
$x = 100;
$y = "100";
$x <> $y
=>false(Because values
are equal)
!==
Not identical $x !== $y
equal to $y, or they are not
of the same type
$x = 100;
$y = "100";
$x !== $y
=>true(Because types are
not equal)
>
Greater than $x > $y
Returns true if $x is greater
than $y
<
Less than $x < $y
Returns true if $x is less
than $y
>= Greater than or
equal to
$x >= $y
Returns true if $x is greater
than or equal to $y
<= Less than or
equal to
$x <= $y
Returns true if $x is less
than or equal to $y
3.Logical operator
And And $x and $y True if both $x and $y are true
Or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y is true
Xor Xor $x xor $y
True if either $x or $y is true, but
not both
&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y are true
|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y is true
! Not !$x True if $x is not true

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4.Assignment operator
Assignment Same as... Description
x = y x = y
The left operand gets set to the value of the
expression on the right
x += y x = x + y Addition
x -= y x = x - y Subtraction
x *= y x = x * y Multiplication
x /= y x = x / y Division
x %= y x = x % y Modulus
5.Increment / Decrement Operators
Operator Name Description
++$x Pre-increment Increments $x by one, then returns $x
$x++ Post-increment Returns $x, then increments $x by one
--$x Pre-decrement Decrements $x by one, then returns $x
$x-- Post-decrement Returns $x, then decrements $x by one
6.PHP String Operators
PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.
OperatorName Example Result
. Concatenation $txt1 . $txt2
Concatenation of $txt1 and
$txt2
S $txt1 = "Hello";
$txt2 = " world!";
echo $txt1 . $txt2;how it
»O/P Hello world!

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.=
Concatenation
assignment
$txt1 .= $txt2 Appends $txt2 to $txt1
$txt1 = "Hello";
$txt2 = " world!";
echo $txt1 .= $txt2;
O/P Hello world!
Conditional Statements
1. if Statement
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true;
}
2.if...else Statement
if (condition)
{
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition is false;
}
3. if...elseif....else Statement
if (condition) {
} elseif (condition) {
} else {
code to be executed if condition is false;
}
4. switch Statement
switch (n) {
case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2:
break;
case label3:
break;
...
default:
code to be executed if n is different from
all labels;
}
Loop
1.while Loop
Syntax
while (condition is true)
2.do...while Loop
Syntax

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{
code to be executed;
}
e.g
<?php
$x = 1;
while($x <= 3)
{
echo "The number is: $x <br>";
$x++;
}
?>
do
{
} while (condition is true);
e.g
<?php
$x = 1;
do {
$x++;
} while ($x <= 3);
?>
3.for Loop
Syntax
for (init counter; test counter; increment
counter)
{
}
e.g
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 3; $x++)
{
}
?>
There are two ways the browser client can send information to the web server.
• The GET Method
• The POST Method
GET POST
The GET method sends the encoded user
information appended to the page
request. The page and the encoded
he POST method transfers information via
HTTP headers.e.g
http://www.test.com/index.htm

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information are separated by the ?
character.e.g
http://www.test.com/index.htm?name1
=value1&name2=value2
It is by default method It is not by default method
The GET method is restricted to send
upto 1024 characters only.
The POST method does not have any
restriction on data size to be sent.
GET method is not used for password or
other sensitive information to be sent to
the server.
POST method is used for password or other
sensitive information to be sent to the server.
GET can't be used to send binary data to
the server.
POST can be used to send binary data to the
server.
1.$_GET
1.It is global array that collect information from HTML form.
2.It is used to accept values from an html form sent with method is
“get”.
<html>
<body>
<form method=”get”
action="http://localhost/b.php">
Enter value
<input type=text name=t1>
<input type="submit" name=b1
value=OK>
</form>
</body>
</html>
<?php
$a=$_GET['t1'];
echo $a;
?>
2.$_POST
1.It is global array that collect information from HTML form.
2.It is used to accept values from an html form sent with method is
“post”.

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<html>
<body>
<form name=”frm” method=”post”
action="http://localhost/b.php">
Enter value
<input type=text name=t1>
<input type="submit" name=b1
value=OK>
</form>
</body>
</html>
<?php
$a=$_POST['t1'];
echo $a;
?>
Retrieve form’s data from various component
<html>
<body>
<form method="POST" action="http://localhost/l1.php">
Ename:
<input type="text" name="t1">
<br>
<br>
Designation:
<input type="text" name="t2">
<br>
<br>
Department:
<select name="k">

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<option value="computer">computer</option>
<option value="electronic">electronic</option>
<option value="mathematics">mathematics</option>
</select>
<br>
<br>
Gender:
<input type="radio" name="r" value="Male">Male
<input type="radio" name="r" value="Female">Female
<br>
<br>
<input type="submit" value="submit">
<input type="reset" value="reset">
</form>
</body>
</html>
l1.php
<?php
$s1=$_POST['t1'];
$s2=$_POST['t2'];
$s3=$_POST['k'];
$s4=$_POST['r'];
echo "<br>Ename is $s1";

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echo "<br>Designation is $s2";
echo "<br>Department is $s3";
echo "<br>Gender is $s4";
?>
Functions
User Defined Functions
A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program.
A function will be executed by a call to the function
Create a User Defined Function
Syntax
function functionName()
{
}
<?php
function display()
{
echo "Hello world!";
}
display(); // call the function
?>
PHP Function Arguments
1.
<?php

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function add($a,$b)
{
$c=$a+$b;
echo "Addition is $c<br>";
}
add(2,3);
?>
Returning values
<?php
function add($a,$b)
{
$c=$a+$b;
return $c;
}
$c=add(2,3);
echo "Addition is $c";
?>
Variables Scope
PHP has three different variable scopes:
• local
• global
• static
1.Global
A variable declared outside a function has a GLOBAL SCOPE
They can be access from any part of the program.
The global keyword is used to access a global variable from within a function
<?php
$x = 5;

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$y = 10;
function add()
{
global $x, $y;
$y = $x + $y;
}
add();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>
PHP also stores all global variables in an array called $GLOBALS[index]. The index holds
the name of the variable.
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;
function add()
{
$GLOBALS['y'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];
}
}
add();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>
2.Local
A variable declared within a function has a LOCAL SCOPE and can only be accessed within
that function
<?php
function display()
{
$y=5;
echo $y;

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}
display();
?>
3.Static
A static variable retains the value between calls to a function but it is visible only within that
function
<?php
function display()
{
static $x=0;
echo $x;
$x++;
}
display ();
display ();
display ();
?>
Default Argument Value
<?php
function add($a,$b=4)
{
$c=$a+$b;
echo "Addition is $c<br>";
}
add(2);
?>
Variable-length argument lists(Variable parameter)
PHP 4 and above has support for variable-length argument lists in user-defined functions.
PHP provide 3 function

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int func_num_args ( )
Returns the number of arguments passed into the current user-defined function.
array func_get_args ( )
It return array of all parameter provided to the function.
mixed func_get_arg ( int arg_num)
It return a specific argument from the parameter.
<?php
function display()
{
for($i=0;$i<func_num_args();$i++)
{
echo func_get_arg($i);
}
}
display(1,2,3);
?>
Variable functions
PHP supports the concept of variable functions. This means that if a variable name has
parentheses appended to it, PHP will look for a function with the same name as whatever the
variable evaluates to, and will attempt to execute it.
<?php
function disp1()
{
echo "disp1 fuction <br>";
}
function disp2($arg)
{
echo "disp2 function $arg";
}

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$func = 'disp1';
$func();
$func = 'disp2';
$func("hello");
?>
Anonymous functions
PHP allows programmer to write the function without name is called anonymous.
To create anonymous function create_function is used
Syntax
string create_function ( string $args , string $code )
<?php
$newfunc = create_function('$a,$b', 'return ($a + $b);');
echo $newfunc(2, 3);
?>
String
A string type can be specified in 3 different ways:
1 single quoted
2 double quoted
3 heredoc
1 Single quoted String
PHP support the strings to be enclosed in single quotes.Single quoted string do not interpolate
variables.The variables name in the string is not expanded except escape sequence character.
<?php

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$a=5;
echo 'Value is $a';
?>
o/p
value is $a
2.Double quoted string
Double quoted strings interpolate variables and expand the many PHP escape sequences.
<?php
$a=5;
echo “Value is $a”;
?>
o/p
value is 5
Escaped characters
Sequence Meaning
n linefeed
r carriage return
t horizontal tab
v vertical tab
f form feed
backslash
$ dollar sign
" double-quote
[0-7]
the sequence of characters matching the regular expression is a character in octal
notation
x[0-9A-Fa-
f]
the sequence of characters matching the regular expression is a character in
hexadecimal notation
3. using heredoc
Single quoted & double quoted string allow strings in single line.
To write multiline strings into the program a heredoc is used.

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The <<< identifier is used in PHP,to tell the language that the string is written with heredoc.
<?php
$a= <<< ed
It is php
It is server script
ed;
echo $a;
?>
Printing String
1. echo
The echo() allow to print many strings.
Syntax
echo(strings)
<?php
$str1="Hello world!";
$str2="What a nice day!";
echo $str1 . " " . $str2;
?>
2.print
The print() allow to print one or more strings.
Syntax
print(strings)
<?php
$str1="Hello world!";

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$str2="What a nice day!";
print $str1 . " " . $str2;
?>
Note:The print() function is slightly slower than echo().
3.printf
The printf() function outputs a formatted string.
It is similar to printf() function in c Language.
%d - Signed decimal number (negative, zero or positive)
%f - Floating-point number (local settings aware)
%s - String
Syntax
printf(format,arg1,arg2 ,argn)
<?php
$name="amol";
$age=18;
printf("name is %s",$name);
printf("age is %d",$age);
?>
4.print_r
The print_r() debugging function
used to print human-readable information about a variable.
Syntax
Return value print_r(expression)
Where
Expression=>The expression to be printed

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Return value=>To capture the output in a variable, parameter should set TRUE. Default value is
FALSE.
<?php
$name="amol";
print_r($name);
?>
o/p
amol
<?php
$a = array(“name”=>”amol”,”class”=>”ty”);
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
Array ( [name] => amol [class] => ty )
5.var_dump()
The var_dump()debugging function is used
to display structured information (type and value) about one or more variables
Syntax
var_dump(variable1);
<?php
$a=4;
$b=1.5;
var_dump($a);
var_dump($b);
?>
o/p
int 4
float 1.5
<?php
$a = array('name'=>'amol','class'=>'ty');

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var_dump($a);
?>
o/p
array
'name' => string 'amol' (length=4)
'class' => string 'ty' (length=2)
Difference var_dump & print_r
1.The var_dump() function displays structured information (type and value) about one or more
variables.
2.The print_r() function displays human-readable information about a variable.
3.print_r function loops infinitely while var_dump cuts off after visiting the same element three
times
Array in php
Array: An array is a data structure that stores one or more similar type of values in a single
value.
1.Single dimension array
PHP array type
1.Indexed array - An array with a numeric index. Values are stored and accessed in linear
fashion.index always start with 0
Index Array

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<?php
$a = array(1,2,3);
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
Array ( [0] => 1 [1] => 2 [2] => 3 )
2.Associative Array:An array with a string index(key)
Associative Array
<?php
$a = array("rollno"=>"1",
"name"=>"amol", "class"=>"ty");
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
Array ( [rollno] => 1 [name] =>
amol [class] => ty)
Traversing Array in php
1 Using foreach loop
Syntax
foreach ($array as $value)
{
// code
}
Numeric index array Associative array
<?php
$colors = array("red", "green", "blue",
"yellow");
foreach ($colors as $value)
<?php
$a = array("rollno"=>"1", "name"=>"amol",
"class"=>"ty");

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{
echo "$value <br>";
}
?>
o/p
red
green
yellow
foreach($a as $x => $val)
{
echo "Key=" . $x ;
echo " Value=".$val;
echo "<br>";
}
?>
o/p
Key=rollno Value=1
Key=name Value=amol
Key=class Value=ty
2.Multidimensional Arrays
A multidimensional array is an array containing one or more arrays.
2.Associative Array
<?php
$a=array(
array("rollno"=>"1", "name"=>"amol",
"class"=>"ty"),
array("rollno"=>"2", "name"=>"amit",
"class"=>"ty"),
);
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
Array ( [0] => Array ( [rollno] => 1 [name] =>
amol [class] => ty ) [1] => Array ( [rollno] => 2
[name] => amit [class] => ty ) )
1.Index Array
<?php
$a=array(array(1,2),array(33,22));
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
Array ( [0] => Array ( [0] => 1 [1] => 2 )
[1] => Array ( [0] => 33 [1] => 22 ) )

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Using iterator function
1.current():Returns the element currently pointed by the iterstor
2.next():Moves the iterator to the next element in the array & return it.
3.prev():Moves the iterator to the previous element in the array & return it.
4.reset():Moves the iterator to the first element in the array & return it.
5.end():Moves the iterator to the end element in the array & return it.
<?php
$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");
echo "<br> current element".current($colors);
echo "<br> next element".next($colors);
echo "<br> prevous element".prev($colors);
echo "<br> reset element".reset($colors);
echo "<br> end element".end($colors);
?>
Sorting Array
1.Sort 2.rsort 3.asort
The sort() function sorts an
indexed array in ascending
order.
<?php
$a=array(4,6,2,);
sort($a);
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
Array ( [0] => 2 [1] => 4 [2]
=> 6 )
The rsort() function sorts an
indexed array in descending
order.
<?php
$a=array(4,6,2);
rsort($a);
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
Array ( [0] => 6 [1] => 4 [2]
=> 2 )
Sort an associative array in
ascending order, according to
the value
<?php
$a=array("amol"=>"16","ami
t"=>"13");
asort($a);
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
Array ( [amit] => 13 [amol]
=> 16 )
4.ksort 5.arsort 6.krsort

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ascending order, according to
the key
<?php
t"=>"16");
ksort($a);
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
=> 13 )
descending order, according
to the value
<?php
t"=>"14");
arsort($a);
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
=> 11 )
descending order, according
to the key
<?php
t"=>"16");
krsort($a);
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
Array ( [amol] => 13 [amit]
=> 16 )
Converting between array &variables
Creating array from a array Creating array from variable
1.extract 2.Compact
This function atomically creates
local variable from a array
Syntax
extract(arrayname)
<?php
$a = array("rollno"=>"1",
"name"=>"amol", "class"=>"ty");
extract($a);
echo $rollno;
echo $name;
echo $class;
?>
o/p 1 amol ty
It Create an array from variables
Syntax
compact(var1,var2...)
<?php
$rollno = 1;
$name = "amol";
$a = compact("rollno","name");
print_r($a)
?>
o/p
Array ( [rollno] => 1 [name] => amol )
Adding & Removing array function
1.Array_push() 2.Array_pop()
The array_push() function inserts one
or more elements to the end of an
array.
Syntax
array_push(array,value1,value2...)
<?php
$a=array("red");
The array_pop() function deletes the last element of
an array.
Syntax
array_pop(array)
<?php
$a=array("red","yellow");
array_pop($a);

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array_push($a,"yellow");
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
Array ( [0] => red [1] => yellow )
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
Array ( [0] => red )
3.array_shift() 4.array_splice()
The array_shift() function removes the
first element from an array, and returns
the value of the removed element
Syntax
array_shift(array)
<?php
$a=array("a"=>"red","b"=>"green","c"
=>"blue");
echo array_shift($a);
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
red
Array ( [b] => green [c] => blue )
It removes selected elements from an array and
replaces it with new elements. The function also
returns an array with the removed elements.
Syntax
array_splice(array,start,length,array)
<?php
$a1=array("a"=>"red","b"=>"green","c"=>"blue","d
"=>"yellow");
$a2=array("a"=>"purple","b"=>"orange");
array_splice($a1,0,2,$a2);
print_r($a1);
?>
o/p
Array ( [0] => purple [1] => orange [c] => blue [d]
=> yellow )
5.Array_flip() 6.shuffle
The array_flip() function
flips/exchanges all keys with their
associated values in an array
Syntax
array_flip(array);
<?php
$a1=array("a"=>"red","b"=>"green");
The shuffle() function randomizes the order of the
elements in the array.
Syntax
shuffle(array)
<?php
$my_array = array("a"=>"red","b"=>"green");

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$result=array_flip($a1);
print_r($result);
?>
o/p
Array ( [red] => a [green] => b )
shuffle($my_array);
print_r($my_array);
?>
o/p
Array ( [0] => green [1] => red )
7.count 8.array_merge
The count() function returns the
number of elements in an array
<?php
$cars=array("green","red");
echo count($cars);
?>
o/p
2
The array_merge() function merges one or more
arrays into one array.
Syntax
array_merge(array1,array2,array3...)
<?php
$a1=array("red","green");
$a2=array("blue","yellow");
print_r(array_merge($a1,$a2));
?>
o/p
Array ( [0] => red [1] => green [2] => blue [3] =>
yellow )
9.array_intersect 10 array_diff
The array_intersect() function
compares the values of two (or more)
arrays, and returns the matches.
Syntax
array_intersect(array1,array2,array3...
);
<?php
$a1=array("red","yellow");
print_r(array_intersect($a1,$a2));
?>
Array ( [1] => yellow )
The array_diff() function compares the values of
two (or more) arrays, and returns the differences.
Syntax
array_diff(array1,array2,array3...);
<?php
$a1=array("red","yellow");
print_r(array_diff($a1,$a2));
?>
o/p
Array ( [0] => red )
12 array_unshift
The array_unshift() function inserts new elements to an array. The new array values will be
inserted in the beginning of the array.
Syntax

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array_unshift(array,value1,value2,value3...)
<?php
$a=array("red","green");
array_unshift($a,"blue");
print_r($a);
?>
o/p
Array ( [0] => blue [1] => red [2] => green )
COMPARING FUNCTION
1.EXACT COMPRISION
1.strcmp()
Compare two strings (case-sensitive) & This
function returns following result:
• 0 - if the two strings are equal
• <0 - if string1 is less than string2
• >0 - if string1 is greater than string2
Syntax
strcmp(string1,string2);
<?php
echo strcmp("Hello","Hello");
?>
o/p 0
2. strcasecmp()
The strcasecmp() function compares two
strings but case-insensitive & return below
result
Syntax
strcasecmp(string1,string2);
<?php
echo strcmp("Hello","hello");
?>
o/p
0
3. strncmp()
The strncmp() function compares two strings
& This function returns following result:
Syntax
4.strncasecmp()
String comparison of the first n characters
(case-insensitive) insensitive & return below
result

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2. APPROXIMATE EQUALITY
1.soundex()
2.metaphone()
This function see whether two strings are
approximate equal in their pronunciation.
metaphone() is more accurate than
soundex(), because metaphone() knows the
basic rules of English pronunciation
syntax
soundex(string)
metaphone(string)
<?php
$v1=”no”;
$v2=”know”;
If(soundex($v1)==soundex($v2))
echo “$v1 sound $v2 using soundex”;
else
echo “$v1 not sound $v2 using soundex”;
echo "<br>";
If(metaphone ($v1)== metaphone ($v2))
echo “$v1 sound $v2 using metapone”;
else
echo “$v1 not sound $v2 using metaphone”;
?>
o/p
strncmp(string1,string2,length)
<?php
echo strncmp("Hello","Hello",2);
?>
o/p
1
Syntax
strncasecmp(string1,string2,length)
<?php
echo strncasecmp("Hello world!","hello
earth!",6);
?>
o/p
0

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4.levenshtein()
This function calculates the similarity of two string based on how many characters must be
added, substituted or remove to make them the same.
Syntax
levenshtein(string1,string2,insert,replace,delete)
Parameter Description
string1 Required. First string to compare
string2 Required. Second string to compare
Insert Optional. The cost of inserting a character.
Replace Optional. The cost of replacing a character.
Delete Optional. The cost of deleting a character.
Return Value: Returns the Levenshtein distance between the two argument strings or -1
<?php
$c=levenshtein("sun","son");
echo $c;
?>
o/p
1
3.Manipulating & Searching String
1.substr() 2.substr_count()
The substr() function returns a part of a
string
Syntax
substr(string,start,length)
The substr_count() function counts the number of
times a substring occurs in a string.
Syntax
substr_count(string,substring,start,length)

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ParameterDescription
string
Required. Specifies the string
to return a part of
start
Required. Specifies where to
start in the string
length
Optional. Specifies the length
of the returned string. Default
is to the end of the string.
<?php
$c=substr("hello world",3);
echo $c;
?>
o/p
lo world
ParameterDescription
String Required. Specifies the string to check
substring
Required. Specifies the string to search
for
Start
Optional. Specifies where in string to
start searching
Length
Optional. Specifies the length of the
search
Return
Value:
Returns the the number of times the
substring occurs in the string
<?php
$str="That is php is";
echo substr_count($str,"is");
?>
o/p
2
3.substr_replace()
The substr_replace() function replaces a part of a string with another string.
Syntax
substr_replace(string,replacement,start,length)
String Required. Specifies the string to check
replacement Required. Specifies the string to insert
Start Required. Specifies where to start replacing in the string
Length
Optional. Specifies how many characters should be replaced. Default is the
same length as the string.
Return Value: Returns the replaced string.
<?php
echo substr_replace("Hello world","earth",6);
?>
o/p

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Maintaining State
Http protocol is stateless so that it doesn’t maintain state.
To maintain state in 3 ways
1 Cookies
2 Session
Cookies
• A cookie is often used to identify a user. A cookie is a small file
that the server embeds on the user's computer.
Each time the same computer requests a page with a browser, it will send the cookie too.
• Cookies are simple text.
• Cookies are stored on the client’s machine(web browser) but not on server.
• A URL is stored with each cookie and it is used by the browser to determine whether it
should sent the cookie to the web server or not.
• A cookie is created with the setcookie() function.
Syntax
setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain, secure);
Name Required. Specifies the name of the cookie
Value Optional. Specifies the value of the cookie
Expire
Optional. Specifies when the cookie expires.
The value: time()+86400*30, will set the cookie to expire in 30 days. If this
parameter is omitted or set to 0, the cookie will expire at the end of the
session (when the browser closes). Default is 0
Path
Optional. This specifies the directories for which cookie is valid. / allowed
the cookie to be valid for all directories and files on the web server. If set to
"/php/", the cookie will only be available within the php directory and all
sub-directories of php. The default value is the current directory that the
cookie is being set in
Domain
Optional. Specifies the domain name of the cookie. To make the cookie
available on all subdomains of example.com, set domain to "example.com".
Setting it to www.example.com will make the cookie only available in the
www subdomain

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Secure
Optional. Specifies whether or not the cookie should only be transmitted
over a secure HTTPS connection. TRUE indicates that the cookie will only
be set if a secure connection exists. Default is FALSE
• To retrieve cookie value using $_COOKIE[] global array
Eg
$_COOKIE[“username”]
• Delete a Cookie using setcookie function
Eg
setcookie(“bca”,””);
<?php
if(!isset($_COOKIE[“bca”]))
{
setcookie(“bca”, “sy”, time() + (86400 * 30), "/");
}
else
{
echo "Value is: " . $_COOKIE[“bca”];
}
?>
Advantage of Cookie
1.Cookie are used for authenticating, tracking & mainting specific information about user.
Disadvantage of Cookie
1.Cookies ONLY persist until browser closes UNLESS it specify expirey date.
2.It can’t have more than 20 cookies.
Session
• A session is a way to store information (in variables) to be used across multiple pages.

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• A session creates a file in a temporary directory on the server where registered session
variables and their values are stored. This data will be available to all pages on the site
during that visit.
Session_start()
• Before storing user information in php session is to be started using session_start()
function.
• This must be at the very beginning of the code before any HTML or text is sent.
• This function checks if a session is already started and if no, then it starts.
• Session variables are stored in an associative global array called as $_SESSION[].
• Syntax
session_start();
session_id()
• When a session is created a unique session ID is created.
• Session work by creating a Unique Identification Number(UID) for each visitor & storing
variables based on this ID.
• Session identifier is known as session id(SID)
• E.g echo session_id()
Session variables
Use $_SESSION[] associative array for storing and retrieving of session data
• To set value using session
<?php
session_start();
$_SESSION["course"] = "bca";
$_SESSION["subj"] = "php";
echo "Session variables are set.";
echo $_SESSION["course"] ;
echo $_SESSION["subj"];
?>
• To remove all global session variables and destroy the session, use session_unset()
and session_destroy()
Session Cookie

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Session are more secure because the data is
retained on the server
Cookies are easier to program
It store data in server IT stored data in client
Session allow for more data to be stored It required less
Used to maintain state throughout your web
application
Used to retrieve small pieces of information

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Databases
1.Use a Database –specific extension.
This done by following steps.
1. Create a connection to MySQL Database.
2. Create a database (can be done in MySql)
3. Create a table(Can be done in MySql)
4. Execute Query(Select or any other)
5. Display Result in an HTML Table.
6. Close the connection.
1.Open the Connection.
Before we can access data in a database, it must create a connection to database.
This is done by mysql_connect() function.
Syntax
mysql_connect(servername,username,password)
servername: Optional. Specifies the server to connect to (can also include a port number. e.g.
"hostname:port" or a path to a local socket for the localhost). Default value is "localhost:3306"
username: Optional. Specifies the username to log in with.
Password:Optional. Specifies the password to log in with. Default is ""
e.g

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<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","mysql_user","mysql_pwd");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
// some code
mysql_close($con);
?>
2.Close Connection
The mysql_close() function closes a MySQL connection.
This function returns TRUE on success, or FALSE on failure.
Syntax
mysql_close(connection)
connection: Optional. Specifies the MySQL connection to close.
If not specified, the last connection opened by mysql_connect() is used.
3. mysql_select_db()
The mysql_select_db() function sets the active MySQL database.This function returns TRUE on
success, or FALSE on failure.
Syntax
mysql_select_db(database,connection)
4.Execute Query
The mysql_query() function executes a query on a MySQL database.This function returns the
query handle for SELECT queries, TRUE/FALSE for other queries, or FALSE on failure.

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Syntax
mysql_query(query,connection)
Query: Required.
Specifies the SQL query to send
(should not end with a semicolon).
Connection: Optional.
Specifies the MySQL connection.
If not specified, the last connection opened by mysql_connect() .
Eg1
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost",”root","");
if (!$con)
{
}
$db = mysql_select_db("bca ", $con);
if (!$db)
{
die (" Error in test_db : " . mysql_error());
}
$sql = "SELECT * FROM student";
$result=mysql_query($sql,$con);
// some code
mysql_close($con);
?>
Eg2

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Create a new database with the mysql_query() function:
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE my_db";
if (mysql_query($sql,$con))
{
echo "Database my_db created";
}
else
{
echo "Error creating database: " . mysql_error();
}
?>
Eg3
To create table
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
$db = mysql_select_db("bca", $con);
if (!$db)
{
die (" Error in test_db : " . mysql_error());
}
$sql=”create table student (sno int primary key,name varchar(20),per float)”;
if (mysql_query($sql,$con))
{
echo " Table created";
}
else

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{
echo "Error creating in table: " . mysql_error();
}
?>
5.Accessing Row in Resultset
1.mysql_fetch_array()
The mysql_fetch_array() function returns a row from a recordset as an associative array and/or a
numeric array.
Syntax
mysql_fetch_array(data,array_type)
Data: Required. Specifies which data pointer to use. The data pointer is the result from the
mysql_query() function
Array_type: Optional. Specifies what kind of array to return.
Possible values:
• MYSQL_ASSOC - Associative array
• MYSQL_NUM - Numeric array
• MYSQL_BOTH - Default. Both associative and numeric array
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","root","");
if (!$con)
{
}
$db = mysql_select_db("bca",$con);

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$sql = "SELECT * from student";
$result = mysql_query($sql,$con);
print_r(mysql_fetch_array($result,MYSQL_NUM));
mysql_close($con);
?>
2.mysql_result()
The mysql_result() function returns the value of a field in a recordset.
This function returns the field value on success, or FALSE on failure.
Syntax
mysql_result(data,row,field)
Data: Required. Specifies which result handle to use.
Row: Required. Specifies which row number to get. Row numbers start at 0
Field: Optional. Specifies which field to get. Can be field offset, field name or table.fieldname. If
this parameter is not defined mysql_result() gets the first field from the specified row
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost", "root", "");
if (!$con)
{
}
echo mysql_result($result,0,0);

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mysql_close($con);
?>
3.To get number of rows in Result.
mysql_num_rows()
The mysql_num_rows() function returns the number of rows in a recordset.
This function returns FALSE on failure.
Syntax
mysql_num_rows(data)
Data: Required. Specifies which data pointer to use. The data pointer is the result from the
mysql_query() function
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
$sql = "SELECT * FROM student";
echo mysql_num_rows($result);
mysql_close($con);
?>
4. To get number of affected rows in Result.

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mysql_affected_rows()
The mysql_affected_rows() function returns the number of affected rows in the previous MySQL
operation.
This function returns the number of affected rows on success, or -1 if the last operation failed.
Syntax
mysql_affected_rows(connection)
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost",”root","");
if (!$con)
{
die("Could not connect: " . mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("bca");
mysql_query("DELETE FROM student WHERE rollno <3");
$rc = mysql_affected_rows();
echo "Records deleted: " . $rc;
mysql_close($con);
?>
RELATIONAL DATABASE AND SQL.
• Execute DDL statements
It can execute create,drop alter statements.
• Execute DML statements
1.Using select statements
<?php
if (!$con)
{

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}
$db= mysql_select_db("bca",$con);
if (!$db)
{
die('Error in selected database: ' . mysql_error());
}
$i=0;
$numrow = mysql_numrows($result);
While($i< $numrow)
{
echo mysql_result($result,$i,0);
$i++;
}
mysql_close($con);
?>
2.Using insert statements
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
$db= mysql_select_db("bca", $con);
if (!$db)
{
}
$s1=666;
$s2="anil";
$s3=77.44;

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$sql = "insert into student values($s1,'$s2',$s3)";
mysql_query($sql,$con) or die("insert failed");
echo "insert successfully";
mysql_close($con);
?>
3.Using update statements
<?php
if (!$con)
{
}
if (!$db)
{
}
$s1=666;
$s2="hhh";
$sql = "update student set sname='$s2' where rollno=$s1";
mysql_query($sql,$con) or die("update failed");
Echo "update successfully";
mysql_close($con);
?>
3.Using delete statements
<?php
if (!$con)
{

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}
if (!$db)
{
}
$s1=666;
$sql = "delete from student where sno=$s1";
mysql_query($sql,$con) or die("delete failed");
Echo "delete successfully";
mysql_close($con);
?>
Sending Email
<?php
$to = "bcs@gmail.com";
$subject = "My subject";
$txt = "Hello world!";
$headers = "From: visionacademy@gmail.com" ;
mail($to,$subject,$txt,$headers) or die(“failed email”);
?>
For Details Visit:
VISION ACADEMYSince 2005
Prof. Sachin Sir(MCS in Scientific Computing From ISSC,UOP,SET)
Classes For
BCS/BCA/BBA(CA)BE(COMP/IT)/Diploma/MCA/MCS/BBA/MBA
(Comp/Maths/Stats/Acc/Project Guidance)
9822506209/9823037693
http://www.visionacademe.com
Branch1:Nr SM Joshi Clg, Malwadi Rd Hadapsar(Nr Avirat Classes)
Branch2:Nr AM Clg,Allahabad Bank,Aditya Gold Society Mahadevnager

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