Marriage in the Indian society has been considered as a religious bond or sacrament since the Vedic period. With the ever-changing society and human psychology, the concept of marriage and relationship has also evolved. Live in relationship is one of such concept adopted by numerous couples around the world. The live- in-relationship‟ is a living arrangement in which two people cohabit outside marriage without any legal obligations towards each other”. This form of relationship has become an alternate to marriage in metropolitan cities where individual freedom is the top priority and nobody wants to get involved into the typical responsibilities of a married life. Many people imagine that living together before marriage is like taking a car for a test drive.
This document discusses marriage and living relationships in India. It begins by explaining that marriage has traditionally been considered sacred in Indian society but the concept has evolved over time with changing social norms. It defines marriage and live-in relationships, noting that live-in relationships involve cohabitation without legal obligations. The document discusses issues around the acceptance of live-in relationships in Indian society and whether laws should be reformed to regulate them. It outlines some key court judgments that have recognized live-in relationships and children born from them.
Live in relationship in India and laws relating to live in coupleShilpa Rathod
- Live-in relationships are increasing in popularity in India, especially in metropolitan areas, though they lack the commitment of marriage.
- Reasons for live-in relationships include economic advantages of shared living expenses, less complicated dissolution than divorce, and not having to deal with emotional issues that marriage involves.
- Indian law does not have clear legislation on live-in relationships but courts have recognized some rights, though their rulings are inconsistent. Live-in relationships threaten the institution of marriage and Indian cultural values.
The document discusses perspectives on live-in relationships from India and other countries around the world. In India, live-in relationships are recognized and protected under domestic violence laws, though children are not entitled to inheritance rights. Other countries like Scotland, France, Canada and Australia also recognize cohabitating couples legally to various degrees, providing rights around property, taxation, child custody and maintenance. Laws governing live-in relationships continue to evolve internationally as social acceptance of such unions grows.
This document discusses the concept of stridhana or a woman's property under Hindu law. It defines stridhana and explains the different rights women have over stridhana based on their marital status - unmarried, married, or widowed. The sources and types of stridhana are outlined. Key cases related to stridhana received through various means like inheritance, gift, partition are mentioned. The document also discusses the rights of daughters over coparcenary property under the Hindu Succession Act and its amendments. Lastly, it provides the rules of female Hindu intestate succession and concludes by reflecting on understanding the concept of stridhana.
The Karta is the manager and head of a Hindu undivided family (HUF). The Karta can be male or female, and has the power to make decisions regarding the family business, properties, finances, and legal matters. The Karta is responsible for the general welfare of the family and managing the family's interests. A daughter can now become the Karta if she is the eldest member of the family, based on a recent court ruling establishing gender equality in Hindu succession rights and family management.
The document discusses the concept of alienation of joint family property under Hindu law. It defines alienation as the transfer of property and describes the various modes of voluntary and involuntary alienation. It explains the instances where the Karta (head of family) has the power to alienate joint family property for legal necessity or benefit of the estate. These include situations like repayment of family debts, maintenance of family members, necessary litigation expenses. The document outlines the parties that can challenge an alienation and states that the alienation can be challenged if the Karta exceeded his powers in alienating the property.
PPT comprises of detailed position of personal and general law on Maintenance, with the specifications as to who are the claimants, criteria of claim and reformation in law, by judiciary.
This document discusses marriage and living relationships in India. It begins by explaining that marriage has traditionally been considered sacred in Indian society but the concept has evolved over time with changing social norms. It defines marriage and live-in relationships, noting that live-in relationships involve cohabitation without legal obligations. The document discusses issues around the acceptance of live-in relationships in Indian society and whether laws should be reformed to regulate them. It outlines some key court judgments that have recognized live-in relationships and children born from them.
Live in relationship in India and laws relating to live in coupleShilpa Rathod
- Live-in relationships are increasing in popularity in India, especially in metropolitan areas, though they lack the commitment of marriage.
- Reasons for live-in relationships include economic advantages of shared living expenses, less complicated dissolution than divorce, and not having to deal with emotional issues that marriage involves.
- Indian law does not have clear legislation on live-in relationships but courts have recognized some rights, though their rulings are inconsistent. Live-in relationships threaten the institution of marriage and Indian cultural values.
The document discusses perspectives on live-in relationships from India and other countries around the world. In India, live-in relationships are recognized and protected under domestic violence laws, though children are not entitled to inheritance rights. Other countries like Scotland, France, Canada and Australia also recognize cohabitating couples legally to various degrees, providing rights around property, taxation, child custody and maintenance. Laws governing live-in relationships continue to evolve internationally as social acceptance of such unions grows.
This document discusses the concept of stridhana or a woman's property under Hindu law. It defines stridhana and explains the different rights women have over stridhana based on their marital status - unmarried, married, or widowed. The sources and types of stridhana are outlined. Key cases related to stridhana received through various means like inheritance, gift, partition are mentioned. The document also discusses the rights of daughters over coparcenary property under the Hindu Succession Act and its amendments. Lastly, it provides the rules of female Hindu intestate succession and concludes by reflecting on understanding the concept of stridhana.
The Karta is the manager and head of a Hindu undivided family (HUF). The Karta can be male or female, and has the power to make decisions regarding the family business, properties, finances, and legal matters. The Karta is responsible for the general welfare of the family and managing the family's interests. A daughter can now become the Karta if she is the eldest member of the family, based on a recent court ruling establishing gender equality in Hindu succession rights and family management.
The document discusses the concept of alienation of joint family property under Hindu law. It defines alienation as the transfer of property and describes the various modes of voluntary and involuntary alienation. It explains the instances where the Karta (head of family) has the power to alienate joint family property for legal necessity or benefit of the estate. These include situations like repayment of family debts, maintenance of family members, necessary litigation expenses. The document outlines the parties that can challenge an alienation and states that the alienation can be challenged if the Karta exceeded his powers in alienating the property.
PPT comprises of detailed position of personal and general law on Maintenance, with the specifications as to who are the claimants, criteria of claim and reformation in law, by judiciary.
The document discusses the debate around introducing a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in India versus retaining personal laws for different religious communities. It notes that while Article 44 of the Constitution calls for a UCC, it is currently a non-enforceable directive principle. There are arguments both for and against a UCC, relating to equality, national integration, and religious freedom. The judiciary has generally upheld personal laws but also introduced some reforms over time through progressive interpretations. Gradual reform of discriminatory aspects of personal laws, rather than an immediate uniform code, has been advocated as a way to balance these issues.
Matrimonial Remedies Under Hindu Marriage Act,1955Rashmi Dubey
This document discusses the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 and the matrimonial remedies it provides. It focuses on the remedy of restitution of conjugal rights under Section 9 of the Act. This allows an aggrieved spouse to petition the court if the other spouse withdraws from their society without reasonable excuse. The document discusses what constitutes a valid withdrawal, reasonable excuses, cases related to employment interfering with marital obligations, and that reasons must be weighed based on circumstances in modern times.
The document discusses the concept of "Stridhan" or a woman's property under Hindu law. It defines Stridhan as property over which a woman has absolute ownership. It then lists the various sources from which a woman can acquire Stridhan, such as gifts, inheritance, income from other Stridhan properties, etc. It also discusses a woman's rights over her Stridhan, including her powers of management and limited powers of alienation. Finally, it summarizes some key court cases related to a woman's rights to her Stridhan.
This document discusses divorce under Hindu marriage law in India. It begins by defining divorce as the legal process of dissolving a marriage and returning the parties to unmarried status. The main grounds for divorce under Section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act are adultery, cruelty, and desertion. Adultery is defined as sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than their spouse. Cruelty includes both physical and mental cruelty, with several examples provided such as abuse, threats, insults, and refusal to live together. Desertion is the abandonment of a spouse without reasonable cause for at least two years. The document provides details on proving the grounds for divorce and case law examples for interpreting key terms like adultery, cruelty,
The document discusses the development of the two main schools of Hindu law - the Mitakshara school and Dayabhaga school. It notes that the schools emerged from commentaries on ancient Hindu law texts (smritis) by different scholars. Over time, the commentaries incorporated local customs and practices, leading to differences between the schools. The key differences between the Mitakshara and Dayabhaga schools relate to concepts like joint family property, rights of family members, inheritance principles, and the doctrine of factum valet. However, under modern Hindu law as governed by statutes like the Hindu Succession Act, differences between the schools no longer apply.
The document discusses succession and inheritance under the Hindu Succession Act of 1956. Some key points:
- The Act provides a uniform system of inheritance for Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs. It abolishes the limited estate of Hindu women and gives them absolute rights over property.
- For intestate succession (without a will), the property of a male Hindu devolves to Class I heirs (relatives like sons/daughters) then Class II heirs like father. Failing which it goes to agnates (by blood) and then cognates.
- For females, the property devolves to sons/daughters and husband. The 2005 amendment allows daughters equal rights in
The document discusses the legal remedy of "restitution of conjugal rights" under Section 9 of the Hindu Marriage Act in India. It was introduced by the British for social reforms and allows the aggrieved spouse to petition a district court if the other spouse withdraws from the marriage without reasonable excuse. The key points covered include: the historical background of this remedy; the essential conditions for filing a petition; what constitutes reasonable withdrawal; valid defenses; the burden of proof; and consequences if the spouses do not cohabit after a decree is granted.
- Divorce involves legally dissolving a marital union and terminating the legal obligations of marriage. It requires sanction from a court and can involve issues like alimony, child custody, and property distribution.
- In India, divorce laws vary by religion but generally allow divorce on grounds like adultery, cruelty, desertion, and mutual consent. The long-term effects of divorce on children can include psychological impacts and weaker academic and financial outcomes. Adults may experience depression, health issues, and social isolation after a divorce.
- Preventing divorce requires regularly showing affection, spending quality time together, maintaining physical intimacy, resolving conflicts respectfully, and learning healthy relationship skills. Official divorce rates in India are unknown but estimated to be low
When a Hindu person dies without a will, the Hindu Succession Act of 1956 determines how their property is distributed. Property first goes to Class I heirs like a widow, mother, children, and descendants of pre-deceased children. If there are no Class I heirs, property passes to Class II heirs like fathers, siblings, and more distant relatives. In the absence of Class I and II heirs, property is distributed to agnates and then cognates, defined as male-line and female-line relatives, respectively. If there are no cognates, the property goes to the government. A Hindu woman's property follows a similar order of inheritance by her children, husband, mother, father, and their heirs.
Rights of Children Born Out of Live in Relationship by Madhuparna RayMadhuparnaRay
Children born from live-in relationships have rights to legitimacy, maintenance, property, and custody under Indian law. The Supreme Court has ruled that such children should not be considered illegitimate and are entitled to inheritance from both parents. Under the Hindu Minority Act, the father is usually considered the natural guardian, but the mother can gain custody rights if it is in the child's best interests. The law in this area remains ambiguous and reforms are needed to clearly define the rights of children from live-in relationships.
The slides discuss in detail the concept of Restitution of Conjugal Rights in Hindu, Muslim, Christian, and Parsi laws. Useful for Law Students and professionals.
The Special Marriage Act of 1954 provides a framework for marriage between two individuals in India regardless of religion. Key provisions include allowing those of sound mind over 18/21 to marry without religious restrictions, a notice and objection period overseen by a Marriage Officer, and a process for solemnizing the marriage that includes declarations and certificates. The Act also establishes grounds for void, voidable, and dissolved marriages as well as judicial separation and divorce, with succession governed by the Indian Succession Act of 1925.
This document discusses the definition of a Christian under Indian law and the requirements for a valid Christian marriage according to the Indian Christian Marriage Act of 1872. It defines a Christian as someone who professes the Christian religion. The key requirements for a valid Christian marriage are: (1) one spouse must be Christian; (2) minimum ages of 21 for groom and 18 for bride; (3) neither spouse can have a living wife/husband; and (4) the marriage must be performed by a licensed person. The document also outlines the grounds for divorce under the Indian Divorce Act of 1869, including adultery, desertion, cruelty, and incurable insanity.
The document discusses the major schools of Hindu law - Mitakshara and Dayabhaga. It explains that Mitakshara originated from the commentary of Yajnavalkya Smriti and applies across India except West Bengal and Assam, while Dayabhaga originated in the 11th century AD and applies in West Bengal and Assam. The key differences between the schools are that Mitakshara follows consanguinity in inheritance while Dayabhaga follows spiritual efficacy, and Mitakshara does not allow women to demand partition of joint family property while Dayabhaga does.
The Shah Bano case was a landmark 1985 Supreme Court case that dealt with maintenance rights for divorced Muslim women. The court ruled that Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which allows for maintenance payments to divorced women, applies to all citizens equally, including Muslim women. This overturned the common Muslim practice of only providing maintenance for the iddat period of 3 months after divorce. However, public pressure and protests led the government to pass a new law limiting maintenance only to the iddat period for Muslim women. The Supreme Court has since upheld the original Shah Bano ruling in later cases.
Definition of Law:
Law is defined as Rules of Human action. Blackstone defines law as “ It is a rule of action whether it be animate or inanimate or of nations. Thus law of motion are as much law of nature or of nations. Other jurists however restrict the meaning and scope of law only to norms necessary for regulation of human conduct. Salmond defines law as the “body of principles recognized and applied by the state in the administration of justice. Austin defines Law is the aggregate of rules set men as politically superior or sovereign to men as politically subject. Duguit defines Law as essentially and exclusively as social fact. Roscoe Pound defines law as a social institution to satisfy social wants. Another great sociological jurist is Ehrlich. He includes in his definition all the norms which govern social life within a given society.
Citizens are required to take affidavit(s) for various needs but legal understanding about the Affidavit is less. This presentation shall prepare them to be ready to take affidavit. Remember Affidavit is not as simple as making a telephone call. Follow the process.
The document discusses dowry and related Indian laws. It defines dowry as property or money given to the groom's family by the bride's family before, during or after marriage. Giving or taking dowry is illegal under the Dowry Prohibition Act. Demanding dowry is also illegal. The document outlines dowry-related offenses under section 498A for cruelty by husband or in-laws and section 304B for dowry deaths. These offenses are non-bailable, non-compoundable, and police investigate without a warrant. Executive magistrates are empowered to hold inquiries into dowry death cases.
The document argues against living in relationships for several reasons. It claims that live-in relationships destroy cultural and ethical values, are often misused just for enjoyment rather than commitment, and usually end in breakups. Additionally, live-in relationships typically result in unhappiness for women who face social stigma, and most such couples do not eventually get married. The document advocates for retaining cultural norms around marriage and not allowing live-in relationships to become a new cultural practice.
The document discusses the debate around introducing a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in India versus retaining personal laws for different religious communities. It notes that while Article 44 of the Constitution calls for a UCC, it is currently a non-enforceable directive principle. There are arguments both for and against a UCC, relating to equality, national integration, and religious freedom. The judiciary has generally upheld personal laws but also introduced some reforms over time through progressive interpretations. Gradual reform of discriminatory aspects of personal laws, rather than an immediate uniform code, has been advocated as a way to balance these issues.
Matrimonial Remedies Under Hindu Marriage Act,1955Rashmi Dubey
This document discusses the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 and the matrimonial remedies it provides. It focuses on the remedy of restitution of conjugal rights under Section 9 of the Act. This allows an aggrieved spouse to petition the court if the other spouse withdraws from their society without reasonable excuse. The document discusses what constitutes a valid withdrawal, reasonable excuses, cases related to employment interfering with marital obligations, and that reasons must be weighed based on circumstances in modern times.
The document discusses the concept of "Stridhan" or a woman's property under Hindu law. It defines Stridhan as property over which a woman has absolute ownership. It then lists the various sources from which a woman can acquire Stridhan, such as gifts, inheritance, income from other Stridhan properties, etc. It also discusses a woman's rights over her Stridhan, including her powers of management and limited powers of alienation. Finally, it summarizes some key court cases related to a woman's rights to her Stridhan.
This document discusses divorce under Hindu marriage law in India. It begins by defining divorce as the legal process of dissolving a marriage and returning the parties to unmarried status. The main grounds for divorce under Section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act are adultery, cruelty, and desertion. Adultery is defined as sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than their spouse. Cruelty includes both physical and mental cruelty, with several examples provided such as abuse, threats, insults, and refusal to live together. Desertion is the abandonment of a spouse without reasonable cause for at least two years. The document provides details on proving the grounds for divorce and case law examples for interpreting key terms like adultery, cruelty,
The document discusses the development of the two main schools of Hindu law - the Mitakshara school and Dayabhaga school. It notes that the schools emerged from commentaries on ancient Hindu law texts (smritis) by different scholars. Over time, the commentaries incorporated local customs and practices, leading to differences between the schools. The key differences between the Mitakshara and Dayabhaga schools relate to concepts like joint family property, rights of family members, inheritance principles, and the doctrine of factum valet. However, under modern Hindu law as governed by statutes like the Hindu Succession Act, differences between the schools no longer apply.
The document discusses succession and inheritance under the Hindu Succession Act of 1956. Some key points:
- The Act provides a uniform system of inheritance for Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs. It abolishes the limited estate of Hindu women and gives them absolute rights over property.
- For intestate succession (without a will), the property of a male Hindu devolves to Class I heirs (relatives like sons/daughters) then Class II heirs like father. Failing which it goes to agnates (by blood) and then cognates.
- For females, the property devolves to sons/daughters and husband. The 2005 amendment allows daughters equal rights in
The document discusses the legal remedy of "restitution of conjugal rights" under Section 9 of the Hindu Marriage Act in India. It was introduced by the British for social reforms and allows the aggrieved spouse to petition a district court if the other spouse withdraws from the marriage without reasonable excuse. The key points covered include: the historical background of this remedy; the essential conditions for filing a petition; what constitutes reasonable withdrawal; valid defenses; the burden of proof; and consequences if the spouses do not cohabit after a decree is granted.
- Divorce involves legally dissolving a marital union and terminating the legal obligations of marriage. It requires sanction from a court and can involve issues like alimony, child custody, and property distribution.
- In India, divorce laws vary by religion but generally allow divorce on grounds like adultery, cruelty, desertion, and mutual consent. The long-term effects of divorce on children can include psychological impacts and weaker academic and financial outcomes. Adults may experience depression, health issues, and social isolation after a divorce.
- Preventing divorce requires regularly showing affection, spending quality time together, maintaining physical intimacy, resolving conflicts respectfully, and learning healthy relationship skills. Official divorce rates in India are unknown but estimated to be low
When a Hindu person dies without a will, the Hindu Succession Act of 1956 determines how their property is distributed. Property first goes to Class I heirs like a widow, mother, children, and descendants of pre-deceased children. If there are no Class I heirs, property passes to Class II heirs like fathers, siblings, and more distant relatives. In the absence of Class I and II heirs, property is distributed to agnates and then cognates, defined as male-line and female-line relatives, respectively. If there are no cognates, the property goes to the government. A Hindu woman's property follows a similar order of inheritance by her children, husband, mother, father, and their heirs.
Rights of Children Born Out of Live in Relationship by Madhuparna RayMadhuparnaRay
Children born from live-in relationships have rights to legitimacy, maintenance, property, and custody under Indian law. The Supreme Court has ruled that such children should not be considered illegitimate and are entitled to inheritance from both parents. Under the Hindu Minority Act, the father is usually considered the natural guardian, but the mother can gain custody rights if it is in the child's best interests. The law in this area remains ambiguous and reforms are needed to clearly define the rights of children from live-in relationships.
The slides discuss in detail the concept of Restitution of Conjugal Rights in Hindu, Muslim, Christian, and Parsi laws. Useful for Law Students and professionals.
The Special Marriage Act of 1954 provides a framework for marriage between two individuals in India regardless of religion. Key provisions include allowing those of sound mind over 18/21 to marry without religious restrictions, a notice and objection period overseen by a Marriage Officer, and a process for solemnizing the marriage that includes declarations and certificates. The Act also establishes grounds for void, voidable, and dissolved marriages as well as judicial separation and divorce, with succession governed by the Indian Succession Act of 1925.
This document discusses the definition of a Christian under Indian law and the requirements for a valid Christian marriage according to the Indian Christian Marriage Act of 1872. It defines a Christian as someone who professes the Christian religion. The key requirements for a valid Christian marriage are: (1) one spouse must be Christian; (2) minimum ages of 21 for groom and 18 for bride; (3) neither spouse can have a living wife/husband; and (4) the marriage must be performed by a licensed person. The document also outlines the grounds for divorce under the Indian Divorce Act of 1869, including adultery, desertion, cruelty, and incurable insanity.
The document discusses the major schools of Hindu law - Mitakshara and Dayabhaga. It explains that Mitakshara originated from the commentary of Yajnavalkya Smriti and applies across India except West Bengal and Assam, while Dayabhaga originated in the 11th century AD and applies in West Bengal and Assam. The key differences between the schools are that Mitakshara follows consanguinity in inheritance while Dayabhaga follows spiritual efficacy, and Mitakshara does not allow women to demand partition of joint family property while Dayabhaga does.
The Shah Bano case was a landmark 1985 Supreme Court case that dealt with maintenance rights for divorced Muslim women. The court ruled that Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which allows for maintenance payments to divorced women, applies to all citizens equally, including Muslim women. This overturned the common Muslim practice of only providing maintenance for the iddat period of 3 months after divorce. However, public pressure and protests led the government to pass a new law limiting maintenance only to the iddat period for Muslim women. The Supreme Court has since upheld the original Shah Bano ruling in later cases.
Definition of Law:
Law is defined as Rules of Human action. Blackstone defines law as “ It is a rule of action whether it be animate or inanimate or of nations. Thus law of motion are as much law of nature or of nations. Other jurists however restrict the meaning and scope of law only to norms necessary for regulation of human conduct. Salmond defines law as the “body of principles recognized and applied by the state in the administration of justice. Austin defines Law is the aggregate of rules set men as politically superior or sovereign to men as politically subject. Duguit defines Law as essentially and exclusively as social fact. Roscoe Pound defines law as a social institution to satisfy social wants. Another great sociological jurist is Ehrlich. He includes in his definition all the norms which govern social life within a given society.
Citizens are required to take affidavit(s) for various needs but legal understanding about the Affidavit is less. This presentation shall prepare them to be ready to take affidavit. Remember Affidavit is not as simple as making a telephone call. Follow the process.
The document discusses dowry and related Indian laws. It defines dowry as property or money given to the groom's family by the bride's family before, during or after marriage. Giving or taking dowry is illegal under the Dowry Prohibition Act. Demanding dowry is also illegal. The document outlines dowry-related offenses under section 498A for cruelty by husband or in-laws and section 304B for dowry deaths. These offenses are non-bailable, non-compoundable, and police investigate without a warrant. Executive magistrates are empowered to hold inquiries into dowry death cases.
The document argues against living in relationships for several reasons. It claims that live-in relationships destroy cultural and ethical values, are often misused just for enjoyment rather than commitment, and usually end in breakups. Additionally, live-in relationships typically result in unhappiness for women who face social stigma, and most such couples do not eventually get married. The document advocates for retaining cultural norms around marriage and not allowing live-in relationships to become a new cultural practice.
Writ Petition Criminal D.NO. 2188 of 2017 entitled "OM PRAKASH & ANR VS. UNION OF INDIA & ORS" filed on 18.01.2017 Vide Diary No. 2188 against Supreme Court of India for Evading Rule of Law; Violating set practice, procedure as laid down in the Handbook of this Hon'ble Court; protecting/shielding Bad Elements of State Apparatus and offending, harassing, victimizing the Petitioner-in Person and his Senior Citizen old age Oxygen dependent mother.
This happens to be last resort under legal remedy before the COURT OF LAW for us.
The document discusses the human condition of being designed to live briefly and then die. It notes that deterioration and death are inevitable outcomes for humans according to scientific sources. However, it argues that through Jesus Christ, humans can receive the gift of immortality from God and no longer be subject to death. It outlines the steps of believing, repenting of past lives, being baptized in Jesus' name, and remaining steadfast for life in order to obtain salvation and eternal life.
What you need to know before living together, getting and engaged and tying t...Bolt Burdon
We look at the financial implication of living with a partner, getting engaged and marriage. This slide examines some of the common misconceptions and what can be done to safeguard property and assets in the event of a relationship breakdown and will provide an overview of the financial claims available to couples upon separation at different stages of the relationship.
Soccer has a long history dating back thousands of years to ancient China, Greece, and other societies that played early forms of ball games. The modern game originated in England in 1863 with the formation of the Football Association, which standardized the rules. Today soccer is the world's most popular sport, with the World Cup featuring 32 national teams competing every four years.
The document contains responses from various individuals on what equality means to them. Many of the responses emphasize being treated with equal respect, dignity, and fairness as others regardless of personal attributes such as age, race, gender, disability status, or sexual orientation. Several specifically mention having equal rights, opportunities, and access to the same life experiences as most other people in areas such as employment, marriage, housing, and social participation.
This is for a school project: My class and I visited the Museum of Disabilities, where we learned a lot. I put this presentation together, to spread the information and to also advocate for no longer using the "R-word" and to start using "people-first-language." I hope you watch this and learn a little something from it. Thanks!
The evolution of populations population geneticsStephanie Beck
This document discusses population genetics and the Hardy-Weinberg theorem. It defines key terms like population, gene pool, allele frequency, and microevolution. The Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that allele frequencies will remain constant between generations if a population is large, random mating occurs, there is no mutation, migration or natural selection. The document provides examples of how to use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate allele frequencies and genotype proportions in populations.
Disabled people were historically mistreated and hidden away from society. Discrimination against disabled people refers to treating them worse than others due to physical, sensory, cognitive, or intellectual impairments. Laws and organizations now work to promote disabled peoples' rights, independence, and inclusion. Examples are given of people who have overcome disabilities through achievements like swimming or surfing. Education options for disabled children include special schools focused on their needs, state schools that integrate them, or inclusive classrooms with supports. Questions are raised about the best school environment and societal acceptance of disabled people.
This is helpful for those who are studying environmental education. This includes what is population explosion. What are the cause and effect of population explosion and what are its control measures.
The document provides information about world population trends, including definitions of key demographic concepts. It discusses topics like population growth rates, birth and death rates, life expectancy, fertility rates, rural vs urban populations, and UN Millennium Development Goals. Data on population figures, distributions and projections for different countries and world regions are presented.
This love song describes falling deeply in love and finding meaning and purpose with another person. It expresses how this love fills one's heart and soul with special things and so much love that they are never lonely. While the duration of love cannot be measured, the narrator knows they will need this person and this love until it burns away.
The document discusses the differences between love and infatuation. Love grows slowly based on friendship, lasts a long time, involves accepting one's partner fully, and builds trust and confidence over time. In contrast, infatuation develops rapidly based on physical attraction, does not acknowledge weaknesses, causes insecurity and jealousy, and does not typically last. The document also outlines different types of love, including romantic love, sexual love, pragmatic love, and unconditional love.
This document discusses population ecology and how populations change over time. It uses the example of sea otters, kelp forests, and sea urchins to demonstrate how their populations interact. When sea otters were hunted, the sea urchin population increased and kelp decreased, but reintroducing sea otters caused the reverse effect. Population characteristics like density, growth rate, and geographic distribution are influenced by many factors and impact ecosystems. Population growth can be exponential at first but levels off into a logistic curve as resources become limited.
Presentation on human rights for disabled personmandy122
The document provides information on disability in India based on Census 2011 data. Some key points:
- There were over 26 million persons with disabilities in India, with higher numbers in rural versus urban areas.
- The Persons with Disabilities Act of 1995 protects the rights of disabled persons, including reservations in education, employment, and access to public places.
- Disabled persons in India face both environmental barriers like lack of accessibility as well as attitudinal barriers from societal stigma. Recent court cases have aimed to promote the rights of disabled individuals.
The document defines different types of pollution and their causes and effects, including air, water, land, and noise pollution. It provides introductions to each type of pollution, listing factors that contribute to them such as industries, vehicles, and construction. The effects on human health, plants, animals, and ecosystems are described. Suggestions for prevention include using public transportation, properly disposing of waste, and planting trees.
The document is a sermon about love being the essence of ministry. It discusses how love is the greatest commandment, and outlines the qualities of love according to 1 Corinthians 13:4-7 - that love is patient, kind, not jealous or boastful, and protects, trusts, hopes, and perseveres. It concludes that love is the greatest thing, greater than prophecies, tongues or knowledge, and that we love because God first loved us.
Personal Law on Marriage in India: Conditions, Solemnisation & new trends and...Ashok Wadje
The PPT comprises of following components:'
1. Nature of "Marriage", right to marry and pre & post marriage regulations
2. Conditions for Marriage & Mode of Solemnisation of Marriage in each personal law.
3. Compulsory Registration of Marriage
4. Child Marriage
5. Relationship in the nature of Marriage
The document discusses bigamy and live-in relationships under Hindu law in India. It notes that bigamy was historically accepted for Hindu men but is now illegal under the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955. However, there are loopholes that allow people in live-in relationships or those who convert religions to avoid penalties for bigamy. The document argues these loopholes should be closed as they allow married people to effectively abandon their spouses by entering live-in relationships without legal consequence.
This document provides a summary of 25 judicial rulings related to Section 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) pertaining to maintenance. Some key points from the rulings include:
1) Provisions of Section 125 CrPC should be construed liberally as it is a social welfare legislation aimed at providing speedy relief to destitute wives and children.
2) The nature of proceedings under Section 125 CrPC is civil, not criminal, and a strict burden of proof of marriage is not required.
3) Mental cruelty can be grounds for divorce or separate living if the conduct is grave and weighty.
4) A long-term live-in relationship may be presumed to be a
Men and women physical relationship and its legalities Satish Kumar
The Legal guide to know how to put a legal tie up and how to break a marriage life. Getting a partner in marriage and departure without pain. The Book is written by an Top Divorce Advocate Mr.K.P.Satish Kumar who has a vast experience in the world divorce field. His upcoming book is "60 Seconds to decide your Divorce"
Critical study of decriminalisation of Adultery in India.pptxIsha Verma
This document provides an overview and analysis of adultery laws in India. It discusses how Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code defined and punished adultery. Several court cases challenged the constitutionality of this law on grounds of gender discrimination and privacy. Most recently in 2017, the Supreme Court in Joseph Shine v. Union of India struck down Section 497, decriminalizing adultery in India and recognizing it as a civil rather than criminal offense. The court found the adultery law to be arbitrary and a violation of women's dignity and right to privacy.
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2. • Introduction
• Meaning and concept
• Origin and history
• Legal Status (rights of woman and child): Indian Perspective
• Laws in India
• Global Perspective
• Need for legislation
• Conclusion
Roadmap
3. Introduction
• India: A country of culture, religions and traditions
• Oldest, unique and richest culture of the world have some serious
threat of western culture.
• We have different types of relationships in our life but A romantic or
sexual relationship is a bit different from others.
• Marriage was the only relation between unrelated couple, which was
existed in ancient India.
• Marital obligations are the inseparable part of the marriage
• To avoid these obligations, and enjoy the benefits of cohabiting
together, the concept of live in relationship emerged.
4. Cont.
• It provides life free from responsibilities and commitments, which are
essential of a marriage.
• Persons involved in Live in Relationship:
a) Unmarried man and unmarried woman; or
b) Married man and unmarried woman; or
c) Unmarried man and married woman; or
d) Persons of same sex
• Nowadays Live in relationship is no more substitute to the marriage;
it is having its own stand in society and in law of the country
• It is not illegal in India-Clarified by Hon’ble Supreme Court through
various judgments
5. Meaning and Concept
• No legal definition
• Generally a voluntary arrangement between two adults to live
together on a permanent or long term basis in a sexually and/or
emotionally intimate relationship.
• Free from legal bonds and commitment
• Also called walk in & walk out relationship
• Alternative to marriage in metropolitan cities
• Not recognized by any statutory law in India
• Five kinds of live-in relationships were identified by the Court
in
[Indira Sarma vs VKV Sarma (2013(14)SCALE448)]
6. • Domestic relationship between an adult male and an adult female, both unmarried.
• Domestic relationship between a married man and an adult unmarried woman, entered knowingly
• Domestic relationship between an adult unmarried man and a married woman, entered
knowingly.
• Domestic relationship between an unmarried adult female and a married male, entered
Unknowingly
• Domestic relationship between same sex partners ( gay or lesbian)
Live in relationship is nothing but living together or cohabitation between two adults
that arose purely out of love and affection towards each other
7. Origin and History
• Live in relationship has deep roots in Indian history
• Premarital relationships existed both in the Vedic period
and afterwards, but was a rare occurrence-Manu
Proof of existence:
1. Gandharva Vivah : Man and a woman mutually
consent to get married. Neither involves the family of
the couple nor a particular ritual to solemnize the
marriage
2. Maitri Karar: man and a woman enter into a
friendship agreement, a legitimate contract before a
magistrate.
3. Custom in indigenous Garasia tribe
8. Legal Issues
• The absence of any social responsibility leads to some people
misusing the relationship and frequently switching the partner.
• Getting into a relationship without any commitments can be a
double edged sword.
Common legal issues:
• Status of the relationship,
• Rights and obligations of the partners and
• Status and rights of the children born out of live in relationship
9. Legal Status in India
• None of the legislation that deals with marriage or
succession, expressly extends recognition to live in
relationships.
• Laws are in the form of court verdicts which varies from case
to case.
Before independence:
Living together as husband and wife for a long term, shall be
presumed legally married unless proved contrary.
A Dinohamy v. W L Blahamy, (1928) 1 M. L. J. 388 (PC)
Mohabhat Ali vs. Mohammad Ibrahim Khan AIR 1929 PC 135
10. Post Independence:
Thakur Gokal Chand v/s. Parvin Kumari, AIR 1952 SC 231
Marriage is presumed due to long cohabitation
Badri Prasad v. Deputy Director of Consolidation 1978 AIR 1557
Supreme Court recognised the live in relationship first time and
upheld the validity of a fifty year live in relationship.
Payal Katara v. Superintendent, Nari Niketan, and Ors. AIR 2001 All
254
Live in relationship may be regarded as immoral by society, but is not
illegal.
Patel and Others 2006 (8) SCC 726
Live in relationship between two adults without marriage is not an
offence. No law which postulates that live in relationships are illegal.
11. Tulsa vs. Durghatiya 2008(4) SCC 520
Long term relationship was considered equivalent to marriage.
Lata Singh vs. State of U.P. & Anr AIR 2006 SC 2522
live-in-relationship is permissible only in unmarried major persons of
heterogeneous sex.
• If a spouse is married, the man could be guilty of adultery
• If the husband survives, the wife cannot invoke presumption of marriage
the children became illegitimate
S. Khushboo v. Kanniammal AIR 2010 SC 3196
Supreme Court gave its landmark judgment and held that there was no law
which prohibits Live-in relationship or pre-marital sex. Living together is a
right to life under Art 21
12. D.Velusamy vs. D.Patchaiammal AIR 2011 SC 479
Merely spending weekends together or One night stand is not a live in relationship
Pre-requisites for a live in relationship:
1. The couple must hold themselves out to society as being akin to spouses
2. They must be of legal age to marry
3. They must be qualified to enter into a legal marriage, including being unmarried
4. They must have voluntarily cohabited for a significant period of time.
If a man keeps women as a servant and maintains her financially and uses mainly for sexual
purposes, such relationship would not be considered as marriage in the court of law
Uday Gupta vs. Aysha and Another (Crl.) No. 3390 OF 2014
• Status of marriage to live in relationship
• An unmarried couple living together under the same roof shall be presumed married,
13. Rights of female partner in Live in Relationship
Recommendation by National commission for women to include
live in female partner for the right to maintenance under Sec 125
Cr.P.C.
Abhijit Bhikaseth Auti v.State Of Maharashtra and Others AIR
2009 (NOC) 808 (Bom)
A woman living in live-in-relationship may also claim
maintenance under Sec.125 Cr.PC.
Malimath Committee recommended to amend the word ‘wife’
under Cr.P.C. and include the woman living with the man like his
wife
Chellamma vs. Tillamma AIR 2009 SC 112
Status of wife to the female partner of live-in-relationship
14. Vidyadhari Vs Sukhrana Bai AIR 2008 SC 1420
Who have been in a live-in relationship for a reasonably long period of time can receive property in
inheritance from a live-in partner.
Koppisetti Subbharao Subramaniam vs. State of Andhra Pradesh AIR 2009 SC 2907
protected the live in female partner from harassment for dowry.
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005:
• Recognise the relationship in the nature of marriage
• Not formally married but living with a male person in a relationship,
• Akin to wife, though not equivalent to wife
Such partners can claim monetary and other reliefs in case of abuse or harassment under the Act
D.Velusamy vs D.Patchaiammal AIR 2011 SC 479
live-in relationship to come within the purview of the Domestic Violence Act (DV Act), 2005, subject to
fulfilment of some additional criterion.
15. Rights of female partner in live in
• Right to claim compensation
• Custody of child
• Complaint against male partner and his relatives
Varsha Kapoorvs UOI & Ors 146 (2008) DLT 445 (DB)
Female living in a relationship in the nature of marriage
has right to file complaint not only against husband or
male partner, but also against his relatives
16. Rights of the child born
out of Live in Relationship
For a child born out of a live-in relationship,
following rights are very important
Legitimacy
Maintenance
Property
Custody
17. Legitimacy:
Section 112 of the Indian Evidence Act-Legitimacy
S. P. S. Balasubramanyum vs. Surruttayan 1992 Supp (2) SCC 304
First landmark case in which the Supreme Court upheld the legitimacy of the children born out of live in
relationships
Radhika v. State of M.P AIR 1966 MP 134
man and woman are involved in live-in-relationship for a long period, they will be treated as a married
couple and their child would be called legitimate
Tulsa vs. Durghatiya 2008(4) SCC 520
Child born from such a relationship will no more be considered as an illegitimate child but condition is
that it should not be a “walk in and walk out” relationship,
Bharata Matha & Ors. vs.. Vijaya Renganathan & Ors AIR 2010 SC 2685
child born out of a live-in relationship may be allowed to succeed in the inheritance of
the property of the parents (if any) and subsequently be given legitimacy in the eyes of the law
18. Uday Gupta vs. Aysha and Another (Crl.) No. 3390 OF 2014
The children born out of ‘live-in’ relationships are treated to be legitimate
Property:
Vidyadhari vs. Sukhrana Bai AIR 2008 SC 1420
Granted the right of inheritance and status of legal heirs
Bharat Matha & Ors AIR 2010 SC 2685
Child born out of live in relationship may be allowed to succeed inheritance in the property of the parents,
if any, but does not have any claim as against Hindu ancestral coparcenary property.
Parayan Kandiyal Eravath Kanapravan Kalliani Amma (Smt.) & Ors. vs. K. Devi and Ors (1996) 4 SCC
Unequal treatment to legitimate and illegitimate in the eyes of law can amount to violation of Article 14
Revanasiddappa vs . Mallikarjun (2011) 11 SCC 1
No child born from a live-in relationship of a reasonable period may be denied their inheritance
19. Maintenance:
• No maintenance right to children born out of live-in relationship under the Hindu Adoptions and
Maintenance Act 1956.
• Maintenance to both legitimate and illegitimate child under Section 125 of Cr.P.C
Dimple Gupta v Rajiv Gupta AIR 2010 SC 239
Even an illegitimate child, who is born out of an illicit relationship is entitled to maintenance under Section
125 of the Cr.P.C
PV Susheela v Komalavally (2000) DMC376
The denial of providing maintenance to a child born out of a live-in relationship can also be challenged
under Article 32
Custody:
Sec. 6 Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956 father is the natural guardian of his minor legitimate
children whereas mother is given the first preference in case of illegitimate child
20. Gita Hariharan vs. Reserve Bank of India
AIR 1999, 2 SCC 228
• Both, mother and father have been
accorded equal rights over the child.
• Custody will be decided on the basis of
facts and circumstances of each case.
Several judicial pronouncements of Supreme
Court as well as High Courts held that child
born out of live in relationship are legitimate
and entitle for all legal rights like child born
out of legal marriage
21. Laws on Live in
Relationship in India
No special law in India to deal with the concept of live-in
relationships and its legality.
• Section 2(f) of the Protection of Women from Domestic
Violence Act, 2005
• Section 114, Indian Evidence Act, 1872
• Section 125 of Cr. P. C
22. Global Perspective
France: civil solidarity pacts 1999
Philippines: The Family Code (Art. 147)
Scotland: The Family Law Act, 2006 [Section 25 (2)]
USA:
• Illegal in all states before 1970
• Concept of palimony
Michelle Marvin v. Lee Marvin 18 Cal.3d 660 (1976)
After 1980
• Domestic partner registry
• Some states have common-law marriage laws
23. Canada: Section 53 (2) and 54 (1) and of Family law Act, 1990
United Kingdom:
• Live in couples do not enjoy legal sanction and status as granted to married couple
• No provisions for maintenance
• Law seeks to protect the rights of the child
• Living together agreement for unmarried couple
• Civil partnership for The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) community
Australia: The Family Law Act-de facto relationship
China: Contract made between partner, no legal procedure to end
Ireland: Legally recognised
Legislation is applicable to same sex unmarried couples, couples from opposite sexes, provided they
have been cohabitating for at least 3 years
24. Need for Legislation
• Live in relationship should be granted a legal status after a specific
period of its existence
• Enact a separate branch rather than trying to bring live-in within
• the ambit of the existing laws
• Provide all the legal rights of of maintenance, succession, inheritance
as available to married couple and their children irrespective of their
religion
• The female partner’s role to prove the burden of such relationship
should be relaxed
• Persons who enter into a live-in relationship with a living spouse
should be convicted for bigamy.
25. The Supreme Court has asked Parliament to
introduce appropriate amendments to the
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence
Act, or enact a suitable legislation so that women
and children born out of live-in relationships are
protected.
According to court, though live-in relationship has
not been accepted in India, it is neither
illegitimate nor a sin
Uday Gupta vs Ayasha and Anr
26. Conclusion
“It’s better to have a live-in relationship rather than having
a divorced life!”
• Keep away from the restrictions and responsibilities of
typical marriage.
• live-in relationship can neither replace the institution of
marriage
• A society is said to be ruined when the culture is
ignored.
• The western culture is uprooting the Indian culture.
• Neither statutory law support nor restrict such
relationship
27. • Some court verdicts have recognized such relationships and some have
done the exact opposite
• Time to clear confusion and loopholes
• Need for enactment of new law having clear provisions with regard to
the time span required to give status to the relationship, registration and
rights of parties and children born out of it.