human papilloma virus is sexually transmitted disease

1. HUMAN PAPILLOMA
VIRUS
M.S.SWETHA 1ST MSC.MICROBIOLOGY

2. Human papilloma virus

3. Structure:
 Human papilloma virus is the most common sexually
transmitted infection.
 Small,non-enveloped, Icosahedral DNA viruses that have a
diameter of 52-55nm.
 Single double stranded DNA molecule of about 8000 base pairs
that is bound to histone proteins
 A protein capsid composed of 72 pentameric capsomers
 Capsid contain two structural proteins 1 and 2-which are both
virally encoded.

4. Classification:
 The international committee on the taxonomy of
viruses (ICTV) as two separate families-
Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae.
 HPV is divided two types they are High risk HPV and
Low risk HPV
 Low risk causes Warts and high risk causes lesions or
cancer.

5. Pathogenesis:
 HPV infection is limited to Basal cells of stratified
epithelium
 The virus cannot bind to live tissue
 It infects epithelial tissues through epithelial trauma
exposes that exposes segments of the basement
membrane
 HPV virion associates with receptors such as alpha
integrins,Laminins,annexin A2.

6. HPV Causes cancer:
 Early proteins (E): E6/E7 proteins inactivate two tumor
suppressor proteins, p53 (inactivated by E6) and Retinoblastoma
(inactivated by E7) • E7 acts as the primary transforming
protein.
 E7 competes for retinoblastoma protein binding, freeing the
transcription factor E2F to transactivate its targets, thus
pushing the cell cycle forward.
 E6 in association with host E6-associated protein, which has
ubiquitin ligase activity, acts to ubiquitinate p53, leading to its
proteosomal degradation.

7. Symptoms:
 HPV may not cause symptoms at once, but they can appear
years later. Some types can lead to warts, while others can cause
cancer.
 Common symptoms of some types of HPV are warts, especially
 Genital warts - small bump, cluster of bumps, or stem-like
protrusions. They commonly affect the vulva in women, or
possibly the cervix, and the penis or scrotum in men. They may
also appear around the anus and in the groin.
 They can range in size and appearance and be large, small, flat,
or cauliflower shaped, and may be white or flesh tone.
 HPV6 and HPV11 are common causes of genital warts and
laryngeal papillomatosis.

8.  HPV include common warts, plantar, and flat warts.
 Common warts - rough, raised bumps most commonly found on
the hands, fingers, and elbows.
 Plantar warts - described as hard, grainy growths on the feet;
they most commonly appear on the heels or balls of the feet.
 Flat warts - generally affect children, adolescents, and young
adults; they appear as flat-topped, slightly raised lesions that are
darker than normal skin color and are most commonly found on
the face, neck, or areas that have been scratched.

9. Other symptoms:
 Anal dysplasia (lesions) : pre cancerous condition in anal canal
 Genital cancers
 Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (Treeman syndrome, a high
risk skin cancer)
 Focal epithelial hyperplasia (benign neoplamic condition in
mouth)
 Mouth papillomas (benign epithelial tumor)
 Oropharyngeal cancer
 Laryngeal papillomatosis (aerodigestive benign cancer)

10. Transmission
 Transmitted through intimate skin-to-skin contact.
 Having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the
virus.
 It is most commonly spread during vaginal or anal sex.
 common that nearly all men and women get it at some point in
their lives.
 It can be passed even when an infected person has no signs or
symptoms.
 It can develop symptoms years after being infected, making it
hard to know when you first became infected.

11. DIAGNOSIS:
viral diagnosis such as electron microscopy, cell culture, and
certain immunological methods are not suitable for HPV detection.
HPV cannot be cultured in cell cultures. The important methods to
diagnose HPV infection are
 Colposcopy and acetic acid test
 Biopsy
 DNAtest(PCR,SouthernBlot,Hybridization,InSituHybridization)
 Pap smear

12. Treatment
 No specific treatment for HPV infection. However warts can be
treated
 Salicylic acid. Over-the-counter treatments that contain salicylic
acid work by removing layers of a wart a little at a time.
 Imiquimod - enhance your immune system's ability to fight
HPV. Common side effects include redness and swelling at the
application site.
 Podofilox - podofilox works by destroying genital wart tissue.
Podofilox may cause pain and itching where it's applied.
 Trichloroacetic acid- This chemical treatment burns off warts on
the palms, soles and genitals. It might cause local irritation.

13. Other treatments
 Freezing with liquid nitrogen (cryotherapy)
 Burning with an electrical current (electrocautery)
 Surgical removal
 Laser surgery

14. Vaccine
 Gardasil
 HPV-16 & HPV-18 (associated with 70% of cervical cancers,
90% of anal cancers and many cancers that can affect your
throat and genitals).
 HPV-6 & HPV-11 (associated with 90% of genital warts).
 Cervarix
 It protects against infections associated with HPV-16 and HPV-
18.

15. Prevention
 Vaccination
 Avoid skin-to-skin contact by not having sex with
strangers.
 Use condoms
 Safer sex can lower your chances of getting HPV.

16. THANK YOU…