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viral disease transfer and vector
This document discusses various vectors that transmit viral diseases in plants, including aphids, leafhoppers, plant hoppers, whiteflies, thrips, mealybugs, grasshoppers, lace bugs, beetles, fungi, nematodes, and parasitic plants. It provides specific examples of vector-virus relationships, such as Myzus persicae transmitting beet mosaic virus, and dodder plants (Cuscuta species) acting as bridges to transmit viruses between infected and uninfected plants. The document also briefly discusses biocontrol agents that can help manage plant pathogens, listing examples like Ampelomyces quisqualis for powdery mildew fungi and Pasteuria penetrans for root-knot nematodes
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viral disease transfer and vector
- 1. Viral disease transferand vector
- 2. Aphid transmitted viruses •Myzus persicae :- Beet mosaic, Lettuce mosaic, Potato virus Y, Turnip mosaic, Beet yellows • Acyrthosiphon pisum :- Bean common mosaic, Bean yellow mosaic, Soybean mosaic, Pea enation mosaic • Toxoptera citricidus :- Citrus tristeza
- 3. • Leaf hoppertransmitted viruses • Nephotettix impicticeps, N. nigropictus, N. virescens • Rice tungro virus • Nephotettix cincticeps, N. nigropictus • Rice dwarf virus • Circulifer tenellus • Beet curly top • Agallia contricta • Potato yellow dwarf • Graminella nigrifrons • Maize chlorotic dwarf • Tree hopper transmitted viruses • Micrutalis malleifera :- Tomato-pseudo curly top
- 4. • Plant hoppertransmitted viruses • Perigrinus maidis :- Maize mosaic • Sogatodes oryzicola :- Rice hoja blanca • Whitefly transmitted viruses • Bamesia tabaci :- Bhendi yellow vein mosaic, Bhendi leaf curl, Chilli leaf curl, Cotton leaf curl, Papaya leaf curl, Mungbean yellow mosaic • Thrips transmitted viruses • Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella schultzei, • Scirtothrips dorsalis :- Tomato spotted wilt virus
- 5. • Mealy bugstransmitted viruses • Planococcoides njalensis :- Cocoa swollen shoot • Pseudococcus saccharifolii :- Sugarcane spike (Phytoplasma • Grass hoppers transmitted viruses • Melanophus differentialis :- Potato virus X, Tobacco mosaic virus (Mechanical transmission) • Lace bugs transmitted viruses • Piesma quadratum :- Beet leaf curl virus • Stephanites typicus :- Root (wilt) disease of coconut • (Phytoplasma) • Beetle transmitted viruses • Ceratoma trifurcata :- Cowpea mosaic • Acalymma trivitata :- Squash mosaic • Diabrotica longicornis :- Brome mosaic
- 6. Fungal transmitted viruses Fungalvector Disease • 1. Olpidium brassicae :- Tobacco necrosis, Tobacco stunt, Lettuce big vein • 2. Olpidium cucurbitacearum :- Cucumber necrosis • 3. Polymyxa graminis :- Barley yellow dwarf mosaic, Wheat soil borne mosaic, Peanut clump • 4. Polymyxa betae :- Beet necrotic yellow vein • 5. Spongospora subterranea :- Potato mop top • 6. Synchytrium endobioticum :- Potato virus X
- 7. • NEPO viruses:These are nematode transmitted viruses with polyhedral particles. • These are generally transmitted by species of Xiphenema and Longidorus. Ex: Tobacco • ringspot virus, Tomato ringspot virus, Tomato black ring virus, Arabis mosaic virus • NETU viruses: These are nematode transmitted viruses with tubular particles. NETU • viruses are transmitted by Trichodorus and Paratrichodorous. Ex; Pea early browning virus (Trichodorus sp.), Tobacco rattle virus (Trichodorus pachydermis)
- 8. • Nematode transmittedviruses: • Nematode vector Virus Virus group • 1. Paratrichodorus sp. & Trichodorus sp. Pea early browning, Tobacco rattle :-NETU group • • 2. Xiphenema index • Grapevine fan leaf :- NEPO virus • 3. Xiphenema americanum • Tomato ringspot :- NEPO virus • 4. Longidorous elongatus Raspberry ringspot :- NEPO virus •
- 9. Dispersal by phanerogamicparasites: • Phanerogamic parasites transmit the viruses • by acting as a bridge between the diseased and healthy plants. Ex: Dodder • (Cuscuta California, C. campesris, C. subinclusa etc.) • Cuscuta subinclusa – Cucumber mosaic virus • Cuscuta california – Tobacco mosaic virus Tobacco rattle virus Tomato spotted wilt virus • Cuscuta campestris - Tomato bushy stunt virus
- 10. • Biocontrol agentsfor the management of plant pathogens • Biocontrol agent Pathogen/disease • 1. Ampelomyces quisqualis --Powdery mildew fungi • 2. Darluca filum, Verticillium lecanii--- Rust fungi • 3. Pichia gulliermondii Botrytis, --Penicillium • Biocontrol agent Nematode • 1. Pasteuria penetrans (Bacteria)--- Juvenile parasite of root knot nematode • 2. Paecilomyces lilacinus (Fungus)--- Egg parasite of Meloidogyne incognita