CATALYTIC CONVERTER

1. PRESENTED BY
A.VIJAY ANAND
IIIRD YEAR MECHANICAL
RAMAKRISHNA ENGINEERING
COLLEAGE,TRICHY
CATALYTIC
CONVERTER

2. •I N T R O D U C T I O N .
•H I S T O R Y O F C A T A L Y T I C C O N V E R T E R .
•P L A C E M E N T O F C A T A L Y T I C C O N V E R T E R .
•C O N S T R U C T I O N O F C A T A L Y T I C C O N V E R T E R .
•W O R K I N G O F C A T A L Y T I C C O N V E R T E R .
•T Y P E S O F W O R K I N G O F C A T A L Y T I C C O N V E R T E R .
•A D V A N T A G E S O F C A T A L Y T I C C O N V E R T E R .
•D I S A D V A N T A G E S O F C A T A L Y T I C C O N V E R T E R .
•A P P L I C A T I O N O F C A T A L Y T I C C O N V E R T E R .
•A C H I E V E M E N T S O F C A T A L Y T I C C O N V E R T E R .
•C O N C L U S I O N .
CONTENTS

3. A CATALYTIC CONVERTOR IS A VEHICLE
EMISSION CONTROL DEVICE THAT CONVERTS TOXIC
POLLUTANTS IN EXHAUST GAS TO LESS TOXIC POLLUTANTS
BY CATALYZING A REDOX REACTION.
CATALYTIC CONVERTORS ARE USED IN
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES FUELED BY EITHER
PETROL(GASOLINE) OR DIESEL.
INVENTED BY
EUGENE HOUNDRY
(1930)
INTRODUCTION

4. •THE NAME OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER AS THE
EARLY STAGES WHERE CALLED AS CAT.
•THE FIRST MODEL OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER
IS FAILURE.
•THE LEAD EMITEED FROM THE EXHAUST
STOPS THE PROCESS OF CATALYTIC
CONVERTER.
•LATER INNOVATIONS OF CATALYTIC
CONVERTER IS MADE BY JOHN,MOONEY.
HISTORY
OF
CATALYTIC CONVERTER

5. •I T C O N V E R T S E X H A U S T G A S I N T O I N E R T O N E A T 8 0 0 D E G R EE
F A R E N H I T .
•I T W A S F I R S T L Y P L A C E D N E A R L Y E N G I N E W H I C H M A K E S
P R O B L E M S S U C H A S V A P O U R L O C K I N E N G I N E S .
•L A T E R I T W A S P L A C E D U N D E R N E A T H O F V E H I C L E S .
•I N U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A T H E I N T E G R A T E D C A T A L Y T I C
C O N V E R T E R I S U S E D .
•T H E R E A R E T W O T Y P E S O F C A T A L Y T I C C O N V E R T E R ,
•T H E Y A R E
1 . T W O W A Y
2 . T H R E E W A Y
PLACEMENT
OF
CATALYTIC CONVERTER

6. C O N S T R U C T I O N :
• IT CONSISTS OF TWO CASES .
•THE TWO CASES ARE COATED BY CERAMICS.
•THE FIRST CASE CONSISTS OF PLANTINUM AND RHODIUM.
•THE RHODIUM ACTS AS A REDUCTION CATALYST.
•THE PLATINUM ACTS BOTH AS OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
CATALYST.
•THE SECOND CASE CONSITS OF PLATINUM AND PALLADIUM.
•THE PALLADIUM ACTS AS A OXIDATION CATALYST.
•THE CASES ARE DESIGNED BY CREATING HONEY COMB LIKE
STRUCTURED PORES FOR CLEANING THE MICRO DUST
PARTICLES.
CONSTRUCTION
OF
CATALYTIC CONVERTER

7. •T H E F I R S T C A SE R E C I E VE S N I TRO U S O XI D E S F R O M T H E E XH A U ST
P I P E S F R O M T H E E N G I N E .
•T H E R H O D I U M A N D P L AT I N U M RE A CT S A S A C ATA LY ST W I T H
C E R A M I C S .
•I N T H I S C A S E T H E NI T R O U S O X I D E S E PE AT E S N I T R O G E N A N D
O XY G E N .
•2 N O X  X O 2 + N 2
•I N T H E SE C O N D C A SE T H E P L AT I N U M AN D PA L L A D I U M R E AC T S
W I T H C E R A M I C S A N D A C T S A S A C ATA LY S T.
•T H E A I R T H AT E N T E RS T H E S E C O N D C A S E C O N S I S T S O F C A R B ON
M O N O O XI D E ( C O ) , N I T R O G E N ( N 2 ) , O XY G E N ( O 2 ) A N D UNB U RNT O F
H Y D R O C A R B O N S ( H C )
•2 C O + O 2  2 C O 2
•H C + O 2  H 2 O + C O 2
WORKING
OF
CATALYTIC CONVERTER

8. T W O - WAY:
I N VO LV E S T W O T Y P E S O F O XI D AT I O N R E A C T I O N
1 . O XI D AT I O N O F C A R B O N M O N O X I D E TO C A R B O N - D I - O XI D E
2 C O + O 2  2 C O 2
2 . O XI D AT I O N O F H Y D R O C A R B O N S
C X H 2 X+ 2 + [ ( 3 X + 1 ) / 2 ] O 2  XC O 2 + ( X+ 1 ) H 2 O ( C O M B U ST I O N
R E A C T I O N ) .
TYPES OF WORKING
OF
CATALYTIC CONVERTER

9. Oxidation-reduction reaction’s
1. Reduction of oxides to nitrogen & oxygen:
2NOx – xO2 +N2
2. Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon-di-oxide:
2CO+O2 – 2CO2
3. Oxidation of un burnt hydrocarbons:
CxH2x+2 + [(3x+1)/2] O2 – xCO2 + (x+1) H2O
THREE WAY

10. •R E D U C E T H E A M O U N T O F H A R M F U L P O L L U T I O N P R O D U C E D
B Y T H E V E C H I L E S .
•F A S T E R R E A C T I O N .
•E A S I L Y R E P L A C A B L E .
•R E D U C E T H E T O X I C I T Y O F I N T E R N A L C O M B U S T I O N E N G I N E S
E X H A U S T .
•I T I S U S E D A S A C A T A L Y S T A N D A C H E M I C A L R E A C T I O N T O
C O N V E R T M O R E T O X I C S U B S T A N C E T O L E S S T O X I C
S U B S T A N C E .
•A C A T A L Y T I C C O N V E R T E R T A K E S T H E E X H A U S T G A S S T E A M
F R O M T H E E N G I N E A N D B R E A K S T H E H A R M F U L C O M P O N E N T S
O F T H E E X H A U S T T O L E S S H A R M F U L C O M P O N E N T S .
•T H E C A T A L Y S T I N A C A T A L Y T I C C O N V E R T E R C A U S E S
U N B U R N T H Y D R O C A R B O N S T O O X I D E T O D O S O O X Y G E N M U S T
B E P R E S E N T I N T H E E X H A U S T M I X T U R E .
ADVANTAGES
OF
CATALYTIC CONVERTER

11. •70% TO 90% EFFICIENCY IN NITROUS
OXIDE REDUCTION.
•A CHEAPER DEVICE.
•SIMPLE INSTALLATION.
•EASILY COMPACT.
•MADE IN ISRAEL AND WITH LOCAL
SERVICE.
•REDUCE ALSO PARTICLE EMISSIONS.
Contd.

12. •DECREASED HORSE POWER ENGINE USES MORE
ENERGY FOR THE CONVERTER.
•CATALYST REQUIRE SOME TIME TO START ITS ACTION.
•THE CATALYST ARE VERY EXPENSIVE TO GET.
•REQUIRES LOTS OF ROOM IN THE PLANT.
•A VERY EXPENSIVE DEVICE.
•THE CATALYST IS SENSITIVE TO CONTAMINATION AN
BLOCKAGES THAT CAUSE AMMONIA LEAKS AND
INCREASED PRODUCTION OF NOX.
•UP TO 50% TO 60% OF NOX REDUCTION.
•CANNOT FUNCTION WELL BEYOND 80,000KMS.
DISADVANTAGES
OF
CATALYTIC CONVERTER

13. •A CATALYTIC CONVERTER IS A DEVICE USED TO
REDUCE THE TOXICITY OF EMISSIONS FROM AN
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.
•CATALYTIC CONVERTERS ARE MOST COMMONLY USED
IN MOTOR VECHILE EXHAUST SYSTEMS.
•CATALYTIC CONVERTERS ARE ALSO USED ON
GENERATOR SETS,FORKLIFTS,MINING
EQUIPMENTS,TRUCKS ETC,
•A CATALYTIC CONVERTER PROVIDES AN
ENVIRONMENT FOR A CHEMICAL REACTION WHEREIN
TOXIC COMBUSTION BY PRODUCTS ARE CONVERTED TO
LESS TOXIC SUBSTANCES.
APPLICATIONS
OF
CATALYTIC CONVETER

14. •CATALYTIC CONVERTERS HAVE ALSO BEEN
DEVELOPED FOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT LAWN
AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT MARINE ENGINES AND
OTHER NON-ROAD ENGINES.
•CATALYTIC CONVERTERSARE ALSO USED TO REDUCE
EMISSIONS FROM ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES
POWERED BY NATURAL GAS,METHANOL,ETHANOL AND
PROPANE.
•TO DATE MORE THAN 500 MILLION VECHILES
EQUIPPED WITH CATALYTIC CONVERTERS HAVE BEEN
SOLD WORLDWIDE.
•WORLDWIDE OVER 90% OF NEW CARS SOLD HAD A
CATALYST.
ACHIEVEMENTS
OF
CATALYTIC CONVERTER

15. THREE WAY CATALYST WITH STOCHIOMETRIC
ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEMS REMAIN THE STATE OF ART
METHOD FO SIMENTANEOUSLY CONTROLLING
HYDROCARBON,CO,NOX EMMISSIONS FROM VECHILE.DUE
TO HIGH COST OF PLATINUM AND OPERATING LIMITATIONS
PLATINUM BASED CATALYTIC CONVERTER MOTIVATES THE
INVESTIGATORS OF ALTERNATIVE CATALYST MATERIAL
WHICH HAVE LOW COAST AND PROVIDE HIGH
EFFICIENCY.CATALYTIC CONVERTER IS BEST OPTION FOR
REDUCING THE POLLUTANT.IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR
INVESTIGATION AND MODIFICATION IN CATALYTIC TO
INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER.
CONCLUSION