The Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal (VCAT) was established in 1998 to replace different tribunals. VCAT has three divisions: Civil, Human Rights, and Administration. It hears a wide range of disputes more quickly and at a lower cost than courts through an informal process. While tribunals provide expertise and encourage alternative dispute resolution, their decisions have limited appeal and informal processes may not be suitable for large civil disputes.
Law 421 final exam mcq`s correct answers 100%Austing_3
This document appears to contain 30 multiple choice questions related to business law. It provides the questions and 4 possible answer choices for each question. The questions cover a range of topics including contracts, torts, intellectual property, criminal law, and corporate governance. No answers are provided. The document encourages leaving positive feedback if it is helpful for an exam and wishes the reader good luck.
This document summarizes several new real estate laws going into effect in Virginia on July 1st. It covers new laws on appraisal management companies, landlord/tenant laws, condominium acts, owner financing, tenant utility liens, and other issues. Specific provisions include licensing of AMCs, allowing copies of leases in court, tenant rights after foreclosure, landlord insurance requirements, limits on tenant utility bill liens, and prohibiting overtime fees for inspections.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Consumer Protection Act 1986 in India. It aims to provide better protection of consumer interests and applies to all of India except Jammu and Kashmir. The Act defines the rights of consumers such as the rights to safety, to be informed, to choose, to be heard, to redressal, and to education. It also establishes consumer dispute redressal agencies at the district, state and national levels to hear consumer complaints regarding defective goods or deficient services. The summary outlines the definition of a complaint, consumer, and defect under the Act.
This document provides 30 multiple choice questions and answers related to a law 421 final exam. It covers topics like mediation, arbitration, jurisprudence, commerce clause, tort law, contracts, UCC, moral philosophy, fraud, and Sarbanes-Oxley Act. It is intended to help students study for and prepare to take their law 421 final exam.
The document provides 30 multiple choice questions that appear to be from a law exam related to various legal topics including contracts, torts, intellectual property, business organizations, and ethics. It tests understanding of concepts like mediation, jurisdiction, preemption, assumption of risk, trademarks, patents, contracts formation and discharge, UCC sales, warranties, Ponzi schemes, and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
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Law 421 final exam mcq`s correct answers 100%Austing_3
This document appears to contain 30 multiple choice questions related to business law. It provides the questions and 4 possible answer choices for each question. The questions cover a range of topics including contracts, torts, intellectual property, criminal law, and corporate governance. No answers are provided. The document encourages leaving positive feedback if it is helpful for an exam and wishes the reader good luck.
This document summarizes several new real estate laws going into effect in Virginia on July 1st. It covers new laws on appraisal management companies, landlord/tenant laws, condominium acts, owner financing, tenant utility liens, and other issues. Specific provisions include licensing of AMCs, allowing copies of leases in court, tenant rights after foreclosure, landlord insurance requirements, limits on tenant utility bill liens, and prohibiting overtime fees for inspections.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Consumer Protection Act 1986 in India. It aims to provide better protection of consumer interests and applies to all of India except Jammu and Kashmir. The Act defines the rights of consumers such as the rights to safety, to be informed, to choose, to be heard, to redressal, and to education. It also establishes consumer dispute redressal agencies at the district, state and national levels to hear consumer complaints regarding defective goods or deficient services. The summary outlines the definition of a complaint, consumer, and defect under the Act.
This document provides 30 multiple choice questions and answers related to a law 421 final exam. It covers topics like mediation, arbitration, jurisprudence, commerce clause, tort law, contracts, UCC, moral philosophy, fraud, and Sarbanes-Oxley Act. It is intended to help students study for and prepare to take their law 421 final exam.
The document provides 30 multiple choice questions that appear to be from a law exam related to various legal topics including contracts, torts, intellectual property, business organizations, and ethics. It tests understanding of concepts like mediation, jurisdiction, preemption, assumption of risk, trademarks, patents, contracts formation and discharge, UCC sales, warranties, Ponzi schemes, and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
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Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, behavior, and emotions. It has biological, psychological, and social contributing factors. Biologically, it is linked to genetic predisposition, changes in brain activity like abnormal dopamine levels, and drug use in some cases. Psychologically, it involves impaired reasoning and memory. Socially, factors include social disadvantages, trauma, and psycho-social stress. Treatment involves both biological approaches like dopamine-blocking medication and psychological/social approaches like CBT, social support, and reducing stigma. A biopsychosocial model recognizes the interaction between biological, psychological, and social vulnerabilities in the development of schizophrenia.
Lesson 1 physiological and psychological charactertistics of responses to s...coburgpsych
This document provides an overview of physiological and psychological responses to stress. It discusses key concepts such as the definitions of stress, stressors, and the stress response. The stress response can be mild, acute, or chronic. There are also physiological (bodily) and psychological changes that occur when confronted by a stressor, such as increased arousal. Two models of stress are described: the Yerkes-Dodson curve and Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, which outlines three stages of the stress response - alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.
Santa drank some beer from the fridge but immediately spit it out. Using his knowledge of the three stages of gustatory sensation, he was able to recognize that the beer had gone bad. The three stages are:
1. Reception - Molecules in the bad beer stimulated Santa's taste buds when dissolved by saliva.
2. Transduction - The receptor cells on Santa's taste buds converted the chemical energy into nerve impulses.
3. Transmission - The nerve impulses were sent to Santa's brain via electrochemical messages from the taste buds.
Lesson 5 taste perception - mouth to braincoburgpsych
Taste perception involves stimulus reception by taste receptors in taste buds located on papillae in the tongue. This stimulation is transduced by gustatory neurons into neural signals that travel to the primary gustatory cortex in the brain for perception of the five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
Flavour is a perceptual experience that results from a combination of taste and other sensations, while taste is the sense that distinguishes between sweet, sour, salty, and bitter qualities of substances in the mouth. The perception of flavour is influenced by numerous factors, including expectations based on prior ideas of how foods should taste (perceptual set), colour intensity, and texture. Texture contributes to flavour through the surface area of food that comes into contact with taste receptors - drinking carrot juice provides an immediate blast of flavour compared to eating a chunk of carrot, as the juice allows for maximum contact with receptors.
This document describes several techniques used to study the brain:
1. Electrical stimulation involves using electrodes to deliver electric currents to specific brain areas to stimulate them and observe behavioral responses, helping identify brain regions' functions. However, it is highly invasive.
2. Transcranial magnetic stimulation uses magnetic pulses through the skull to stimulate neurons near the surface, allowing non-invasive study of brain region functions. Long term effects are unclear.
3. Imaging techniques like CT scans, MRI, fMRI, PET scans provide information about brain structure and activity with varying levels of detail and invasiveness.
This document summarizes an article about recent trends in arbitration in Latin America and challenges that may lie ahead. It discusses how, despite legislation in some Latin American countries that appears pro-arbitration, courts have exercised control over arbitration in ways that undermine the arbitration process. Specifically, courts have denied the kompetenz-kompetenz principle, reviewed arbitral awards in ways that bypass international conventions, and retroactively applied laws to annul awards. It analyzes the Commissa v. Pemex case in Mexico as an example, where courts annulled an award in a way a US court said violated basic justice. Going forward, investors may be better served pursuing investment arbitration rather than commercial arbitration in some
Public lecture | Prof. Claire Cutler | PresentationHiiL
HiiL | Public lecture on the occasion of the launch of the Morris Tabaksblat Visiting Chair on Private Actors and Globalisation
23 April 2012, Leiden University, Lorentz Room, Leiden
Presentation
Public lecture by Prof. Claire Cutler
BITs: Turning Shields into Swords?
The document provides information about several Ontario administrative tribunals:
1) The Licence Appeal Tribunal hears appeals regarding licensing and compensation claims regulated by several Ontario ministries. It is an independent adjudicative tribunal subject to rules of natural justice.
2) The Financial Services Tribunal is an independent body that hears appeals regarding decisions of the Superintendent of Financial Services involving insurance, pensions, and other financial matters. It has exclusive jurisdiction to determine legal and factual questions in its proceedings.
3) The Landlord and Tenant Board resolves disputes between residential landlords and tenants under the Residential Tenancies Act. It is one of Ontario's busiest tribunals with regional offices and hearings across the province.
The
Burns & Farrey Presents “Federal Courts of New England: The Essentials”Burns & Farrey
Burns & Farrey presents a comprehensive guide to matters pending in the federal courts of New England. The guide offers practical strategies for claims teams in navigating pending claims, including discovery concerns, expert management and jury verdict considerations.
This document provides information about civil law cases in the UK legal system. It defines civil cases as disputes where an individual or business believes their rights have been infringed. It describes different types of civil claims like contract disputes, negligence cases, and trespass. It explains the typical process for civil cases, including negotiation, consulting a solicitor, and taking a case to court. It discusses the county court and high court systems for hearing civil cases, and outlines the small claims, fast, and multi-track processes for allocating cases based on value and complexity.
Presentation on public records used for tenant-screening purposes; given to the Judiciary Committee of the Washington House of Representatives in June 2010
This document provides an introduction to Unit 4 which focuses on criminal cases and civil disputes. It outlines the key differences between criminal and civil matters and discusses the institutions that handle resolution of these cases. Specifically, it describes the Victorian court system including the original and appellate jurisdictions of the Magistrates' Court, County Court, and Supreme Court. It also discusses alternative dispute resolution methods used by courts and the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal.
Jurisdictional Issues In Internet DisputesTalwant Singh
This document discusses various jurisdictional issues that arise in internet disputes. It covers different approaches taken by courts around the world in determining jurisdiction for online disputes. Issues around applicable law and enforcing foreign judgments are also examined. Several suggestions are proposed to address jurisdictional uncertainty for cross-border internet transactions, including developing uniform internet laws or alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, but each approach faces challenges in implementation.
VCAT Sneak Peek Lot Owners Take Care When Bringing a Claim Against OC to VCAT...TEYS Lawyers
Lot owners must be cautious about bringing claims against their Owners Corporation to VCAT, as they may have to pay the Owners Corporation's legal costs if their claim is not substantiated. The document discusses a recent VCAT case where a lot owner's unsuccessful claim resulted in an order to pay the Owners Corporation's legal fees. The lot owner had claimed the Owners Corporation should install new air conditioning ductwork solely benefiting their lot. However, the lot owner's case was found to be opportunistic and lacking factual and legal grounds, and the Owners Corporation had already proposed a reasonable solution.
This document summarizes Thomas Shroyer's presentation on managing claims in bankruptcy. It discusses how bankruptcy law gives trustees significant powers to pursue claims, such as through broad pre-suit discovery. It outlines types of potential claims against professionals like accountants, lawyers, and directors. It then describes common bankruptcy proceedings and the typical process a trustee may follow to identify and pursue a claim, including using Rule 2004 discovery, substantive consolidation, and adversary complaints. It also covers some key procedural and legal issues that may arise, such as venue, withdrawal of reference, consolidation of cases, jurisdiction, choice of law, defenses, damages, third party practice, and settlement considerations.
This document provides an overview of the nature of law. It defines law and discusses the classification of law into public law, which governs the relationship between citizens and the state, and private law, which governs relationships between individuals. Within public law it outlines areas like constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law. It then explains civil and criminal law in more detail. The document also discusses the common law system and how equity developed to complement common law. It concludes by outlining sources of legal change and how legislation is made in the UK.
Stephen Ware - Consumer and Collection Arbitration Law 2022 .pptxStephen Ware
Consumer and Collection Arbitration by KU Law Professor Stephen Ware, 2022. Recent developments in statutory and case law. Historical and political context.
Chevron wins big in high profile commercial arbitration caseShahram Shirkhani
Commercial arbitration is a legal path to resolve a dispute that can possibly arise from agreements or contracts. Know how Chevron won big in its arbitration case
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, behavior, and emotions. It has biological, psychological, and social contributing factors. Biologically, it is linked to genetic predisposition, changes in brain activity like abnormal dopamine levels, and drug use in some cases. Psychologically, it involves impaired reasoning and memory. Socially, factors include social disadvantages, trauma, and psycho-social stress. Treatment involves both biological approaches like dopamine-blocking medication and psychological/social approaches like CBT, social support, and reducing stigma. A biopsychosocial model recognizes the interaction between biological, psychological, and social vulnerabilities in the development of schizophrenia.
Lesson 1 physiological and psychological charactertistics of responses to s...coburgpsych
This document provides an overview of physiological and psychological responses to stress. It discusses key concepts such as the definitions of stress, stressors, and the stress response. The stress response can be mild, acute, or chronic. There are also physiological (bodily) and psychological changes that occur when confronted by a stressor, such as increased arousal. Two models of stress are described: the Yerkes-Dodson curve and Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, which outlines three stages of the stress response - alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.
Santa drank some beer from the fridge but immediately spit it out. Using his knowledge of the three stages of gustatory sensation, he was able to recognize that the beer had gone bad. The three stages are:
1. Reception - Molecules in the bad beer stimulated Santa's taste buds when dissolved by saliva.
2. Transduction - The receptor cells on Santa's taste buds converted the chemical energy into nerve impulses.
3. Transmission - The nerve impulses were sent to Santa's brain via electrochemical messages from the taste buds.
Lesson 5 taste perception - mouth to braincoburgpsych
Taste perception involves stimulus reception by taste receptors in taste buds located on papillae in the tongue. This stimulation is transduced by gustatory neurons into neural signals that travel to the primary gustatory cortex in the brain for perception of the five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
Flavour is a perceptual experience that results from a combination of taste and other sensations, while taste is the sense that distinguishes between sweet, sour, salty, and bitter qualities of substances in the mouth. The perception of flavour is influenced by numerous factors, including expectations based on prior ideas of how foods should taste (perceptual set), colour intensity, and texture. Texture contributes to flavour through the surface area of food that comes into contact with taste receptors - drinking carrot juice provides an immediate blast of flavour compared to eating a chunk of carrot, as the juice allows for maximum contact with receptors.
This document describes several techniques used to study the brain:
1. Electrical stimulation involves using electrodes to deliver electric currents to specific brain areas to stimulate them and observe behavioral responses, helping identify brain regions' functions. However, it is highly invasive.
2. Transcranial magnetic stimulation uses magnetic pulses through the skull to stimulate neurons near the surface, allowing non-invasive study of brain region functions. Long term effects are unclear.
3. Imaging techniques like CT scans, MRI, fMRI, PET scans provide information about brain structure and activity with varying levels of detail and invasiveness.
This document summarizes an article about recent trends in arbitration in Latin America and challenges that may lie ahead. It discusses how, despite legislation in some Latin American countries that appears pro-arbitration, courts have exercised control over arbitration in ways that undermine the arbitration process. Specifically, courts have denied the kompetenz-kompetenz principle, reviewed arbitral awards in ways that bypass international conventions, and retroactively applied laws to annul awards. It analyzes the Commissa v. Pemex case in Mexico as an example, where courts annulled an award in a way a US court said violated basic justice. Going forward, investors may be better served pursuing investment arbitration rather than commercial arbitration in some
Public lecture | Prof. Claire Cutler | PresentationHiiL
HiiL | Public lecture on the occasion of the launch of the Morris Tabaksblat Visiting Chair on Private Actors and Globalisation
23 April 2012, Leiden University, Lorentz Room, Leiden
Presentation
Public lecture by Prof. Claire Cutler
BITs: Turning Shields into Swords?
The document provides information about several Ontario administrative tribunals:
1) The Licence Appeal Tribunal hears appeals regarding licensing and compensation claims regulated by several Ontario ministries. It is an independent adjudicative tribunal subject to rules of natural justice.
2) The Financial Services Tribunal is an independent body that hears appeals regarding decisions of the Superintendent of Financial Services involving insurance, pensions, and other financial matters. It has exclusive jurisdiction to determine legal and factual questions in its proceedings.
3) The Landlord and Tenant Board resolves disputes between residential landlords and tenants under the Residential Tenancies Act. It is one of Ontario's busiest tribunals with regional offices and hearings across the province.
The
Burns & Farrey Presents “Federal Courts of New England: The Essentials”Burns & Farrey
Burns & Farrey presents a comprehensive guide to matters pending in the federal courts of New England. The guide offers practical strategies for claims teams in navigating pending claims, including discovery concerns, expert management and jury verdict considerations.
This document provides information about civil law cases in the UK legal system. It defines civil cases as disputes where an individual or business believes their rights have been infringed. It describes different types of civil claims like contract disputes, negligence cases, and trespass. It explains the typical process for civil cases, including negotiation, consulting a solicitor, and taking a case to court. It discusses the county court and high court systems for hearing civil cases, and outlines the small claims, fast, and multi-track processes for allocating cases based on value and complexity.
Presentation on public records used for tenant-screening purposes; given to the Judiciary Committee of the Washington House of Representatives in June 2010
This document provides an introduction to Unit 4 which focuses on criminal cases and civil disputes. It outlines the key differences between criminal and civil matters and discusses the institutions that handle resolution of these cases. Specifically, it describes the Victorian court system including the original and appellate jurisdictions of the Magistrates' Court, County Court, and Supreme Court. It also discusses alternative dispute resolution methods used by courts and the Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal.
Jurisdictional Issues In Internet DisputesTalwant Singh
This document discusses various jurisdictional issues that arise in internet disputes. It covers different approaches taken by courts around the world in determining jurisdiction for online disputes. Issues around applicable law and enforcing foreign judgments are also examined. Several suggestions are proposed to address jurisdictional uncertainty for cross-border internet transactions, including developing uniform internet laws or alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, but each approach faces challenges in implementation.
VCAT Sneak Peek Lot Owners Take Care When Bringing a Claim Against OC to VCAT...TEYS Lawyers
Lot owners must be cautious about bringing claims against their Owners Corporation to VCAT, as they may have to pay the Owners Corporation's legal costs if their claim is not substantiated. The document discusses a recent VCAT case where a lot owner's unsuccessful claim resulted in an order to pay the Owners Corporation's legal fees. The lot owner had claimed the Owners Corporation should install new air conditioning ductwork solely benefiting their lot. However, the lot owner's case was found to be opportunistic and lacking factual and legal grounds, and the Owners Corporation had already proposed a reasonable solution.
This document summarizes Thomas Shroyer's presentation on managing claims in bankruptcy. It discusses how bankruptcy law gives trustees significant powers to pursue claims, such as through broad pre-suit discovery. It outlines types of potential claims against professionals like accountants, lawyers, and directors. It then describes common bankruptcy proceedings and the typical process a trustee may follow to identify and pursue a claim, including using Rule 2004 discovery, substantive consolidation, and adversary complaints. It also covers some key procedural and legal issues that may arise, such as venue, withdrawal of reference, consolidation of cases, jurisdiction, choice of law, defenses, damages, third party practice, and settlement considerations.
This document provides an overview of the nature of law. It defines law and discusses the classification of law into public law, which governs the relationship between citizens and the state, and private law, which governs relationships between individuals. Within public law it outlines areas like constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law. It then explains civil and criminal law in more detail. The document also discusses the common law system and how equity developed to complement common law. It concludes by outlining sources of legal change and how legislation is made in the UK.
Stephen Ware - Consumer and Collection Arbitration Law 2022 .pptxStephen Ware
Consumer and Collection Arbitration by KU Law Professor Stephen Ware, 2022. Recent developments in statutory and case law. Historical and political context.
Chevron wins big in high profile commercial arbitration caseShahram Shirkhani
Commercial arbitration is a legal path to resolve a dispute that can possibly arise from agreements or contracts. Know how Chevron won big in its arbitration case
This document discusses values and asks the reader to identify their top five values. It defines values as things that are important in how one lives and works. It then asks the reader to answer yes or no about lying to a friend and discusses scenarios where a friend shares a secret or about accepting refugees in Australia. Readers are asked to identify the values underlying the different choices and are then prompted to write down and explain their own top five values to a partner.
This document discusses personal development and defining moments. It includes challenges like pushups and an exercise where participants share defining moments in their lives when they overcame challenges through their strengths. Participants are asked to identify their own strengths and how they can practice using them more every day. They are also asked to imagine what their future would look like if they used their strengths at 100% daily.
This document discusses finding one's purpose in life. It provides quotes about how the most important days are when you are born and when you discover your purpose. It encourages spending time writing about what you would do if you couldn't fail, and reflecting on what is deeply important like what kind of person you want to be. The document prompts reflecting on lists of dreams and goals, and what might stop us from believing these things are possible, like being outside our comfort zone, other people, or self doubt. It suggests collecting visual items that reflect one's purpose or passion.
This document discusses labels and stereotypes. It defines a label as anything used to refer to a person or group, and a stereotype as a classification that assumes everyone in a group is the same based on limited understanding. It gives the example stereotype of Goths being labeled as wearing black clothes and makeup, being depressed, and disliked by society. The document goes on to describe an exercise where students attach labels to their foreheads and interact as if at a party to experience how it feels to be wrongly labeled or stereotyped. It prompts reflecting on whether students experience wrongful labels and listing positive qualities that reflect who they are.
The document discusses two common visual illusions: the Muller-Lyer illusion and the Ames room illusion. It provides learning objectives about explaining how these illusions distort visual perception. For the Muller-Lyer illusion, it evaluates biological, psychological, and social explanations, including that we evolved to perceive in 3D rather than 2D, and that our experiences of architecture can influence our perceptions. The Ames room illusion makes objects appear to change in size due to variations in perceived distance within a specially constructed room.
Camouflage is most effective when the appearance of an object, or figure, blends in with the characteristics of the background, or ground. A tiger's bright orange stripes strongly contrast with a grey urban landscape, making it easily visible, whereas in a jungle setting its camouflage allows it to blend in among the yellows, oranges, and browns of the vegetation. Perceptual constancy refers to perceiving an object as remaining the same despite changes to the image on the retina, while perceptual set is a predisposition to perceive something based on expectations.
This document discusses several visual perception principles: figure-ground, which distinguishes figures from backgrounds based on detail; similarity, which groups similar elements; closure, which fills in missing parts of figures; and proximity, which groups objects that are physically close together. These principles are rules that the human visual system automatically applies to help organize and interpret visual stimuli in a consistent way.
Visual perception principles are rules that help organize and interpret visual stimuli in a consistent way. These innate rules include figure-ground, which distinguishes figures from backgrounds based on detail; similarity, which groups similar elements; closure, which fills in missing parts of figures; and proximity, which groups objects that are physically close together.
Binocular depth cues use both eyes to perceive depth and include retinal disparity and convergence. Retinal disparity occurs because each eye sees a slightly different image based on their positions, and convergence is the inward turning of the eyes to focus on closer objects. Monocular cues use a single eye and include linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative size, and height in the visual field. A study by Turnbull found that the BaMbuti pygmies he observed did not use relative size well because their environment did not require that skill, showing that depth perception is learned rather than innate.
After light is absorbed by photoreceptors in the retina, sensory information is converted into action potentials that are transmitted along the optic nerve. This transmission sends the sensory information to relevant areas of the brain for perception, where the visual information is processed and interpreted. The retina plays a key role in this process by receiving and absorbing light, and processing images before the information is sent to the brain.
Sensation involves detecting and responding to sensory information through sensory receptors. Perception is the process of assigning meaning to incoming sensory information. Sensory receptors have receptive fields, which are the areas they can detect stimuli. Reception detects sensory information, which is then converted into neural signals via transduction. Transmission carries these signals along neural pathways to the brain for interpretation, where meaning is derived. While these processes are rapid, we are only consciously aware when a stimulus is ambiguous. Sensation is the detection of sensory information, while perception gives meaning to those detections.
Lesson 3 attachment and emotional developmentcoburgpsych
This document discusses attachment and emotional development in infants. It explains that attachment refers to the emotional bond between an infant and caregiver. It describes John Bowlby's theory that infants have an innate drive to form attachments, which improves survival and provides a foundation for healthy emotional development. The document also discusses factors like genetics, temperament, and early life experiences that can influence the type of attachment formed, noting that secure attachments are most likely when caregivers are sensitively responsive to infants' signals.
Lesson 2 sensitive and critical periodscoburgpsych
Sensitive periods are times when an individual is more responsive to environmental experiences or learning, while critical periods are specific times when lack of certain stimuli can harm development. Both refer to windows in psychological growth when outside influences have heightened impact.
Psychologists refer to development as changes that occur over time in areas such as physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development. Development progresses sequentially from simple to complex behaviors, with each new behavior building on those achieved previously. Individual differences in development are influenced by both heredity (genes) and environment. Maturation refers to orderly genetic changes in the nervous system that must occur for certain behaviors or mental processes to develop, according to the principle of readiness.
Brain function – the evidence from brain damagecoburgpsych
This document discusses language centers in the brain. It describes Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere, which is involved in speech production. Damage to Broca's area results in Broca's aphasia, characterized by difficulty producing speech with short, simple sentences. It also describes Wernicke's area, located in the left temporal lobe, which is involved in speech comprehension. Damage to Wernicke's area causes Wernicke's aphasia, with difficulty comprehending speech and producing nonsensical sentences. The right hemisphere can be involved in emotional language and music when the left hemisphere is damaged.
The brain has the ability to change its structure and function through experience, such as the development of myelin, the formation of new connections between neurons, and synaptic pruning. The frontal lobe is an area of the brain that exhibits plasticity. Brain plasticity has implications for learning, memory, development, and recovery from injury.
Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system and have several parts that allow them to transmit electrochemical signals throughout the brain. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons and pass them to the soma, which controls the cell. The axon then carries the signal away from the soma to release neurotransmitters at axon terminals, crossing the synapse to activate the next neuron. Myelin insulation allows faster signal transmission between neurons.
The document describes the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and its two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system activates the body's fight or flight response when under threat, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and diverting blood to muscles. The parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to homeostasis and calm once the threat is passed, slowing heart rate and aiding digestion. The ANS functions automatically to regulate internal organs and physiological processes.
The document discusses the human nervous system. It describes the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two divisions - the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system involves skeletal muscle activity and contains sensory neurons that receive messages, motor neurons that activate muscles, and interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons.
The document summarizes the major cortical lobes of the brain - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. It describes the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe and Broca's area for speech production. The primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe registers senses of touch. The primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe processes sound. The primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe processes visual information. Association areas in each lobe are involved in functions like reasoning, spatial awareness, memory, and visual processing.
2. Reasons for the existence of tribunals
Low cost of proceedings
Disputes are hear much quicker
Informal Atmosphere
Parties are encouraged and supported and to reach a
decision by themselves
Less emphasis on the adversarial process
5. VCAT was established on 1 July 1998 to replace all
the different tribunals
VCAT is divided into 3 divisions:
6. VCAT was established on 1 July 1998 to replace all
the different tribunals
VCAT is divided into 3 divisions:
Civil Division:
Deals with
disputes between
individuals
7. VCAT was established on 1 July 1998 to replace all
the different tribunals
VCAT is divided into 3 divisions:
Human Rights
Civil Division: Division: Deals with
Deals with matters relating to
disputes between guardianship administration
individuals and discrimination
8. VCAT was established on 1 July 1998 to replace all
the different tribunals
VCAT is divided into 3 divisions:
Human Rights
Civil Division: Division: Deals with
Deals with matters relating to
disputes between guardianship administration
individuals and discrimination
Administration division:
Disputes between individuals and
the government
12. Anti-discrimination — Anti-Discrimination List of VCAT
It is unlawful to discriminate on a number of grounds including
age, impairment, etc.
Discrimination is unlawful in areas of
employment, education, accommodation, goods
and services, clubs and associations, sport and
local government — with some exceptions
13. Anti-discrimination — Anti-Discrimination List of VCAT
It is unlawful to discriminate on a number of grounds including
age, impairment, etc.
Discrimination is unlawful in areas of
employment, education, accommodation, goods
and services, clubs and associations, sport and
local government — with some exceptions
Exemptions in
certain
circumstances
- boys schools
can advertise
for ‘boys only’
14. Anti-discrimination — Anti-Discrimination List of VCAT
It is unlawful to discriminate on a number of grounds including
age, impairment, etc.
Discrimination is unlawful in areas of
employment, education, accommodation, goods
and services, clubs and associations, sport and
local government — with some exceptions
Exemptions in Disputes first go to the Victorian Equal
certain Opportunity and Human Rights
circumstances Commission to attempt resolution
- boys schools through conciliation
can advertise
for ‘boys only’
15. Anti-discrimination — Anti-Discrimination List of VCAT
It is unlawful to discriminate on a number of grounds including
age, impairment, etc.
Discrimination is unlawful in areas of
employment, education, accommodation, goods
and services, clubs and associations, sport and
local government — with some exceptions
Exemptions in Disputes first go to the Victorian Equal
certain Opportunity and Human Rights
circumstances Commission to attempt resolution
- boys schools through conciliation
can advertise
for ‘boys only’
Appeals to the Supreme Court (Court of Appeal if
president or vice-president presided)
16. Residential tenancy — Residential Tenancies List of VCAT
Examples of types of disputes, tenant claiming return of bond money by land
lord, Tenants owing rent
17. Residential tenancy — Residential Tenancies List of VCAT
Disputes between landlords, tenants,
rooming-house owners and residents,
caravan park owners, caravan owners
and residents
Examples of types of disputes, tenant claiming return of bond money by land
lord, Tenants owing rent
18. Residential tenancy — Residential Tenancies List of VCAT
Disputes between landlords, tenants,
rooming-house owners and residents,
Jurisdiction up to $10 000 caravan park owners, caravan owners
and residents
Examples of types of disputes, tenant claiming return of bond money by land
lord, Tenants owing rent
19. Residential tenancy — Residential Tenancies List of VCAT
Disputes between landlords, tenants,
rooming-house owners and residents,
Jurisdiction up to $10 000 caravan park owners, caravan owners
and residents
Examples of types of disputes, tenant claiming return of bond money by land
lord, Tenants owing rent
cost of application $34.20
20. Residential tenancy — Residential Tenancies List of VCAT
Disputes between landlords, tenants,
rooming-house owners and residents,
Jurisdiction up to $10 000 caravan park owners, caravan owners
and residents
Examples of types of disputes, tenant claiming return of bond money by land
lord, Tenants owing rent
cost of application $34.20
Appeals to the Supreme Court (Court of Appeal if president or vice-
president presided)
21. Small Claims (Civil Claim List)
To resolve disputes between consumer
and traders that have arisen out of a
contract for the supply of goods and
services
Small claims are those up to
$10,000. E.g faulty or damaged
The Civil Claims List resolved 61% of
goods or services.
cases in 10 weeks and 81% within 14
weeks
Claims under the Motor Trading Act, relating to the purchase of a
motor vehicle, where there has been some misrepresentation or
unfair tactics. E.g False odometer readings.
22. Appeals
Appeals against VCAT can only
proceed on a question of law
If the President or Vice-President of VCAT
were sitting, the appeal would go to the Court
of Appeal.
Appeals on decisions made by other tribunal
members will proceed to the trial division of the
Supreme Court.
23. Strengths of Tribunals
Each VCAT list operates within it own specialised
jurisdiction, resulting in VCAT personnel developing
expertise in that area.
cheaper than courts due to low
quicker resolution of disputes
application fees, and parties
parties are
informal atmosphere — due to
encouraged to use
absence of rules of evidence and
ADR to reach a
procedure claims
decision
themselves, and if
not achieved, a
binding decision can
the decision is binding
be made by an
arbitrator
24. Weaknesses of Tribunals
Some costs of VCAT have escalated
due to increased use of legal
representation - Think of Deb’s
Example
Too informal
Avenues for appeal are limited
not appropriate to settle large civil disputes