This document provides an overview of the energy industry and career opportunities within it. It begins with an introduction to the industry and discusses its history and technology frontiers. It then covers major energy concepts like fuel sources, electricity generation, oil exploration and renewable energy. Key issues facing the industry like oil supplies, regulation, climate change and pollution are also examined. The document also provides information on potential job functions and companies within the energy sector, the hiring process, interview tips and examples, and profiles common career tracks such as corporate finance, trading and consulting.
The Art Of War For Managers In Arbic & English By Gamal Arafa2Gamal Arafa
A presentation shows a summary of the art of war for managers of Gerald A. Michaelson in both Arabic & English combined with some words of Sun Tzu from Raoof Shabayek translation
Asiansbook: The Asian Network & Marketplace:
Challenge & Opportunity:
The continent of Asia is massive making up 30% of the world's total land area and possessing 4.4 billion people. It accounts for 40% of global GDP which has increased from 20% the last century. India and China alone make up 36.4% of the world's population and provide for 2.5 trillion and 12.5 trillion in GDP respectively. As you can imagine, with a population that large, demand and consumption is currently disparate and uncoordinated. Asian consumers consume locally and producers are focused on those within their close proximity. With the advent of inexpensive smartphones and the coming of a ubiquitous internet, we see the next billion both producing and consuming in a more digital capacity. Asiansbook, the Asian network and marketplace has positioned itself to be the very platform to facilitate this phenomena by allowing producers to offer their goods/services to a scaled marketplace.
Key Question: How to Organize Asian Demand & Production?
Asiansbook Methodology:
Connecting Eastern and Western individuals in a social environment providing digital infrastructure to address disparate and large numbers of people
Provide a simple marketplace with low/no fees for exchanging goods and services allowing Eastern and Western individuals and businesses to transact
FameLinked: The Fame Network & Marketplace:
Challenge & Opportunity: The average person spends 1.4 hours per day on social networks and social media. Up until now, social networks and social media have been a tool of expression and connecting. FameLinked believes that the networks built and activity within these networks are assets that can be brought online and monetized. This untapped network reach makes for corporate sponsorship opportunities for all sized businesses for those with high activity levels in large networks. By ranking individuals with a proprietary FameRank algorithm based upon their activity and network size/quality, businesses can find brand advocates and award them with corporate sponsorships or micro-ads that are disseminated throughout their network on a one-time or periodic basis. By allowing users to monetize their social presence, FameLinked has created a network and marketplace for fame.
Key Question: How to Monetize Social?
FameLinked Methodology:
Provide a ranked social network where activity within the platform allows you to earn Fame Points which are the basis of your FameRank within the network. The most active users receive the highest FameRank and receive paid corporate sponsorships in the Fame Marketplace.
Peter Albert David Singer (nacido el 6 de julio de 1946, en Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) es un filósofo utilitarista australiano de Derecho y más tarde de Filosofía en la Universidad de Monash (Melbourne). Posteriormente marcha a la Universidad de Oxford, donde toma contacto con el utilitarismo ético mediante la lectura de autores en lengua inglesa, como Jeremy Bentham y John Stuart Mill. Allí participa de protestas contra la guerra de Vietnam, y también tiene lugar su «conversión» al vegetarianismo, por influencia de algunos estudiantes, que le despertaron el interés por la ética aplicada a los animales, un trato ético a los animales, el aborto, la eutanasia, la pobreza y distribución de ingresos, entre otros.
Ver: Website: http://www.princeton.edu/~psinger/
Peter Singer (ed) Compendio de Ética http://bit.ly/mfoeME
The Art Of War For Managers In Arbic & English By Gamal Arafa2Gamal Arafa
A presentation shows a summary of the art of war for managers of Gerald A. Michaelson in both Arabic & English combined with some words of Sun Tzu from Raoof Shabayek translation
Asiansbook: The Asian Network & Marketplace:
Challenge & Opportunity:
The continent of Asia is massive making up 30% of the world's total land area and possessing 4.4 billion people. It accounts for 40% of global GDP which has increased from 20% the last century. India and China alone make up 36.4% of the world's population and provide for 2.5 trillion and 12.5 trillion in GDP respectively. As you can imagine, with a population that large, demand and consumption is currently disparate and uncoordinated. Asian consumers consume locally and producers are focused on those within their close proximity. With the advent of inexpensive smartphones and the coming of a ubiquitous internet, we see the next billion both producing and consuming in a more digital capacity. Asiansbook, the Asian network and marketplace has positioned itself to be the very platform to facilitate this phenomena by allowing producers to offer their goods/services to a scaled marketplace.
Key Question: How to Organize Asian Demand & Production?
Asiansbook Methodology:
Connecting Eastern and Western individuals in a social environment providing digital infrastructure to address disparate and large numbers of people
Provide a simple marketplace with low/no fees for exchanging goods and services allowing Eastern and Western individuals and businesses to transact
FameLinked: The Fame Network & Marketplace:
Challenge & Opportunity: The average person spends 1.4 hours per day on social networks and social media. Up until now, social networks and social media have been a tool of expression and connecting. FameLinked believes that the networks built and activity within these networks are assets that can be brought online and monetized. This untapped network reach makes for corporate sponsorship opportunities for all sized businesses for those with high activity levels in large networks. By ranking individuals with a proprietary FameRank algorithm based upon their activity and network size/quality, businesses can find brand advocates and award them with corporate sponsorships or micro-ads that are disseminated throughout their network on a one-time or periodic basis. By allowing users to monetize their social presence, FameLinked has created a network and marketplace for fame.
Key Question: How to Monetize Social?
FameLinked Methodology:
Provide a ranked social network where activity within the platform allows you to earn Fame Points which are the basis of your FameRank within the network. The most active users receive the highest FameRank and receive paid corporate sponsorships in the Fame Marketplace.
Peter Albert David Singer (nacido el 6 de julio de 1946, en Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) es un filósofo utilitarista australiano de Derecho y más tarde de Filosofía en la Universidad de Monash (Melbourne). Posteriormente marcha a la Universidad de Oxford, donde toma contacto con el utilitarismo ético mediante la lectura de autores en lengua inglesa, como Jeremy Bentham y John Stuart Mill. Allí participa de protestas contra la guerra de Vietnam, y también tiene lugar su «conversión» al vegetarianismo, por influencia de algunos estudiantes, que le despertaron el interés por la ética aplicada a los animales, un trato ético a los animales, el aborto, la eutanasia, la pobreza y distribución de ingresos, entre otros.
Ver: Website: http://www.princeton.edu/~psinger/
Peter Singer (ed) Compendio de Ética http://bit.ly/mfoeME
Webinar: Get to the Cloud and Big Data Faster with Modern Data IntegrationSnapLogic
In this webinar, we talk about why it’s time to re-think your integration layer and how to get to the cloud and big data faster with a modern platform.
This webinar also introduces our Integration Modernization Assessment, specifically designed to help enterprise IT organizations achieve greater agility by moving away from legacy data and application integration technology.
To learn more, visit: www.snaplogic.com/cloud-integration
Do you possess an Active Security Clearance & are looking for your next Cleared career opportunity?
Join us at the reStartEvents Nationwide All-Clearances Virtual Career Fair and engage with hiring managers and recruiters from some of the nation's leading defense contractors, all from the safety and comfort of your home or office. Accomplish what it would take weeks to do, ALL in one day at reStart!
reStartEvents Nationwide All-Clearances Virtual Career Fair
Thursday, May 25th, 2023
2pm - 5pm est
Details & Registration: https://tinyurl.com/yvjwmxsu
An Active Security Clearance IS Required For This Event
Companies Interviewing:
• Leidos
• Air Force Civilian Service
• Abacus Technology Corporation
• Accenture Federal Services
• Applied Research Laboratory at Penn State University
• AXIENT
• Defense Contract Management Agency
• Honeywell Aerospace
• Oasis Systems
• Raytheon Missiles and Defense
and many more.....
Whether you are transitioning from the military or federal government, furloughed, actively seeking employment, your contract is coming to an end or window shopping and want to see what else is out there for you, This Is The Event For You!
Positions available include: Software Engineers, Help Desk, Web Developers, Budget Analysts, Program / Project Managers, Cyber CounterIntelligence Specialists, Storage Engineers, Business Analytics, Systems Engineers, SharePoint Developer, Reverse Engineers, Intelligence Analysts, Network Engineers, CNO Analysts, Penetration Testers, JAVA Programmers, Cloud Engineer, Information Systems Security, Administrative Assistants, Network Admins, Linguists, Full Stack Developers, LINUX Systems Admins and much more....
This event will be accessible to job seeking professionals from coast to coast and will offer Cleared career opportunities both CONUS & OCONUS.
Please share this unprecedented event with ALL your Security Cleared friends and colleagues
Looking forward to having you join us online on May 25th
Keynote Presentation: Perforce in the WildPerforce
Perforce CEO Christopher Seiwald shares his vision for the company. He discusses how Perforce has evolved over the years to meet the growing needs of our customers and partners—from our humble beginnings to the countless technologies we help to stand up today
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are extremely grateful to Vault’s entire staff for all their help in the editorial,
production and marketing processes. Vault also would like to acknowledge the
support of our investors, clients, employees, family, and friends. Thank you!
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4. Wondering what it's like to
work at a specific employer?
3M | A.T. Kearney | ABN Amro | AOL Time Warner | AT&T | AXA | Abbott Laboratories
| Accenture | Adobe Systems | Advanced Micro Devices | Agilent Technologies | Alcoa
Inc. | Allen & Overy | Allstate | Altria Group | American Airlines | American Electric
Power | American Express | American International Group | American Management
Systems | Apple Computer | Applied Materials | Apria Healthcare Group | AstraZeneca Read what EMPLOYEES have to say about:
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America | Bank of New York | Baxter | Bayer | BMW | Bear Stearns | BearingPoint
BellSouth | Berkshire Hathaway | Bertelsmann | Best Buy | Bloomberg | Boeing | Booz
• Workplace culture
Allen | Borders | Boston Consulting Group | Bristol-Myers Squibb | Broadview
International| Brown Brothers Harriman | Buck Consultants| CDI Corp.| CIBC World
• Compensation
Markets | CIGNA | CSX Corp| CVS Corporation | Campbell Soup Company| Cap Gemin
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• Hours
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• Diversity
Comerica | Commerce BanCorp | Computer Associates | Computer Sciences
Corporation | ConAgra | Conde Nast | Conseco | Continental Airlines | Corning
• Hiring process
Corporate Executive Board | Covington & Burling | Cox Communications | Credit Suisse
First Boston | D.E. Shaw | Davis Polk & Wardwell | Dean & Company | Dell Computer
Deloitte & Touche | Deloitte Consulting | Delphi Corporation | Deutsche Bank | Dewey
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Ballantine | DiamondCluster International | Digitas | Dimension Data | Dow Chemical
Dow Jones | Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein | Duracell | Dynegy Inc. | EarthLink
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& Young | Exxon Mobil | FCB Worldwide | Fannie Mae | FedEx Corporation | Federa
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Financial | Ford Foundation | Ford Motor Company | GE Capital | Gabelli Asset
Management | Gallup Organization | Gannett Company | Gap Inc | Gartner | Gateway
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Georgia-Pacific | GlaxoSmithKline | Goldman Sachs | Goodyear Tire & Rubber | Grant
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Depot | Honeywell | Houlihan Lokey Howard & Zukin | Household International | IBM
IKON Office Solutions | ITT Industries | Ingram Industries | Integral | Intel | Internationa
Read employer surveys on
Paper Company | Interpublic Group of Companies | Intuit | Irwin Financial | J. Walter
Thompson | J.C. Penney | J.P. Morgan Chase | Janney Montgomery Scott | Janus
Capital | John Hancock Financial | Johnson & Johnson | Johnson Controls | KLA-Tencor
THOUSANDS of top employers.
Corporation | Kaiser Foundation Health Plan | Keane | Kellogg Company | Ketchum
Kimberly-Clark Corporation | King & Spalding | Kinko's | Kraft Foods | Kroger | Kurt
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| Merck & Co. | Merrill Lynch | Metropolitan Life | Micron Technology | Microsoft | Miller
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Go to www.vault.com
Health Systems | PeopleSoft | PepsiCo | Pfizer | Pharmacia | Pillsbury Winthrop | Pitney
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Securities | Putnam Investments | Qwest Communications | R.R. Donnelley & Sons
8. Use the Internet’s
MOST TARGETED
job search tools.
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Vault Job Board
Target your search by industry, function, and experience
level, and find the job openings that you want.
VaultMatch Resume Database
Vault takes match-making to the next level: post your resume
and customize your search by industry, function, experience
and more. We’ll match job listings with your interests and
criteria and e-mail them directly to your inbox.
9. Introduction
The energy sector constitutes some 5% of the U.S. economy, generating
revenues in excess of $1.5 trillion and employing more than one million
people. We are all too well aware of how fundamental the energy sector is to
the economy when a small change in world oil prices causes interest rates to
jump and the stock market to shudder. Energy companies face and address
questions of crucial importance to the economy and to all of our individual
lives; their actions affect our government foreign policy, the quality of our
environment, our ability to travel and work, the cost of nearly everything we
purchase, and the health of our families. During the boom years of the 1990s,
exceptional growth and technological change in the energy sector showed it
to be an unusually influential, even glamorous place to be. The energy world
offers enormous opportunity for the business job seeker.
However, the energy sector is notoriously complicated to understand and
difficult to penetrate. Energy science and economics is not usually taught in
business programs, and insiders say it takes years to truly get one’s arms
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around the complexities of these topics. Having a reasonably intelligent
conversation with a prospective employer requires a broad range of technical
knowledge and comfort with the issues of the day, so this is not an industry
where you can expected to get hired based on smarts alone. This book lays
out not only a big-picture description of the opportunities, but also the details
of what you need to know on a technical level to put yourself in the running.
It will provide you the knowledge you need to determine if energy is the right
fit for you, identify prospective employers, and position yourself for success
as a job applicant.
Visit Vault at www.vault.com for insider company profiles, expert advice,
career message boards, expert resume reviews, the Vault Job Board and more.
CAREER
LIBRARY 1
10. THE MOST TRUSTED NAME IN CAREER INFORMATION
“Fun reads,
edgy details”
– FORBES MAGAZINE
Vault guides and employer
profiles have been published
since 1997 and are the premier
source of insider information
on careers.
Each year, Vault surveys and
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interviews thousands of
employees to give readers the
inside scoop on industries and
specific employers to help them
get the jobs they want.
“To get the un-
varnished scoop,
check out Vault”
– SMARTMONEY MAGAZINE
11. ENERG
INDUS THE SCOOP
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CARE
Chapter 1: Industry Overview
Chapter 2: Energy Concepts Overview
Chapter 3: Major Industry Issues
Visit Vault at www.vault.com for insider company profiles, expert advice,
career message boards, expert resume reviews, the Vault Job Board and more.
13. Industry Overview
CHAPTER 1
What is the Energy Sector?
The energy sector produces, converts and distributes fuels to produce heat,
light and propulsion. Oil, natural gas, and coal are burned to make heat and
electricity. Wind, flowing water, and sunlight are converted into electricity.
Oil is refined to propel cars, planes, and industrial machines. And to achieve
these things, the companies who are producing, transporting, converting and
distributing these energy sources are supported by a variety of service firms,
investors, equipment providers, and government regulators. (See Figure 1.1)
There is a great divide in the energy sector between the oil and gas “side” and
the electricity “side,” each of which accounts for about half of the business
jobs across the sector. “Oil and gas” refers to the exploration for and
extraction and processing of oil and natural gas. In contrast, the electric
power business revolves around converting fuel to electricity in power plants
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and distributing that electricity to consumers. The economics of the two
fields, and the regulations that govern them, are quite distinct. Generally,
people make their energy careers in one camp or the other, without too much
crossover. Natural gas is one arena that bridges the oil & gas versus
electricity divide – it is extracted from the earth together with oil, and is also
a primary fuel for generating electricity.
When people refer to the “energy sector,” they can actually mean any of the
following: electric power, oil & gas, or both together. This guide takes a
broad view of the industry, covering upstream (exploration), midstream
(refining) and downstream (distribution and sales) oil and gas activities,
electric power generation and transmission, equipment manufacturing,
regulatory oversight, and lending to, investing in, and advising companies
involved in the sector.
Just how big is the industry that comprises all those diverse activities?
Companies in the energy sector take in nearly $1 trillion in revenue annually,
out of the $17 trillion earned by all U.S. businesses. Energy-related
businesses employ about 2.5 million people, or 2% of the U.S. workforce –
far more than banking, high tech or telecommunications. Energy companies
as a whole employ a high percentage of production workers (the people who
drive local utility repair trucks, laborers on oil rigs, and gas station
attendants), compared to other industries; of the 2.5 million energy jobs in the
U.S., about 90% of them are blue-collar jobs or technical positions. The
Visit Vault at www.vault.com for insider company profiles, expert advice,
career message boards, expert resume reviews, the Vault Job Board and more.
CAREER
LIBRARY 5
15. Customized for: Demonoid Users (cmaxim87@yahoo.com) Yale University Online Career Library
Figure 1.1: The Energy Value Chain
Energy Production Energy Distribution Energy Consumption
Oil and gas Oil and gas Transportation
exploration / transportation Oil refining fuel
production via pipelines distribution
Coal mining
Consumption
(residential,
Electricity and gas
commercial,
Visit Vault at www.vault.com for insider company profiles, expert advice,
trading / scheduling
Uranium industrial)
career message boards, expert resume reviews, the Vault Job Board and more.
Electric power
mining / fuel
generation
fabrication
Industry Overview
Wind, solar,
water, Electricity Gas and electricity
geothermal transmission via grid distribution
energy
CAREER
LIBRARY
Vault Career Guide to the Energy Industry
7
17. Vault Career Guide to the Energy Industry
Industry Overview
The revolution in lighting was, of course, electric light. Electricity was first
produced in the mid-1800s, but was only used to power industrial machinery
at first. When practical incandescent light bulbs were commercialized in the
1880s, indoor electric lighting quickly spread around the world.
Where did the electricity to power the light bulb come from? The first
electric power plant was a coal-fired steam turbine generator built in 1880.
However, after the success of the first hydroelectric power plant at Niagara
Falls in 1895, reliable, clean hydropower provided most of the electricity in
the U.S. in the first half of the 20th century. As electricity demand grew,
many coal plants were built, and some countries developed geothermal power
infrastructure (using steam from deep in the earth to drive turbines). Natural
gas-fueled power plants first entered the mix after World War II, when the
pipeline infrastructure was robust enough to provide a constant fuel source.
In 1957, the first nuclear reactor started operation. In recent decades,
commercial solar power, windpower and fuel cells reappeared, after having
been first developed experimentally in the 19th century.
In contrast to the late 19th century revolution in indoor lighting, the
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watershed years in harnessing energy to do work occurred far earlier. After
relying for thousands of years on waterwheels, windmills and sails to turn
gears and propel objects (and before that on animals and our own brute
strength), humankind saw the development of the steam engine at the turn of
the 18th century. These external combustion engines used wood or coal to
boil water into steam, which turned gears that ran factories, drove trains, and
ultimately spawned the Industrial Revolution. Ironically, factories operating
such relatively sophisticated machinery in 1750 would have been lit only by
smoky oil lamps and heated by sooty coal stoves.
With the advent of electric generation in the mid-1800s came electric and
battery-powered motors (in which the batteries were charged by electricity)
that drove industrial machinery of all types. Even before electricity was
applied to lighting, it was used to drive the very first cars – a design that
effectively fell by the wayside until 1997, when Toyota introduced a
commercial hybrid electric car. The commercial development of oil-fired
internal combustion engines in the late 1800s allowed cars to go faster and
farther, initiating our society’s seemingly insatiable appetite for petroleum.
By the early 1900s, most people in the industrial world had access to clean,
radiant indoor heating and constant, bright indoor incandescent electric
lighting. They drove gasoline-powered cars with internal combustion
engines, and had run their factories with powerful steam turbines for nearly
two centuries. Oil and natural gas wells across the U.S. and Europe were
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19. Vault Career Guide to the Energy Industry
Industry Overview
Technology Frontiers
People in the energy sector are passionate about the high-tech nature of their
industry. Although the basic process of gathering fuels and burning them to
produce electricity, light, heat and work is fairly set, how efficient that
process is and how much pollution it generates are the subjects of some pretty
hard-core science and revolutionary changes.
In order to be a compelling job candidate, it helps to be knowledgeable and
passionate about new technologies appearing on the horizon. Below are just
a handful of examples of the cutting-edge research and development
happening in different parts of the energy world:
• One company has developed a very low-tech alchemy to turn pollution into
fuel: letting algae “eat” NOx (nitrogen oxide) and CO2 (carbon dioxide)
emissions from fossil plants. Algae thrive on these abundant feedstocks in
power plant exhaust streams – pollution is reduced, the algae grows, and
can later be dried and burned as fuel.
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• An important emerging power plant pollution-control technology involves
burning fuel without using a flame. The recently-commercialized Xonon
combustor turns natural gas into energy by bringing it into contact with a
catalyst. In flameless combustion, no NOx is formed at all, thus preventing
smog and acid rain.
• High-temperature superconducting transmission lines are currently in
testing. Traditional copper wires cause enough resistance to lose some
10% of the electricity they carry. Superconducting niobium-titanium alloy
wires cooled by a tiny liquid nitrogen core eliminate line losses and thus
effectively increase our electricity supply.
• We have used the principal of piezoelectricity for decades to generate
electricity from motion. Certain types of miniature crystals spontaneously
generate a high-voltage current when moved – portable gas grill lighters
that don’t use a flint work in this way. Now companies are looking into
more advanced applications, like using piezoelectric generators embedded
in the sole of a soldier’s boot to power battlefield equipment.
• Did you know there’s a gasoline-powered car with a fuel efficiency of
10,000 MPG? Such impressive efficiency comes from using a tiny, one-
cylinder engine with little internal resistance, thin hard tires and a super-
light car body to reduce road friction, a bubble-shaped aerodynamic design
and a lightweight child driver on a smooth and level indoor track. While
these extreme design elements may not be practical for commercial
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21. Energy Concepts
Overview
CHAPTER 2
To prepare for a job search in energy, you need to learn a lot about how the
technologies and markets work, as well as adopt your prospective employers’
working vocabulary. Using terms like “secondary recovery,” “heat rate” or
“stack” confidently and correctly in context help you seem like a candidate
who could step right into the job. Study up on the whole industry, regardless
of which aspect of it you are targeting – for example, even in an oil & gas
interview, a deep understanding of the electrical grid can provide you
valuable context and give you an edge. This chapter will give you an
overview of the most important concepts in energy.
Fuel Sources
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Electricity can be generated from a wide variety of fuels: natural gas, coal,
uranium (nuclear power), oil, wind, water (hydroelectric power, tidal power),
solar radiation (photovoltaic power, solar thermal power), volcanic heat
(geothermal power), plant material (biomass power), or hydrogen (fuel cells).
The mix of fuel sources for electric generation varies greatly around the
world, reflecting each country’s natural resource base as well as its politics.
(See Figure 1.3)
The United States gets about half of its electricity from coal, and most of the
remainder from nuclear and natural gas. Right next door, Canada has chosen
to leverage more of its rivers for hydropower, while exporting its gas to the
U.S. and leaving most of its coal deposits intact. Norway, also with plentiful
water resources and no indigenous coal (but plenty of offshore oil), gets all of
its power from hydroelectric stations.
Australia relies overwhelmingly on coal, and has never ventured into nuclear
power or developed renewables. In striking contrast, France made the
explicit decision in the late 1970s to focus the vast majority of its electricity
sector on nuclear power, despite the ready availability of coal in Europe. Not
only does France see nuclear power as a clean alternative to fossil fuels, but
it has managed to control the costs of nuclear plants and consequently to
enjoy cheap electricity.
The Philippines is a world leader in renewable energy use, due to its
exploitation of Pacific Rim volcanic activity for geothermal power; as
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