Valeva & Valev - CSR and Health at Work: A DRM Study
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The term Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) includes the health and well-being of employees at the workplace and therefore the balance between work and off-job time. In this paper we introduce the concepts of daily need for recovery (NFR), off-job activities and daily well-being. First, we consider the concept of daily recovery and distinguish between social, physical and low-effort off-job activities. Second, we describe the method of the study and subsequent empirical findings. Third, we suggest practical implications for HR programs and contribute to the general topic of external compliance versus internal commitment within the area of Business Ethics and CSR.
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Chapter 10 motivating and satisfying employees and teams (1)
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- 1. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND HEALTH AT WORK: A DAY RECONSTRUCTION STUDY Dr. Milena Valeva EthNa - Competence Center CSR, University of Applied Sciences Niederrhein M.Sc. Ivan Valev Erasmus University Rotterdam
- 2. 3/13/2014 2
- 3. Agenda • Health at Work – Theoretical Background – Method & Sample – Results – Overview of Findings • Practical Implications for CSR • Theoretical Implications for CSR/Business Ethics 33/13/2014
- 4. Theoretical Background 43/13/2014 Effort-Recovery (Meijman & Mulder, 1998) • Investing effort at work is unavoidable, causing acute load reactions • When off-job activities don’t occupy the same type of resources needed for work, then these activities possess a recovery function Conservation of Resources (Hobfoll, 2002) • People strive to obtain, retain, protect, and build personal resources • People attempt to restore their resource during after-work hours Need for Recovery (NFR) (Demerouti et al., 2009) • Sense of urgency that people feel to take a break from job demands when personal resources are exhausted • Indicates an impaired state of well-being Well-being (Shirom, 2004; Sonnentag, 2001) • Vigor: cognitive liveliness & physical strength • External Recovery: the extent to which people restore their personal resources to pre-stressor levels during off-work time/activities
- 5. Method & Sample • Trait Questionnaire to establish baseline levels • Daily Questionnaire to assess day levels • Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) to assess well-being at bedtime and daily need for recovery (Kahneman et al., 2004) Ecologically valid method of accounting for daily intrapersonal variation Closer examination of momentary constructs experienced at the task level • 79 participants • 351 days reconstructed • 2,556 logged activities overall • Mean age: 32.01 (SD = 11.19) • Working hours, weekly average: 37.58 (SD = 13) 53/13/2014
- 7. Results Scheme *** = p < .001, est = estimate Direct Effect Moderation Effect 73/13/2014
- 8. Overview of Findings • High Daily Need for Recovery leads to less Time spent on Social off-job activities • Daily Need for Recovery and Time spent on Physical Activities interact to impact Daily Well-being at bedtime: 83/13/2014
- 9. Practical Implications I • The classification of social & physical activities along the “active vs. passive” spectrum only is not satisfactory • Not the activity, but the subjective experience of an activity matters: Vitality programs should be diverse in their offering and encourage employees to try out different activities in non- work time The ideographic and not the nomothetic approach could lead to diversity and high variety of options for off-time activities 93/13/2014
- 10. Practical Implications II • Current vitality programs provide means of external motivation: Beneficial to individuals already into the given activities Challenge: Reach out and Activate individuals internally motivated (pleasure) to participate in (a variety of) recovery activities • To illustrate: A HR-program encouraging employees to visit a local gym by providing membership discounts by default excludes non-gym- goers who prefer running outside or engaging in team-based sports • A suggestion: A HR-program should consider individual employee preferences and go beyond universal solutions: address employees’ needs and offer them an opportunity to improve their well-being 103/13/2014
- 11. Theoretical Implications • Findings confirm the general understanding of Business Ethics and CSR of Peter Ulrich – integrative economic ethics: The internal commitment of the members of an organization is key. The moral capacity of employees is the starting point of further ethical reflection, whereby the usual emphasis on externally given norms isn’t productive in the long run. 113/13/2014
- 12. Thank You for Your attention! Dr. Milena Valeva M.Sc. Ivan Valev 123/13/2014