This document evaluates the potential for abandoned coal mines in Fife, Scotland to provide geothermal energy resources. The heat from mine water could be used for heating and cooling buildings. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to analyze heat potential from 29 coal mines and demand from 14 towns. The total potential geothermal power was estimated at 128 megawatts, which could supply around 22% of the thermal energy needed in the area according to one report. Most towns studied could potentially be significantly supplied by geothermal power from the mines. Therefore, the abandoned Fife coal mines show promise as a geothermal energy source that could help meet renewable energy targets and benefit deprived communities.
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This PowerPoint explorers the reasons why we should consider and develop solar power outside our atmosphere (space based) and transmit the collected power to earth-based antennas. It describes the limitations of earth-based green energy and its lack of ability to replace fossil fuels because of cost and lack of energy output.
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We know from tree rings and other natural drought records that the western United States has been affected by several 'megadroughts' during the past millennium. But are these exceptionally long-lasting droughts due to unusual external forcings, or are they inevitable given a sufficiently long period of time? Here we present a statistical model that combines sea surface temperature records and drought severity statistics from the western USA, and use that tool to set out an expectation for megadrought, given no other changes in the climate system. Even though this model was trained using only modern climate data (and incorporates no information from tree rings or other proxies), it still produced megadroughts. Moreover, those simulated megadroughts were just as long-lasting, covered as large an area, and were just as severe as real megadroughts estimated from tree rings. That result means that megadroughts can occur in the western United States even if nothing else changes in the climate -- they really are just a matter of time. On the other hand, the only aspect of real-world megadroughts that the model cannot duplicate was the high number of these events during the so-called Medieval Climate Anomaly (800 to 1300 CE). So that cluster of megadroughts may have been caused by some sort of unusual climate circumstances that have not been observed by us during the past few decades. The proxy record tells us that many different kinds of exceptional or unusual climate events happened in the past. But it is often difficult to determine what caused those exceptional events because even, within a period of a thousand years, we still have very few cases. So besides being an aid to understand the causes of past megadroughts, we hope this approach can be applied to other paleoclimate records to distinguish between real interrelations between separate components of the climate system and simple coincidences.
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This fund will:
- Support projects exploring Scotland’s potential geothermal energy capacity to provide heat utilising minewater, hot sedimentary aquifers, hot dry and hot wet rocks)
- Encourage the development of proposals for the utilisation of geothermal energy to local community benefit, achieving measurable carbon reductions (without sacrificing proper consideration of the impacts on the local environment), which are sustainable on a long term basis
- Support the development of future viable delivery models, emphasising the requirement for projects to demonstrate commercial viability as part of the energy solution in local developments.
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We know from tree rings and other natural drought records that the western United States has been affected by several 'megadroughts' during the past millennium. But are these exceptionally long-lasting droughts due to unusual external forcings, or are they inevitable given a sufficiently long period of time? Here we present a statistical model that combines sea surface temperature records and drought severity statistics from the western USA, and use that tool to set out an expectation for megadrought, given no other changes in the climate system. Even though this model was trained using only modern climate data (and incorporates no information from tree rings or other proxies), it still produced megadroughts. Moreover, those simulated megadroughts were just as long-lasting, covered as large an area, and were just as severe as real megadroughts estimated from tree rings. That result means that megadroughts can occur in the western United States even if nothing else changes in the climate -- they really are just a matter of time. On the other hand, the only aspect of real-world megadroughts that the model cannot duplicate was the high number of these events during the so-called Medieval Climate Anomaly (800 to 1300 CE). So that cluster of megadroughts may have been caused by some sort of unusual climate circumstances that have not been observed by us during the past few decades. The proxy record tells us that many different kinds of exceptional or unusual climate events happened in the past. But it is often difficult to determine what caused those exceptional events because even, within a period of a thousand years, we still have very few cases. So besides being an aid to understand the causes of past megadroughts, we hope this approach can be applied to other paleoclimate records to distinguish between real interrelations between separate components of the climate system and simple coincidences.
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Testing and Performance of Parabolic Trough Collector in Indian climateIJSRD
A parabolic trough collector is a type of solar thermal collector that is straight in one dimension and curved as a parabola in the other two, lined with a polished metal. The energy of sunlight which enters the mirror parallel to its plane of symmetry is focused along the focal line, where object is positioned that is intended to be heated. It consists of a tube, which runs the length of the trough at its focal line. The mirror is oriented so that sunlight which it reflects is concentrated on the tube, which contains a fluid which is heated to a high temperature by the energy of the sunlight. The hot fluid can be used for many purposes.
Testing and Performance of Parabolic Trough Collector in Indian climateIJSRD
A parabolic trough collector is a type of solar thermal collector that is straight in one dimension and curved as a parabola in the other two, lined with a polished metal. The energy of sunlight which enters the mirror parallel to its plane of symmetry is focused along the focal line, where object is positioned that is intended to be heated. It consists of a tube, which runs the length of the trough at its focal line. The mirror is oriented so that sunlight which it reflects is concentrated on the tube, which contains a fluid which is heated to a high temperature by the energy of the sunlight. The hot fluid can be used for many purposes.
This fund will:
- Support projects exploring Scotland’s potential geothermal energy capacity to provide heat utilising minewater, hot sedimentary aquifers, hot dry and hot wet rocks)
- Encourage the development of proposals for the utilisation of geothermal energy to local community benefit, achieving measurable carbon reductions (without sacrificing proper consideration of the impacts on the local environment), which are sustainable on a long term basis
- Support the development of future viable delivery models, emphasising the requirement for projects to demonstrate commercial viability as part of the energy solution in local developments.
Webinar - A Plan for Powering the World for all Purposes With Wind, Water, an...Leonardo ENERGY
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1. EVALUATING FIFE COAL MINES AS POTENTIAL
GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES USING
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
Vahrot Prapawiwat
1) INTRODUCTION
Closed and/or abandoned mines are flooded with water and this water
could be used to supply low enthalpy geothermal energy for cooling and
heating purposes. The principal of using mine water for geothermal
energy is based on geothermal gradient which increases as one goes
deeper resulting in increased rock temperatures. The heat of the rocks
warms the water within the flooded mines and then ‘could be used as
input to heat pumps for heating and cooling buildings’ (Bojadgieva
et.al., 2012) or used as thermal energy supply. The recovery of
geothermal energy from abandoned Fife coal mines can significantly
contribute to making the UK’s aim of having 15% of its energy from
renewable resources by 2020 (DECC, 2011) possible.
3) METHODS
a. Heat estimation
aI. Ww = Qw x dw x sw x ΔTw
Wa = Qa x da x sa x ΔTa
We = (100 – r) x E
Wt = Ww + Wa - We
Ww: heat energy required to heat water, Wa: heat energy required to heat air, We: heat
from electrical equipment, Wt: total geothermal power (MW) Qw/a: water and air flow
(kg/m3), dw/a:specific density of water and air, sw/a: specific heat of water and air,
ΔTw/a : temperature changes of water and air (˚C), r: electrical performance (%), E:
total electrical power (MW) (Díez and Díaz-Aguado, 2014).
aII. G = Z x ΔT x SVCwat
G: heat output (W), Z: flowrate (L/s), ΔT: temperature changes (˚C), SVCwat: specific
heat capacity of water (Banks cited in Gillespie et.al., 2013).
b. Spatial Analyses
ESRI ® ArcMAP TM 10.2 was used to create SIMD map of Fife, map of
potential geothermal resources and heat demand maps of 14 villages/towns in
Fife. Heat demand of studied areas were calculated using this software as well.
4) RESULTS
Total geothermal power that could be exploited from Fife collieries is
128 MWt.
Location Total Heat
Demand
(MWh)
Potential Thermal Power
from Collieries (MWt)
%
East Wemyss 457,000 34 64
Cowdenbeath 278,000 8 25
Kirkcaldy 265,000 17 55
Bowhill 103,000 11 91
Methil 94,000 1 9
Leven 85,000 1 10
Lochgelly South 67,000 11 140
Kelty 63,000 6 81
Ballingry 59,000 16 232
Crossford 57,000 3 45
Buckhaven 53,000 2 32
Blairhall 52,000 14 230
Kinglassie 20,000 1 43
Wellwood 18,000 1 47
Table 1: Summary table of total heat demand for each location sorted by total heat demand.
Column %, indicate extents of how much geothermal energy from collieries could be beneficial
to certain locations, express in percentages.
Figure 2: Map of studied areas in Southern Fife. Studied towns and cities are highlighted and labelled
which they overlay SIMD map. Twenty nine studied collieries are expressed in proportional symbols
representing their potential heat power.
Figure 1: SIMD map of Fife. Dark green represent the most deprived areas and dark
red indicates the least deprived areas in Fife. Blue dots represent 29 locations of
colliery studied in this research.
5) DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS
ACEOM report (2013) has proposed that 1,708 GWh of
Scotland’s thermal energy could be supplied by mine water per
year, this research suggests that 199 GWh or around 22% of the
proposal thermal energy could be supplied by the collieries
investigated in this research.
Table 1 suggests that most villages and towns investigated in
this research are most likely to be benefit from mine water
geothermal power where some locations’ heat energy demands
could potentially be fully supplied by mine geothermal power.
Finally, Fife coal mines do have the potential to supply
geothermal power that can be beneficial to deprived towns and
villages.
REFERENCES
BOJADGIEVA, K., BENDEREV, A., GERGINOV, P. & HRISTOV, V. 2013. Comptes rendus de l’Académie bulgare des Sciences, 66, 565–571.
DECC. 2011. Department of Energy & Climate Change London, 5, 1–9, doi: 10.1021/es00108a605. URN 11D/698
DÍEZ, R. & DÍAZ-AGUADO, M. 2014. Energies, 7, 4241–4260, doi: 10.3390/en7074241.
GILLESPIE M.R., CRANE E.J., B.H.F. 2013. 2. AECOM report. British Geological Survey, 2, 125.
2) AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
i. To calculate geothermal power potential of abandoned coal mines
in Fife
ii. To examine the degree of beneficial of the calculated geothermal
power to certain deprived areas in Fife
Supervised by Dr Ruth Robinson