User research findings report on the topic of UX issues in grassroots historic preservation. Includes project details, findings, journey maps with personas, competitive analysis results and recommendations.

1. UX Issues in Grassroots
Historic Preservation
U S E R R E S E A R C H F I N D I N G S R E P O R T
Prepared by Erin Baldwin
November 2016

2. E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y

3. E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
Project Background
The work of historic preservationists can mean the
difference between saving or demolishing a historic site.
This work can be particularly difficult for grassroots
preservationists due to the steep learning curve involved.
Project Objective
Design a tool to make the work of grassroots
preservationists easier, more efficient and increase their
likelihood for success.

4. E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y ( P A G E 2 O F 4 )
Project Phases I and II: Learn and Understand
• Learn: Research
Research was conducted to identify issues faced by
preservationists, and gaps that exist in their processes.
Methods used were ethnographic interviews,
secondary research and competitive analysis.
• Understand: Data Analysis
Collected data was analyzed and used as the basis
for the creation of journey maps, personas and
recommendations.

5. E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y ( P A G E 3 O F 4 )
Top Recommendation
• Social media platform for preservationists on which
they could:
➡ Post new preservation projects
➡ Add project to an interactive map
➡ Find projects based on location, type, etc.
➡ Join a preservation effort or search for volunteers
➡ Post questions, share advice and discuss
preservation

6. E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y ( P A G E 4 O F 4 )
Other Recommendations
• Crowdfunding tool designed to meet the specific
needs of grassroots preservation campaigns
• Tool to help preservationists learn how to work within
the arena of politics and mediate, compromise and
collaborate
Next Steps
• Meet to discuss recommendations and determine
viability of recommended tools

7. P R O J E C T O V E R V I E W

8. “[Historic sites] are as fragile as
their local committees, and are
never ‘permanently’ saved.”

9. P R O J E C T B A C K G R O U N D
The work of historic preservationists can
mean the difference between saving or
demolishing a historic site.
This work can be particularly difficult for
grassroots preservationists due to the steep
learning curve involved.

10. P R O J E C T O B J E C T I V E
Design a tool to make the work of
grassroots preservationists easier, more
efficient and increase their likelihood
for success.

11. P R O J E C T P H A S E S I & I I
This project is following a process model
consisting of five phases:
Learn Understand Imagine Evaluate Inform

12. P R O J E C T P H A S E S I & I I
This report focuses on the first two phases:
Learn Understand Imagine Evaluate Inform

13. P H A S E I : L E A R N
In this phase, research was conducted to
identify issues faced by preservationists,
and gaps that exist in their processes.

14. P H A S E I I : U N D E R S T A N D
Collected data was analyzed and used
as the basis for the creation of journey
maps, personas and recommendations.

15. P H A S E I : L E A R N

16. “ Media pressure can help
get an owner to act.”

17. R E S E A R C H G O A L
Identify opportunities to improve the
user experience of grassroots historic
preservationists.

18. R E S E A R C H Q U E S T I O N S
• What obstacles are faced by grassroots
preservationists?
• From a user experience perspective, how
can their work be made easier, with an
increased likelihood of a successful
outcome.
• What variables are present in successful
efforts that are absent in failed efforts?

19. R E S E A R C H M E T H O D S
• Ethnographic interviews
• Secondary research
• Competitive analysis

20. E T H N O G R A P H I C I N T E R V I E W S
Interview Participants
• Participants were identified, recruited
and interviewed
➡ 3 professional preservationists,
6 grassroots preservationists
➡ 6 men, 3 women
➡ Between the ages of 25–70

21. E T H N O G R A P H I C I N T E R V I E W S
Interview Format
• The research questions served as a loose
framework for the interview questions
• Participants were asked open-ended
questions, and these were followed up by
questions to clarify their answers and to
get further details

22. S E C O N D A R Y R E S E A R C H
• Existing research on successful and
failed historic preservation efforts
were reviewed
• Notes were taken on relevant information

23. C O M P E T I T I V E A N A L Y S I S
Historic preservation-related sites were
reviewed and analyzed to learn:
• What information and resources are
currently available
• How comprehensive the sites are
• What is missing and what types of
functionality is used.

24. C O M P E T I T I V E A N A L Y S I S
Sites Reviewed

25. C O M P E T I T I V E A N A L Y S I S
National
Register of
Historic Places
National Trust
for Historic
Preservation
(NTHP)
NTHP
Preservation
Leadership Forum
Preservation
Directory
Preservation
Funder
Content
Advocacy resources ✓ ✓
Grant application & awarding ✓
Preservation projects (with or without
designation) ✓
Information or stories about specific historic
sites
✓ ✓ ✓
Directory of historically designated places Limited Limited Limited
Comprehensive directory of resources for
preservationists
✓
Features & Functionality
Campaign platform ✓
Social platform (chat,
forum, connect)
Coming
in 2017
Fundraising platform ✓ ✓
Can list or suggest a site ✓ ✓
Interactive map ✓ ✓
Search ✓ ✓ ✓

26. C O M P E T I T I V E A N A L Y S I S
Findings (Continued)
• Most competitor are limited in the depth and scope of
content available and have significant usability issues
• Preservation Funder
Great concept, hasn’t really gotten off the ground yet,
feels incomplete
• National Trust for Historic Preservation
Forum coming in 2017: “Forum Connect, a new online
networking platform . . . will allow preservation
professionals from across the country to interact with
one another at any place and any time"

27. C O M P E T I T I V E A N A L Y S I S
Findings
• National Register of Historic Places
Directory of about 470 historic properties in the
GSA’s Historic Building Database
• Preservation Directory
Comprehensive but very difficult to navigate
• Preserve America and Advisory Council on
Historic Preservation
Not on table due to lack of relevant content

28. P H A S E I I : U N D E R S T A N D

29. “ Local support is everything”

30. D A T A A N A L Y S I S
• Data from interviews and secondary
research were coded and prepared for
affinity diagramming
• Coded data was sorted, organized and
grouped
• As themes and patterns emerged,
clusters of coded data were given
category names

31. D A T A A N A L Y S I S
• Clustered data, categories and
relationships between categories were
analyzed
• This analysis and the competitive analysis
informed the findings, recommendations
and artifact creation

32. F I N D I N G S
Political Issues
• Ideological differences combined with poor
communication can devolve a preservation
effort into conflict, and both sides become
increasingly defensive and stubborn.
• Preservation organizations are less likely to
provide support when politics are a big issue,
yet politics are often an issue to some degree.

33. F I N D I N G S
No Status Indicators
If someone wants help save what they perceive
to be a threatened property in their community,
there is no resource available to answer
questions such as:
• Is anything being done to save this property?
• What is its current status?
• Who can I contact to get involved?

34. F I N D I N G S
Need to recruit younger and more diverse to join
preservation committees:
• To ensure continued success of a preservation
effort, committees need to recruit younger
members and work to include groups that haven’t
been well represented in historic preservation.
• Minorities and immigrants may have different
perspectives on what is important to preserve in
their community.

35. F I N D I N G S
The ideal committee:
It’s unlikely for an “independent” grassroots
preservationist to be successful. An ideal
grassroots preservation committee consists of:
• 2-3 strong leaders with good management skills
• Committee members represent a broad
coalition of practices, proficiencies and
backgrounds

36. F I N D I N G S
Traits of successful preservationists:
• Tenacity and perseverance; interest in the project
and the level of effort need to be maintained
• Willing to compromise, prioritize and collaborate
• Strong communication skills—these are critical to
maintaining public relations, garnering support
and recruiting members and volunteers
• Willingness to do the work!

37. F I N D I N G S
Keys to successful preservation efforts:
• Ability to maintain open communication and
transparency—this can head off potential political
issues and misinformation
• Ability to raise funds and write grants
• Ability to stall for time to prevent demolition—
time to raise money, raise awareness and apply
for grants
• Allow property to evolve to meet community needs

38. P E R S O N A S & J O U R N E Y M A P S

39. “ You have to become
an advocate for brick
and mortar.”

40. IDENTIFY RESEARCH PLAN TAKE ACTION NEXT STEPSStages
Kyle has been interested in history, archaeology and architecture for as
long as he can remember, and minored in architecture history as an under-
graduate student. He works as an accountant on a contract basis, and his
primary clients are small businesses and non-profits. He is active in his local
community in matters concerning the environment and sustainability. He
enjoys running, cooking and going to local arts and music festivals.
Kyle
Accountant
Greenville, SC
Age 52
Male
“It’s important to
avoid conflict—but
not always possible.”
• Kyle notices a local historic inn is
in pretty bad condition. He used to
go there for breakfast on
weekends with his grandparents,
and wonders if anything is being
done to save it.
• Find out who owns the property
and if a preservation effort is
already underway or has been
tried previously
• Gauge potential for support and
cooperation from property owner
and community
• Learn what local organizations
can provide guidance and support
• Apply for listing on the national
register. If approved, apply for
local historic designation. (Both
are granted.)
• Continue communicating with
owner; make sure all of his needs
are being met, ensure transparent
communication
• Hold public meetings, introduce
owner and present him as “hero of
the story”
• Get stories about threatened
condition of structure in the news
• Continue communicating with
owner, get advice from local
preservation organization what to
do when owner won’t cooperate
• Offer compromises to owner,
and begin to seek alternative
steps to circumvent owner
• Owner won’t communicate, and
it’s found out he’s applied to have
building torn down
• Take legal action and follow that
to its conclusion or until it makes
sense to abandon the project
• Get an overview of the process by
researching online, at the library
• Get advice from a local preservation
organization or the National Trust for
Historic Preservation
• Learn if it’s possible to preserve a
property you don’t own
• Hire contractor to survey site
• Assess financial need
• Find evidence of historic, cultural
or architectural significance
• Learn how to have a site listed
on the National Register of
Historic Places, and how to have it
designated locally
• Form a commission
• Develop communication
strategies for working with public,
media, owner, city
• Create business plan for
preservation effort
• Meet with owner to discuss plan
• Prioritize what architectural
features or buildings are most
important to save
• Develop fundraising strategies
• Build relationship with local
preservation organization for
continued support and guidance
Doing
Opportunities • Online resource to document status and history of historic
preservations, successful or unsuccessful. Ideally with map feature and
searchable database.
• Resource advising preservationists on the likelihood of conflict and politics
and how to deal with it, and recommend mediation techniques
Excited, Optimistic, Curious
I have so much to learn!
Turns out there was a failed attempt
to preserve the place a decade ago.
Why was that so hard to find out?
The owner seems less cooperative
than he was initially, I wonder why?
The planning is going well, but the
owner delays the process at every
turn, and is now avoiding contact,
what can I do?
This isn’t going anywhere and the
property is steadily deteriorating.
The preservation organization told
me that they won’t be able to help if
it gets too political or contentious.
How did this go so wrong? What
could have been done differently?
I’m not ready to give up, this place
is meaningful to so many people
Thinking &
Feeling
Where do I begin?
This is going to be great for the
community!
Out of comfort zone, optimistic Productive but frustrated Extremely frustrated, confused Conflicted, disappointed, angry
Kyle: The Organizer

41. IDENTIFY NEED RESEARCH PLAN TAKE ACTION REVIEW & MAINTAINStages
Rachel is a retired elementary school teacher who lives in a small town in New
England. She enjoys quilting, antiquing, reading and spending time with her
adult children and grandchildren. Rachel is a history enthusiast, and loves
learning about day-to-day life during the American Colonial Period and
Revolutionary War. She also enjoys sharing her knowledge of history, and does
so as a volunteer reenact or at a nearby living history museum.
Rachel
Retired Teacher
Springfield, VT
Age 67
Female
“Local support is
everything.”
Rachel is leader of preservation
committee overseeing an historic
schoolhouse. The building needs
repairs and a new furnace before
winter. Grants have helped, but they
still need $3000.
A big part of their funding comes
from yearly membership fees, but
the number of members has
decreased considerably during the
group’s 30 year history due to an
aging population and lack of new or
younger members.
Winter is only five months away,
and the group needs to raise funds
fast. The money is the immediate
concern, but adding members is
the secondary goal.
We need new members, but where
do we find them?
I need to do some research on
fundraising.
Under pressure, but optimistic
and open to new ideas
Our usual resources are tapped
out–I hope we find some new ideas.
I’ve got to keep my eyes and ears
open for ideas.
Curious and skeptical, but
optimistic
I’ll talk to folks at the local university
to help me find student interns.
Clock is ticking, this better work!
Relieved and excited to start the
campaign; feeling the pressure.
I wish I understood this process more.
The amount raised ($1800) didn’t
seem worth the time and effort.
Disappointed, stressed,
overworked
We need to focus on getting
younger members, as well as some
younger committee members.
Optimistic, but still disappointed
in not reaching goal
• Decided to use Indiegogo on the
advice of one of the interns
• Write copy for the site based on
interns’ instructions
• Get a photographer friend to
take photos of schoolhouse, and
make a short video showcasing
the schoolhouse (based on
interns’ research)
• Come up with gifts to give to
people giving donations at
various dollar amounts
• Run the campaign, and keep an
eye on the website!
• Go back to research and
planning stages to find a way to
raise the rest of the money and
to draw up a plan to recruit new
members
• Go to library to find books about
fundraising and recruiting
members.
• Look online for ideas and
resources
• Brainstorm with committee
members
• Talk to contacts who might have
helpful suggestions
• Schedule brainstorming meeting
• Create timeline for coming up
with ideas
• Delegate responsibilities to other
committee members
Rachel: The Educator
Doing
Thinking &
Feeling
Opportunities • Crowdfunding site specifically for grassroots preservation
campaigns, which also gives donors options to become annual
members, or receive email updates from committee
• Web resource for successfully running grassroots historic
preservation campaigns
A crowdfunding campaign was
suggested and agreed upon. The
group came up with a plan of action
for fundraising, and has decided to
table the search for new members
until after the campaign.
Crowdfunding plan:
• Decide on which site to use
• Hire two unpaid tech- and social
media-savvy interns for the
summer to help with effort
• Delegate tasks

42. ISSUE RESEARCH PLAN TAKE ACTION NEXT STEPS
Russell is a mechanical engineer and investor. He was born and raised in
Houston, Texas. He lives with his wife and two daughters, both of whom
will be starting college in the next few years. He is an active member of his
local Rotary Club and Country Club. Financial security is very important to
him, and is on target for college tuitions and retirement. In his free time he
enjoys spending time with his family at their lakeside cabin or golfing.
Russell
Mechanical Engineer
Houston, TX
Age 46
Male
“I don’t want my
rights as a
property owner
to be restricted”
• Russell owns a handful of
investment properties, two of
which are residential rental
properties. These are located on
the same street in a proposed
historic district.
• Russell feels this will require him
to spend money he hadn’t
planned on, make it difficult to
make repairs to the property
without prevent him from making
repairs himself, lower the
property value and make it less
appealing to buyers.
• Russell and the others have been
working to persuade his neighbors
to vote “no” by going door to door to
speak to residents, posting to the
neighborhood’s Facebook group
page and providing residents with
campaign signs for their yards.
• He also has been speaking city
officials and encouraging his
neighborhoods via Facebook and
Twitter to vote “no” on the historic
district.
• The “yes” votes won and the
neighborhood has been
designated as a historic district.
Russell is trying to sell the
properties as soon as he can to
avoid having to deal with the
issues he believes will make
ownership difficult.
• Based on stories he heard from
some friends and aquaintances, he
believes the proposed regulations
leave open the possibility of the
commission adding additional
regulations that wouldn’t require a
public vote.
• Russell met with the committee
leader to discuss his concerns. The
committee leader explained to him
that the committee doesn’t have the
authority or the intention of doing
that, but Russell trusts his friends
more than the committee leader
he’s only met once.
• Russell and two others who own
property in the same area decide to
run a campaign to prevent it from
becoming a historic district.
Doing
Opportunities • Lack of communication and trust led Russell to believe inaccurate
information. Using a skilled mediator might help lead to a more agreeable
outcome for all involved.
Surprised, annoyed
I trust my friends more than this
person I’ve only met once.
I’m glad to find others I can work
with to fight this from becoming a
historic district.
A lot of the neighbors see us as
“outsiders” since we don’t actually
live here, but we’re not
outsiders—it’s our property after all!
I wasn’t ready to sell yet, but I need
to get out of this before I lose too
much on this property.
Thinking &
Feeling
What is this going to mean for me?
I’ve heard these historic districts add
an increase in red tape and costs,
and reduced ownership rights.
Confused, negative Productive and optimistic Losing optimism Disappointed and angry
Russell: The Owner
Stages

43. IDENTIFY RESEARCH PLAN TAKE ACTION REVIEW & EVOLVEStages
Casey has lived in urban areas for most of her adult life, and is frustrated by
the social issues caused by gentrification and demographic inversion. She
holds a BS in sociology and a PhD in cultural studies, is a passionate activist,
and writes about topics including gentrification, minority groups in historic
preservation and the whitewashing of culture. Ambitious and passionate
about her work, she wants to create positive change and "move the needle."
Tracy
Sociologist & Author
Los Angeles, CA
Age 39
Female
An activist needs
patience, passion
and perseverance.
Doing
Opportunities • Resources to raise awareness and encourage action by minority
and immigrant groups who are under-represented in the world of
historic preservation.
Enthusiastic, misson-driven
We need to plan this carefully. We have to be smart about this, and
gain support wherever we can.
The smear campaigns led by the
developers is hard to take, but we
need to stay focused and be “wise
as serpents, innocent as doves.”
I’m happy that we’ve had some
success, but we’ve only just begun!
Thinking &
Feeling
I love this place for its richness of
culture and diversity; we need to
protect it and our community.
Cautiously optimistic Productive, uncertain Frustrated but motivated Ready to persevere
• Wants to join with others in her
neighborhood to have it
designated with historic status.
They hope this would curtail the
gentrification which is quickly
eroding the area’s multicultural
character and displacing
long-time residents.
• The idea is very popular with
long-time residents, but
real-estate developers are
working to prevent the
neighborhood being protected by
historic status, and is running an
opposition campaign which is
gaining the support of newer,
wealthier residents.
• Hold public meeting, include city
planners and real estate
developers along with general
public, ensure transparent
communication and discuss
possible areas of compromise
• Execute media and PR
strategies, including holding
public meetings, going door to
door, airtime on radio, news
stories, social media campaigns
• Pay close attention to
opposition, try to stay one step
ahead of them
• Educate the community on how
this designation will impact
residents and property owners
• Promote the concept of the
community investing in itself,
and in future generations
• Only a third of what was proposed
as the designated area was
included, but we’ll fight to
preserve individual structures in
the unprotected areas
• Write grants and fundraise to pay
for preserving properties of
lower-income residents.
• Put a cap on how much money
can be spent preserving each
property, and use as many
community-member contributed
assets as possible. This will help
maintain the designated area’s
affordabilty for long-time
residents.
• Hire contractor to survey the
neighborhood
• Prioritize what buildings are
most important to save and what
the proposed boundaries would
be for the historic area
• Find evidence of historic,
cultural or architectural
significance
• Learn about the local
ordinances, and how changing
them would affect the
community
• Determine what community
assets are available to help with
the preservation, and keep the
neighborhood affordable
• Assemble preservation
commission, elect leaders, recruit
volunteers
• Develop communication
strategies for working with public,
media, owner, city
• Create business plan for
preservation effort
• Develop fundraising strategies
• Build relationship with local
preservation organization for
support and guidance
• Hire a professional mediator to
help guide communications with
opposition
Tracy: The Activist

44. IDENTIFY RESEARCH DECIDE TAKE ACTION NEXT STEPS
Martin has always been interested in history and anthropology, and recently
completed a bachelor’s degree in public history. He plans to take a year off
before applying to graduate program in historic preservation or museum
studes. He’d like to get involved as a volunteer or intern on short-term
historic preservation projects. He believes this would be great opportunity
to get hands-on experience with preservation work while seeing new parts
of the country, having fun and meeting new people.
Martin
Recent Graduate
Ann Arbor, MI
Age 23
Male
“I want to find an
opportunity that fits
with my schedule,
goals and interests.”
• Martin wants to find a volunteer
preservation project somewhere in
the U.S. that he’s never visited
before. Ideally it would be a
hands-on experience lasting a
week or longer working alongside
others in his age group and/or with
shared interests.
• Register online for a one week
project in California that starts in
about a month
• Receive pre-arrival packet,
follow instructions (fill out
paperwork, confirm attendance,
preparation and packing details)
• Figure out transportation
• Borrow camping gear from
a friend.
• Go on trip!
• Worked hard, learned new
skills, had fun, made some new
friends, and has since registered
for a month-long project in Utah
set to begin in a few weeks.
• He contacts one of his professors to
ask for guidance, and is referred to
another professor whose focus is
public history
• The professor doesn’t personally
know of any opportunities that
match what Martin wants to do, so
refers him to some preservation
organizations that might be of help
• Martin visits the websites of the
recommended organizations, and
searches online further for other
alternatives
• He continues to collect information
so he can compare and make a
decision
• There was only one site he found
– HistoriCorps – that offered
opportunities that weren’t
prohibitively expensive and didn’t
involve having to contact dozens
of organizations individually for
basic information
• He chose a volunteer trip from
that site. Though he was hoping
for something in an urban area,
and HistoriCorps opportunities
were primarily on public lands in
rural areas. Despite that, the
opportunities they offered fit his
criteria otherwise, and the only
expenses would be camping gear
and transportation to and from
the site.
• Central resource to match historic preservation volunteers with projects
and vice versa.
Excited, enthusiastic
I’d never considered volunteering in
another country, that could be fun.
This place wants volunteers to pay
them $1500 a week!? Uh, no....
This info is hard to find! Either the
site isn’t current, gives no details, or
is impossible to find things on...
This organization seems to have
well-structured projects, I just wish
they offered them in more locations.
I might want to do more than one of
their projects, but I’ll just register for
one for now, and see how it goes
before registering for another.
This isn’t going anywhere and the
property is steadily deteriorating.
The preservation organization told
me that they won’t be able to help if
it gets too political or contentious.
What a great experience! I look
forward to the next one.
I hope I can find a great program!
Surprised, confused Disappointed but relieved Excited, busy making plans Motivated, inspired, happy
Martin: The Volunteer
Stages
Doing
Opportunities
Thinking &
Feeling

45. R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S

46. “ The most important qualities
of a preservationist are patience,
perseverance and passion.”

47. T O P R E C O M M E N D A T I O N
• Social media platform for preservationists
on which they could:
➡ Post new projects and provide photos,
videos, project timeline, project status and
other details
➡ Link to external content such as a
crowdfunding site
➡ Add project to an interactive map of all
projects on the site

48. T O P R E C O M M E N D A T I O N ( C O N T I N U E D )
➡ Search for and find projects based on
location, type, etc.
➡ Find opportunities to join a preservation
effort or search for volunteers or new
committee members
➡ Post questions, share advice and
discuss preservation

49. O T H E R R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S
• Crowdfunding tool designed to meet the
specific needs of grassroots preservation
campaigns
• Tool to help preservationists learn how to
work within the arena of politics and
mediate, compromise and collaborate

50. N E X T S T E P S
• Meet to discuss recommendations
and determine viability of
recommended tools

51. APPENDIX A: RAW INTERVIEW NOTES

52. P1 / Erin Tobin, Director of Preservation, Albany, NY
BA in Art and Architecture History
Masters in Historic Preservation
Worked for 17 years for 4 non profits, and has been with the
current one since 2007
first seven years covered grants and technical services?? in
eastern NY
works at state level
running consulting surveys and neighborhood surveys, these
surveys consist of looking at neighborhood, doing research
on the evolution of that neighborhood over time; surveys help
the community prioritize important buildings in their
neighborhood
2 levels of designation in US, local and national
national began after the destruction of Penn station; meant as
a planning tool to prevent government from destroying
historical buildings to put in a highway for example
when communities are surveyed, locals often question what
historic designation would mean for them, what they’d be
able to do/not do with their building
section 106 review
community engagement is the best way for support &
cooperation, while also making the politicians who helped
look like “heroes” of saving a site
things they look for when assisting with a preservation effort:
- how organized is the group
- do they have strong leadership, a few strong leaders
ideally but not 20 (ie, everyone is a leader), no internal
competition, broad coalition of practices and proficiencies
- what are the reasons they need help
* to prevent demolition of a site
* to navigate political issues/political vendetta—these
often turn nasty, once you’ve
gone down this path
- strong interest in saving site, dedication to project
- is it a group or individual (not very good chances for
success if just an individual working alone)
- willingness to raise funds, write grants, roll up sleeves and
work
- the more local buy in, the better
***Get preservation advocates away from politics***
Best means to success: take the mayor, make them look like
a hero; embrace the others affected, involved in the effort
Hold big public meeting—very well organized and planned,
informs audience, have a presentation/clear purpose or
message to address with the meeting. Make sure key people
are there to answer questions, create a well organized event
which is informative and transparent
*** Buying time — key to successful preservation and to
prevent demolition ***
P1 Page of1 19

53. Time: time to raise money, raise awareness, apply for grants,
etc
Example of 10 people calling about the same site; a
disconnect in the preservation community, difficulty of finding
network if interested in saving site
Social media like instagram and Facebook are helpful, but still
disconnected:
Example of a building posted on instagram; the photo raised
awareness, lots of viewers calling for advocacy to save the
building; meanwhile the building was already well
represented, and had been for the previous five years, but
they had no way of knowing this
On owner neglect: motivation for this—
Angry
think they will get more money from a developer
don’t have money to put into it
can’t find anyone to occupy it
Other reasons projects can fail:
advocates biting off more than they can chew
its expensive — this is where grant writing and fundraisers
are important
a lot of work and continuous advocacy
Advocacy - call everyone
important point to make when advocating: historic
preservation is an investment in a local community (example
of a developer wanting to tear down a property to build a rite
aid across the street from a CVS; Owners of the Rite Aid have
no investment in the community itself; if it goes out of
business you just have an empty Rite Aid rather than a
historic main street)
P1 Page of2 19

54. P2 / John McCusker, New Orleans
Often when the public hears about a historical building that is
threatened by demolition their reaction is to hold a fundraiser
to save it, then turn it into a museum. That is the wrong
reaction if your goal is to save a property; you’d need a
curator, board, etc, and its the most expensive option there is.
Better option is for it to be designated as historic and
continue private ownership/residence (rehab the property,
sell it into private residence)
JM started running jazz tours, he’d take tourists to Kid Ory’s
house on Jackson Avenue — at the time it was a run-down
crackhouse. Eventually the house was picked up via auction,
got a grant to rebuild (repair? preserve?) and now its saved
for future generations, has a plaque on the door to show its
historic significance. This is important for investing in future
generations, they can see that Jellyroll Morton, for example,
grew up in the same neighborhood—inspirational.
Tourists were coming to NO to go on jazz tours, but there was
nothing for them to see… musicians’ homes in Central City
hadn’t been perserved. Home of jazz (New Orleans) — but
where were these musicians’ houses? Treme? the Quarter?
9th Ward? Louis Armstrong’s home was destroyed. Other
essential landmarks were decaying. So where do you send
the Jazz tourists.
One of the big difficulties for preservationists is eminent
domain; its rarely used in this country
Finally made headway in Rampart Street by gaining
awareness (making video and writing article), the owners
finally sold after the embarrassment of that. John wouldn’t
meet with them, they tried to reach him to get him to have the
public stop “harassing” them. These building owners had
taken public funds raised to save the buildings, hadn’t used
them as they were supposed to (preservation efforts);
previously had set up a “straw” owner, they retained control
but were able to get preservationists off their backs for a few
or several years. Same chairman of the board for both
companies was the evidence it was likely a setup company.
John had always been interested in history, and after doing a
photo series for the Times-Picayune in 1992 and learned a lot
more about the origins of jazz. He became interested in the
legacies of jazz buildings and musicians’ homes as
landmarks, and started running a tour.
As a journalist he was ethically prohibited from leading
preservation efforts, doing activist work/picketing city hall b/c
of conflict of interests. So he just stayed at the sidelines,
maintaining an awareness of the condition of these buildings,
and if he found an issue he would pitch it as a news story.
Used the information he had to stay on top of these buildings’
status.
He wrote a biography about Kid Ory, needed document to
prove that Ory had lived in a particular house, and he used
that to get a grant to save the house. Worked with local
organization Preservation Resource Center to identify these
were residences of Henry Red Allen and Kid Ory’s.
P2 Page of3 19

55. Eagle Saloon - for years they wouldn’t sell, sold to Papa G
(straw owner), after his death he turned control back over to
people he “bought” it from.
Has been working as an activist only for the past two months,
quit his job to do so.
1st hurdle is to get a place on the list as a designated
landmark
“The most important qualities for a preservationist are
patience, perseverance and passion”
“You have to become an advocate for brick and mortar”
other issues/considerations:
role of government
gentrification
eminent domain
P2 Page of4 19

56. P3 / Jake Medford, Goldenrod Showboat, St. Louis
Was 19 when began interest in historic preservation. Was
studying filmmaking during first year of college, he and a
friend would go different places to film, and found the
Goldenrod, and he thought something really needed to be
done with it.
Goldenrod is the last original showboat in America, built in
1909.
He contacted the owners, offered help. At the time it was
owned by a non-profit. Initial problems with owner, who was
just interested in the Goldenrod as a tax write-off. He came
up with plans to modify original structure. A non-profit was
created, a historian put in charge as president, Goldenrod
was assessed for 4 million and the owner donated it to the
nonprofit to get a tax write-off.
A new nonprofit took over, started a campaign, but had no
business plan, so nothing came of it
In 2010, the boat was moved to a Pool 24 dock. Non-profit
owners didn’t pay for it, but they asked Jake to “watch over
it” and he’d go check on it every weekend. Due to
nonpayment of dock fee, boat went into foreclosure, Pool 24
gained ownership. Jake asked new owners if he could
continue checking in on it.
Nonprofit raised 70,000 by writing personal, handwritten
letters explaining the importance of the structure, its history,
and their plan for it. Took 70K to Pool 24 to pay money owed.
Jake then stepped into VP role at non-profit, prior to that no
communication had happened between Pool 24 and non-
profit until Jake came on board.
Jake created a website and FB page, starting reaching out to
public again, and particularly was interested in creating a
group of people thats in control and can see various sides of
things, also the big picture to the small details (example of
doorknob expert, who knew doorknobs could be so
interesting?). From paycheck to paycheck working people to
top management to performers (who might perform on boat)
who had excitement, passion and enthusiasm for boat and
the project. CEOs, real estate agents, lawyers, bankers,
feeder people, comedians, regular working people were put
on the board. Board members were excited and passionate,
and wanted to do their best.
Also hired 25 volunteers, they worked on history tours,
cleaning, moving. Tips for working with volunteers:
- they are there for free
- you can’t say no to them
- they want to have fun
Volunteers were upset by board members decisions - they
were the ones up there working on it, while the board was 80
miles away making the decisions.
When it came to public awareness and support, he held
fundraisers every six months around St. Louis; maintained
good connection with media to be interviewed about events.
P3 Page of5 19

57. The public perception of the group, unfortunately was
“they’re fighting against all odds, and they’re nuts!”
The public outreach wasn’t sufficient, didn’t get enough
interest, didn’t get the message out enough. Should have
done more personal conversations with business owners,
officials. Missouri is the “Show Me” state, meaning show them
results.
So they updated social media presence and started new
fundraiser initiative with new contacts that wanted to help
(March 2015), then a flood came to the area, and barge next
to Goldenrod sank, had to pump water out of it. Pool 24
insisted they had to move Goldenrod, and did it anyway
despite Jake’s protests. He was out of town and couldn’t stop
them, so they agreed on a location to move it to. He was
paying them 1K per month in dock fees.
They moved it to a different location then the one agreed
upon, they seemingly intentionally moved it on top of a large
log, door wouldn’t open, much structural damage. Guy there
was bragging that he finally got rid of it by doing that.
Made a deal with them about moving it away, they’d have to
pay 60K if they did anything but destroy it. EPA informed
them that if they destroyed it they’d be fined 100K (lead paint,
asbestos), so they relented. deal was made to forfeit money
+3K/month + insurance for time to get everything off Pool 24
property. Boat part will be moved to St. Louis and turned into
museum.
P3 Page of6 19

58. P4 / Father Ted Malone / Episcopalian historic
church & cemetery preservation, NC
Always has been interested in old places, buildings, traditions
and wanted to save buildings from being torn down.
Was archaelogy grad student, ended up working for NC
division of archives and history as book editor.
Became an Episcopalian priest, and in 1990 he became the
superintendent of archives for the Episcopalian Diocese of
North Carolina. He was put in charge of historic churches for
the Dept. of History and Records.
In 1997 the diocese was reorganized, and thought a
commission should oversee the historic churches. A
commission was created, he was made chairman.
The commission works to save ones that fit specific criteria.
Ted created a plan to regularize how they deal with these
historic churches owned by the diocese. He proposed a new
canon on historic churches and codified what they were
doing, allowing for their authority and regulation as well as
appoint local committees to manage each historic property.
Criteria included the church was 100 years old, had
architectural significance, and could be supported by a local
committee.
Whenever a church closed they’d consider it for preservation.
The vestry could apply to the commission so a church could
be saved and there is an application process.
Now there are ten historic churches which represent a variety
of architectural styles from colonial to 20th century.
As commissions evolve, the canon has been amended to:
• Permit creation of guidelines that each historic church has
representative on commission and 10 members from local
church, an architect, a lawyer, historian, antiques appraiser.
This commission meets twice a year but communicates
regularly.
• insert sentence that part of the commission’s purpose was
to promote historic preservation
• Change it from 100 to 75 years minimum.
Opposition to preservation effort
A large church in Raleigh with an old wooden chapel as its
original structure wanted to add wing, and tear down the
chapel in the process. The chapel had been the original
church.
were able to save because the structure had been
consecrated, therefore couldn’t be demolished, sold or
moved. Representatives from this church (owned by the
diocese, not the individual church) attempted to circumvent
canon law by going to Raleigh Historic Commission to have
chapel torn down, Ted appeared at the meeting and was able
to stop this from happening.
P4 Page of7 19

59. So the RHC turned them down, the church reps were
embarrassed in the media (a reporter had been at the
meeting, and story got into the paper). The church reps were
then reluctant to get it de-consecrated.
This initiated a public conversation which led to a public
intervention, and the church had to compromise. The chapel
was sold to a developer who moved it to a new location (All
Saints Chapel) and it is still in use.
Since then the commission has saved 5 more churches (10
total). Local committees take care of maintenance by raising
money, income from offerings and fundraisers.
Preserved churches are considered “living historic churches”
and encourage them to be used as often as possible and are
required to hold at minimum one full service per year.
He considers these as being held in trust for the future;
maybe they’ll reopen as demographics in the areas change.
Write grants, they have one granting agency, the Episcopal
Church Foundation..
Advice for successful preservation efforts:
Have organized, proactive participants
Some churches are on national register, others they buy a
bronze plaque for, with designation of “living historic church”.
“Churches are as fragile as their local committees” and are
never “permanently” saved.
Have to keep committees active; committees have to get
grants and make repairs.
Local gov’t doesn’t get involved unless building is derelict.
Important to know how to negotiate the system.
One reason historic churches are unique is often they have
no running water & no bathrooms
One difficult effort is with an African American church. Church
is closed and building has been neglected. There has been
trouble getting it designated. It is an example of a different
type of church architecture. Has been difficult finding people
to serve on a committee, and recruit an inclusive committee
to represent African American heritage.
Committee members can be locals who aren’t Episcopalian.
Last church that was designated is in a small town, built 1881,
only 8-10 seniors left in parish. Have been able to intervene
ahead of time and helped through application process and
forming a tentative committee, from Episcopalians to local
non-Episcopalians.
Committee is six former members and six locals.
P4 Page of8 19

60. Preserved churches also have to have a committee
overseeing, appointed by the bishop, and can only have
Episcopalian services.
They also have jurisdiction over historic cemeteries, have 15
across diocese.
Other sources of resistance to preservation efforts is from
financial managers in diocese concerned with, insurance
costs and liability. They see it as artsy frill and a liability, so it
is important for their commission to be self sufficient.
Generally, half of the people tend to care about historic
preservation, half are skeptical. Ongoing efforts to convince
skeptics that heritage preservation ins valuable. He tries to
remind them not to have a corporate mentality, they have
spiritual values and work to preserve those values.
They work to raise awareness, encourage historic church use
to increase interest. They raise awareness through diocese
magazine, website, word of mouth, inviting someone to come
to services.
The commission is very vocal and has strong supporters.
Commissioners have three year terms which means having to
educate new people. Each commissioner makes a report a s
spring and fall meetings.
Have to be able to communicate with everybody and present
a positive image of what they’re doing.
They have to be “wise as serpents, innocent as doves”, and
they have to compromise.
P4 Page of9 19

61. P5 / David Rotenstien
Undergrad - Archaeology at GSU
PhD at Univ of Pennsylvania
Has worked in public history with state agencies and the
national park service, consulting as an archaeologist and a
historian. Interested in the way artifacts relate to the past.
Moved to Decatur, GA and bought a house in 2011. He’d
fallen in love with the architecture of that area. This area
seemed good for historic preservation and the area relied
heavy on “history” as its brand. Colleagues wrote positive
things about the area. He learned there’d been a failed
preservation effort in the area in 2006-07 before he moved
there run by a group of preservation advocates, but he didn’t
know why it had failed.
When he moved there tear downs were happening daily,
bringing waste to landfills, consuming energy and creating
environmental concerns—not sustainable.
He heard stories concerning developers with strong ties to
the area, predatory realtors and racial issues.
City planners denied race issues, didn’t want to deal with
historic preservationists, labeling them “troublemakers”.
As he began efforts to make the neighborhood a historic
district, he became the target of stalking accusations; people
in the neighborhood became increasingly angry, started a
defamatory smear campaign against him, pursued
defamation case, cyberstalking. Police weren’t interested.
Moved to Atlanta
Gentrification issues, developer told police
Adversarial historic preservation proceedings… communities
heavily invested in protecting its image as not a racist place. If
a fraction of his writings proved true it would cause them to
look at themselves.
He hired a local consultant to survey the city.
“Never accept at face value the 1st, 2nd or 3rd impressions of
a community.” (regarding racism)
Political regime - don’t even try to change it, “When so many
things were against the possibility of a successful
preservation effort, just walk away.”
Super gentrification: Process relies on high rent gap.
Difference between property’s use and higher socio-
economic status. People are displaced, priced out, not made
to feel welcome, marginalized. Only 1/4 of Oakhurst in
Decatur is gentrifying. The other 3/4 weren’t.
P5 Page of10 19

62. Analytical approach, gentrification vs. demographic inversion.
- services improve, crime decreases
but
- increased marginalization, no way around the race issues
Dimension of racism and resiliency brings out best and worst
in people. Opposition movements face counter opposition;
counter opposition participates in hegomonic acts: arson,
graffiti, calling, frivolous lawsuits.
P5 Page of11 19

63. P6 / Dr. Margaret Clark, Hornby School Museum,
Erie, PA
Taught in high school near Hornby school for 35 years. Knew
about the school and knew people interested in preserving it.
Neighbors all interested. School was built in 1872. School sits
on one acre of land.
The school district owned the property, the school closed in
1956. School district combined, and property was sold as
auction. The last remaining teacher from the Hornby School
bought it at the auction.
In 1972, school was starting to fall down, so a Hornby School
Restoration Society was formed, they purchased it from the
teacher for $1 after they approached her and told her they
wanted to incorporate it as a charitable institution.
Originally there were 400 members of the HSRS, currently
there are 90 members. They pay $15/year, this is used to fix
up the school. The board consists of nine members.
It is open for tours every Sunday during the summer months.
There’s a Hornby cleanup day, Hornby planting day, and the
school opens for field trips, particularly 4th graders in
September and May. Girl scout troops visit to get an Our
Heritage badge, where they churn butter or learn to sew.
Sunday of Labor Day weekend is a classic car cruise in
featuring Edsels, pickup trucks and farm trucks. Civil War day
features re-enactors firing off cannons and talking about the
life of Colonel Strong Vincent.
Closes due to snow during other seasons, the furnace keeps
the school at 50°.
Dr. Clark had been involved in the school preservation since
2004. Wanted to save history by preserving it.
The biggest difficulty in the preservation effort has been
raising money. Budget in 2012 was less than $3000; board
directed her to find funding to put in a furnace in 2014. In
2015 got grant funding, also used IndieGoGo to raise funds.
Saw a news report on TV about interns from Mercy Herst
(University) working with Dr. Kristan Wheaton
(kwheaton@mercy…). Contacted him and three interns
collaborated with her to do online fundraising through
IndieGoGo.
They took photos and videos, gave suggestions on what to
write on site, what to do and say in video, suggested social
media strategy surrounding IndieGoGo campaign.
Raised 1800 through that effort, and ran an article through
local newspaper in Erie (through Dr. Wheaton’s connections),
got front page story which raised an additional $1K.
Picture book on things in one room school houses ?
Country School Association of America (CSAA) ?
P6 Page of12 19

64. Work on IndieGoGo was more involved than Dr. Clark
anticipated, would have gone for easier, less expensive items
for rewards or incentives given for higher donations. (quilt =
too much; calendar or cookbook = easy and cost-effective).
Advice: “Local support is everything”
They need to find new members under 30. They can look to
undergrads needing to complete community service as part
of studies and Eagle Scouts.
All funds raised go straight to school.
P6 Page of13 19

65. P7 / Bob, Hillsborough Inn, Hillsborough, NC
Currently the property is in wait mode. They had been trying
to prevent eminent domain and wanted to buy the owner out.
Lots of people engaged in trying to save the property.
Eminent domain is on questionable constitutionally, especially
if no use has been determined for property, but “eminent
domain is the only alternative to giving up when there’s a
recalcitrant owner.” Much better for it to be voluntary.
Owner’s reasoning/motives for keeping it, enjoys the
attention he’s gotten despite it being negative. Paranoid
sociopath.
The owner had had previous difficulty with the city council
over his wanting to tear down another property and build, he
won that case, but it made the city council resent him and
uncooperative with him when he bought the Inn and wanted
to open it for business as a restaurant and inn and applied for
a special use permit. Also, being portrayed as the “bad guy”
in the first tear down and rebuild fed his desire for attention
and he’s stuck with portraying that role.
A neighboring bed and breakfast owner didn’t want
competition so found 13 neighbors to support an effort to
block the Inn owner’s attempt to get permits to open a
restaurant/inn (the area was zoned as residential, since the
inn had been closed for a while the permit to run a business
there had expired). It had been run for 200 years as a
restaurant and inn.
The owner could have challenged this since the B&B owner’s
effort was based on a conflict of interests, but he didn’t and
instead became passive aggressive and paranoid that there
was a local cabal out to get him.
Since he couldn’t open it as a business, he moved into it, but
was told he couldn’t just move in but needed to get it
inspected first. He refused to do so, so had to move out.
There was a lot of community interest in preserving the inn,
but the owner wouldn’t cooperate.
Bob grew up in the area, has lived there for 53 years, went to
the Inn every Sunday with his grandma for lunch. He’d been
following the dispute between the owner (Francis Henry) and
the town and felt bad for the owner seeing as he was often
made the scapegoat for everything. Bob refused to choose
sides and felt much of the difficulty with the owner could have
been prevented if the town had been more welcoming. The
city council determined him “an outsider” and “not one of us”.
Bob got involved, initially just wanted to just get together and
talk with the owner. Bob formed an association because no
one was making headway with him. He was cordial and
business-like in their meetings, but “when the shit hits the fan,
he’d sue you”. The owner had already decided the outcome
prior to meeting - he wasn’t going to sell. Due to the state of
the property, the owner wasn’t allowed on the property at all,
but he goes on there practically every day, and has done
some suspicious things: 1) spreading rumors that a homeless
person was often seen around the house and was staying in
P7 Page of14 19

66. the house, and that person might start a fire. 2) the owner
was found in the house burning a bunch of paperwork.
The state of NC was considering the property to be
designated as one with “statewide significance”. It is currently
in the process of being taken from owner by eminent domain,
and the owner will get less than $250K for it, but it hasn’t
been fully settled by the courts yet, but will possibly be this
year.
Originally offered owner $750K to buy, then 1.2 million.
P7 Page of15 19

67. P8 / Heath Fox / Red Roost and Red Rest Cottages,
La Jolla, CA
The owner of these properties wanted to tear the cottages
down, the preservation society fought and prevented this.
They were able to have them listed on the National Register
of Historic Places.
These are the oldest cottages remaining form the cottage era
that began in the 1880’s. These were built in mid-1890’s. Their
condition is very poor, tarps over roof. All is not lost yet, no
timeline or no plans exist presently though. They will have to
salvage what is possible and this will be more of a
reconstruction than preservation.
The city would not be likely to use eminent domain, people
would fight that.
The owner told them that he’d destroy them by neglect. After
he passed away, the assets went to his children who had
conflicting plans for the cottages.
In the past decade the city of San Diego has tried to force
owner to do something with property, and there are a number
of pending litigations involving the estate and ?with some
agreement, law suits were resolved??.
Large swath of property that includes these cottages was
purchased by AIMCO (based in Denver). These new owners
not sure what their plan is yet for the property. Heath is
staying in communication with them. Keeping friendly, trying
to nudge along planning process using “a carrot rather than a
stick”. Calls to check in
“Media pressure can help get an owner to act.”
These have been a source of embarrassment and frustration,
and the local community wants to see it resolved.
Decades ago there was an active campaign for preservation
(not owner initiated), city recognized them as historically
significant and threatened to sue owner as this was a hazard,
so he put up a fence and tarp.
If reconstructed these properties could be expensive
vacation rentals, this aligns with AIMCO’s business and they’d
be heroes in the community. Restoration would likely be
upward of $1.5-1.75 million.
The national historic designation in 1966. Local programs
were run, regulations and activists have been a step behind
in the process, haven’t been part of the larger discussion
regarding building.
More often than not communications cause conflicts to arise
and end confrontationally. Heath’s preservation org has been
trying to move the conversation forward, speaking with
property owners, working with planning orgs.
Recommends using a formal organization that can work with
architectural communities and consulting organizations, and
P8 Page of16 19

68. encourage architects to work together early, talking about
plans upfront - use a collaborative and cooperative approach.
Take a view of sympathy [empathy?] and cooperation.
Prioritize what features are most important for saving, buy
property, hire architect.
Lawsuit - company bought property, intended to fix and flip
but started to tear down. Report was insignificant, sent back
to owner. This should be evaluated when property comes up
for sale so buyers know, and they should also learn that
historic designation increases the value but they’ll need
permits.
Goals for preserved properties: continued use and let the
property evolve.
Currently there is no systematic way to know whether historic
properties are for sale. Some realtors help, others don’t;
should have a systematic process with city where properties
45 years or older have to be reviewed when a permit is filed
to demolish or modify. 100 may apply a year, 10-20% are
reviewd, 2-3 may get designation??.
Late 20th century model of historic preservation—
management needs to adapt, urban cores are being
gentrified, because areas are more accessible, urban areas
built out??.
Post WW2 building boom means huge number of properties
becoming “historic” but there is no efficient or updated way
of managing them for all parties concerned. Historic
preservation by and large is focused on white non-ethnic
communities.
P8 Page of17 19

69. P9 / Candacy Williams, Green Book Project
Candacy is working with a city planner in Los Angeles
focused on culturally historic places in LA.
(Ken Bernstein)
(California Humanities)
Places listed in Green Book were recognized for historic
significance, and her goal is to have them brought up to
code. 80% of them are gone.
Traveling exhibition service - offer walking tours through
neighborhoods, plaques on buildings.
It was thought that about 1500 sites from the book still exist in
9 states (Wikipedia). This doesn’t take into account the
number of years which the magazine ran. Candacy
documented 2400 sites (though very few of these are still
operating) while driving from California to New York, and will
go back on the southern route to document others.
(Henry Louis Gates, Jan - July)??
Website: Los Angeles properties, 10 properties featured.
Where were the black people, trail of tears sites.
Route of Route 66
cultural documentarian
leading grassroots pressure to change/better/further issues,
push them forward
Social mobility still difficult today
At the eventual exhibit will feature letters right there to mail to
state reps, map of historic sites,
Her focus is on policy, doesn’t feel change happens
individually, but through policy changes. “People don’t want
to change”.
Hasn’t gotten to actual preservation efforts yet, still
documenting.
Arms self with mace and a stun gun, keeps a low profile/
under the radar when taking photos, usually stays in car to do
so.
Present whole project and video
Crapshoot?
Shattuck Hotel in Berkeley
National Historic Register is not the goal, wants to bring
recognition through walking tours, want people to question
how this is going to effect their lives.
P9 Page of18 19

70. Brian Stevenson - SXSW talks.
Lynching sites
will do walking tour of South Central LA
Doing research fellowship at Schomberg
Similar guides for gay travelers, Jewish travelers (traveling
“Borscht Belt”); 7 guides like this??
Applied for NEH grant - public scholar grant to write a book,
wants to use data for exhibit; if all goes well will be curator for
the exhibit for two years. Exhibit — maps, virtual reality,
mobile app
Harlem of the west, NE??
P9 Page of19 19

71. APPENDIX B: BIBLIOGRAPHY

72. Bibliography
Bentel, P. (2004). Where Do We Draw the Line? Historic Preservation's Expanding Boundaries. Future Anterior: Journal of Historic
Preservation, History, Theory, and Criticism, 1(2), 42-49. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25834946
Blank, T. (2009). Contesting the Contested: Preservation Politics, Collective Memory, and the First Institution for the Criminally Insane in
America. Material Culture, 41(1), 39-60. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/29764497
Cisneros, H. (1996). Preserving Everybody's History. Cityscape, 85-97. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20868438
Connellan, I. (2003). The Politics of Preservation. Geographical (Campion Interactive Publishing), 75, 77-80. Retrieved from http://
www.governing.com/topics/politics/Politics-Preservation.html
Lee, A. (2004). From Historic Architecture to Cultural Heritage: A Journey Through Diversity, Identity, and Community. Future Anterior:
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