UVEA constitutes- middle vascular coat
• 3 parts- a)iris
b)ciliary body
c)choroid
• Developmentally,structurally and functionallyindivisible
• color varies from light blue to dark brown
EMBRYOLOGY
IRIS-
• Both layers of epithelium derived from
marginal region of optic cup (neuroectoderm)
• Sphincter and dilator pupillae- anterior
epithelium (neuroectoderm)
• Stroma and vessels- vascular mesoderm
UVEA constitutes- middle vascular coat
• 3 parts- a)iris
b)ciliary body
c)choroid
• Developmentally,structurally and functionallyindivisible
• color varies from light blue to dark brown
EMBRYOLOGY
IRIS-
• Both layers of epithelium derived from
marginal region of optic cup (neuroectoderm)
• Sphincter and dilator pupillae- anterior
epithelium (neuroectoderm)
• Stroma and vessels- vascular mesoderm
anatomyofuvea , iris , ciliary body , choroidssuserde6356
The iris consists of two layers: the front pigmented fibrovascular layer known as a stroma and, beneath the stroma, pigmented epithelial cells.
The stroma is connected to a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil in a circular motion, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae), which pull the iris radially to enlarge the pupil, pulling it in folds.
The iris (brown coloured portion of the eye) controls the size of the pupil by contracting the sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae muscles
The sphincter pupillae is the opposing muscle of the dilator pupillae. The pupil's diameter, and thus the inner border of the iris, changes size when constricting or dilating. The outer border of the iris does not change size. The constricting muscle is located on the inner border.
The back surface is covered by a heavily pigmented epithelial layer that is two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. This anterior surface projects as the dilator muscles. The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris to the retina, restricting it to the pupil.[3] The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the sclera and the anterior ciliary body. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior uvea. Just in front of the root of the iris is the region referred to as the trabecular meshwork, through which the aqueous humour constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on intraocular pressure and indirectly on vision. The iris along with the anterior ciliary body provide a secondary pathway for aqueous humour to drain from the eye.
The iris is divided into two major regions:
The pupillary zone is the inner region whose edge forms the boundary of the pupil.
The ciliary zone is the rest of the iris that extends to its origin at the ciliary body.
The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is a part of the uvea, the vascular layer of the eye. It contains connective tissues, and lies between the retina and the sclera. The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme rear of the eye (at 0.2 mm), while in the outlying areas it narrows to 0.1 mm. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retin
1. Introduction Gross anatomy Layers Blood supply, drainage and nerve supply
2. INTRODUCTION • Sclera forms posterior 5/6th of external tunic , connective tissue coat of eyeball. • it continues with duramater and cornea • Its whole surface covered by tenon’s capsule • Anteriorly covered by- bulbar conjunctiva • Inner surface lies in contact with choroid • With a potential suprachoroidal space in between
3. Equa THICKNESS OF SCLERA
4. • Thickness varies with individual, with age • Thinner- children, elder, F> M • Thickest posteriorly • Gradually becomes thinner when traced anteriorly • Thin at insertion of extraocular muscle
For this slide, i have done very hard work. This anatomy has been presented in a very simple way. The video of this slide is available on youtube as well. You can search with my name in utube. Thank u.
Servers: Servers are the backbone of e-commerce websites. They store the website data, including product information, customer details, and transactional data. They are responsible for processing customer requests, generating dynamic content, and serving web pages to customers.
Storage devices: Storage devices such as hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs) are used to store the website data and application files. They provide the necessary storage capacity to accommodate large amounts of data, such as product images, videos, and customer information.
Routers and switches: Routers and switches are used to connect the e-commerce website to the internet and facilitate data transfer between different devices. They help to ensure that data is transmitted quickly and reliably, and that the website is accessible to customers from anywhere in the world.
Firewalls: Firewalls are used to protect the e-commerce website from unauthorized access and malicious attacks. They monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic
There are several challenges associated with the trade cycle in e-commerce, which can affect the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the process. Some of these challenges include:
Security: One of the main challenges in e-commerce is ensuring the security of the transaction. This includes protecting sensitive data such as credit card information and personal details from theft, fraud, and other cyber threats.
Logistics: Shipping and delivery can be a significant challenge in e-commerce, particularly for products that require special handling or transportation. This includes ensuring timely delivery, tracking shipments, and dealing with returns and exchanges.
Payment processing: Payment processing can be complex, particularly for cross-border transactions involving different currencies and payment systems. It is essential to ensure that payment methods are secure, reliable, and convenient for customers.
The trade cycle in e-commerce refers to the various stages involved in a typical online transaction between a buyer and a seller. The trade cycle typically includes the following stages:
Product search and selection: The buyer searches for a product or service online and selects the desired item from the e-commerce website. This may involve browsing product categories, using search filters, and reading product descriptions and reviews.
Shopping cart and checkout: Once the buyer has selected the desired item, they add it to their shopping cart and proceed to checkout. At this stage, they may be required to enter their personal and payment information, such as name, address, and credit card details.
Order processing: After the buyer has completed the checkout process, the seller receives the order and processes it. This may involve verifying the availability of the product, preparing it for shipment, and generating a shipping label.
Payment processing: Once the order has been processed, the payment is processed by the payment gateway. This involves verifying the payment information and authorizing the transaction.
Shipping and delivery: The seller ships the product to the buyer's address using a third-party logistics provider or their own delivery service. The buyer is provided with tracking information to monitor the status of the shipment.
Returns and refunds: If the buyer is not satisfied with the product, they may initiate a return or exchange. The seller handles the return or exchange process and ensures that the buyer is satisfied with their purchase.
Customer service: The seller provides customer service to address any issues or concerns that the buyer may have regarding the product or service.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
anatomyofuvea , iris , ciliary body , choroidssuserde6356
The iris consists of two layers: the front pigmented fibrovascular layer known as a stroma and, beneath the stroma, pigmented epithelial cells.
The stroma is connected to a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil in a circular motion, and a set of dilator muscles (dilator pupillae), which pull the iris radially to enlarge the pupil, pulling it in folds.
The iris (brown coloured portion of the eye) controls the size of the pupil by contracting the sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae muscles
The sphincter pupillae is the opposing muscle of the dilator pupillae. The pupil's diameter, and thus the inner border of the iris, changes size when constricting or dilating. The outer border of the iris does not change size. The constricting muscle is located on the inner border.
The back surface is covered by a heavily pigmented epithelial layer that is two cells thick (the iris pigment epithelium), but the front surface has no epithelium. This anterior surface projects as the dilator muscles. The high pigment content blocks light from passing through the iris to the retina, restricting it to the pupil.[3] The outer edge of the iris, known as the root, is attached to the sclera and the anterior ciliary body. The iris and ciliary body together are known as the anterior uvea. Just in front of the root of the iris is the region referred to as the trabecular meshwork, through which the aqueous humour constantly drains out of the eye, with the result that diseases of the iris often have important effects on intraocular pressure and indirectly on vision. The iris along with the anterior ciliary body provide a secondary pathway for aqueous humour to drain from the eye.
The iris is divided into two major regions:
The pupillary zone is the inner region whose edge forms the boundary of the pupil.
The ciliary zone is the rest of the iris that extends to its origin at the ciliary body.
The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is a part of the uvea, the vascular layer of the eye. It contains connective tissues, and lies between the retina and the sclera. The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme rear of the eye (at 0.2 mm), while in the outlying areas it narrows to 0.1 mm. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retin
1. Introduction Gross anatomy Layers Blood supply, drainage and nerve supply
2. INTRODUCTION • Sclera forms posterior 5/6th of external tunic , connective tissue coat of eyeball. • it continues with duramater and cornea • Its whole surface covered by tenon’s capsule • Anteriorly covered by- bulbar conjunctiva • Inner surface lies in contact with choroid • With a potential suprachoroidal space in between
3. Equa THICKNESS OF SCLERA
4. • Thickness varies with individual, with age • Thinner- children, elder, F> M • Thickest posteriorly • Gradually becomes thinner when traced anteriorly • Thin at insertion of extraocular muscle
For this slide, i have done very hard work. This anatomy has been presented in a very simple way. The video of this slide is available on youtube as well. You can search with my name in utube. Thank u.
Servers: Servers are the backbone of e-commerce websites. They store the website data, including product information, customer details, and transactional data. They are responsible for processing customer requests, generating dynamic content, and serving web pages to customers.
Storage devices: Storage devices such as hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs) are used to store the website data and application files. They provide the necessary storage capacity to accommodate large amounts of data, such as product images, videos, and customer information.
Routers and switches: Routers and switches are used to connect the e-commerce website to the internet and facilitate data transfer between different devices. They help to ensure that data is transmitted quickly and reliably, and that the website is accessible to customers from anywhere in the world.
Firewalls: Firewalls are used to protect the e-commerce website from unauthorized access and malicious attacks. They monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic
There are several challenges associated with the trade cycle in e-commerce, which can affect the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the process. Some of these challenges include:
Security: One of the main challenges in e-commerce is ensuring the security of the transaction. This includes protecting sensitive data such as credit card information and personal details from theft, fraud, and other cyber threats.
Logistics: Shipping and delivery can be a significant challenge in e-commerce, particularly for products that require special handling or transportation. This includes ensuring timely delivery, tracking shipments, and dealing with returns and exchanges.
Payment processing: Payment processing can be complex, particularly for cross-border transactions involving different currencies and payment systems. It is essential to ensure that payment methods are secure, reliable, and convenient for customers.
The trade cycle in e-commerce refers to the various stages involved in a typical online transaction between a buyer and a seller. The trade cycle typically includes the following stages:
Product search and selection: The buyer searches for a product or service online and selects the desired item from the e-commerce website. This may involve browsing product categories, using search filters, and reading product descriptions and reviews.
Shopping cart and checkout: Once the buyer has selected the desired item, they add it to their shopping cart and proceed to checkout. At this stage, they may be required to enter their personal and payment information, such as name, address, and credit card details.
Order processing: After the buyer has completed the checkout process, the seller receives the order and processes it. This may involve verifying the availability of the product, preparing it for shipment, and generating a shipping label.
Payment processing: Once the order has been processed, the payment is processed by the payment gateway. This involves verifying the payment information and authorizing the transaction.
Shipping and delivery: The seller ships the product to the buyer's address using a third-party logistics provider or their own delivery service. The buyer is provided with tracking information to monitor the status of the shipment.
Returns and refunds: If the buyer is not satisfied with the product, they may initiate a return or exchange. The seller handles the return or exchange process and ensures that the buyer is satisfied with their purchase.
Customer service: The seller provides customer service to address any issues or concerns that the buyer may have regarding the product or service.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
3. IRIS
• Anterior most part of uvea
• 3-4 mm aperture called pupil which regulates amount of light
reaching retina
• It divides space between cornea and lens into AC and PC
4.
5.
6. Macroscopic structure of Iris
Anterior surface divided into ciliary zone and pupillary zone by
collarette
1.Ciliary zone:
series of radial streaks d/t underlying blood vessels,crypts –
superficial layer of Iris is missing .
Peripheral and central crypts
2.Pupillary zone :
part between collarette and pigmentation frill
Smooth and flat
8. Anterior limiting layer
• Anterior most condensed part of stroma
• Melanocyte’s and fibroblasts
• Deficient in crypts areas
• Colour of IRIS depends on this layer
• Blue iris –thin pigmentation
• Brown iris- thick
9. Iris stroma
• Loose collagen network.
• Sphincter pupillae,dilator
pupillae,vessels,nerves,pigments,lymphocytes,macrophages,mast
cells,fibroblasts.
• Sphincter pupillae-pupillary zone of iris,Parasympathetic nerve supply,
1mm circular band ,constricts pupil.
• Dilator pupillae – posterior part of stroma in ciliary zone ,cervical
sympathetic supply -dilates pupil.
10. Anterior epithelial layer
• Gives rise to dilator pupillae muscle
• Anterior continuation of pigment epithelium of retina and ciliary body
11. Posterior pigmented epithelial layer
• Anterior continuation of NPE of ciliary body
• At pupillary border it continues anterior pigment epithelial layer
12. Ciliary body
• Forward continuation of choroid at Ora serrata
• Cs – triangular in shape
• Anterior – part of AC and PC
• Middle – Iris is attached
• Outer side – lies against sclera with suprachoroidaal space in between
• Inner side – 2 parts , anterior part has ciliary process 2mm ( pars
plicata),posterior part smooth pars plana 4 mm
• Function: aqueous humour production,ciliary muscle help in
accommodation
13. 1. Supra ciliary lamina:
• outermost condensed stroma.
• Pigmented collagen fibres.
• Anteriorly continues with anterior limiting membrane of
iris,Posteriorly continues as suprachoroidal lamina.
14. 2. Stroma:
• Collagen and fibroblast’s ,
Ciliary muscle,vessels,nerves,pigments.
• Ciliary muscle: Non striated muscle ,
Cut section triangular in shape
Longitudinal/ meridonial fibres – helps in aqueous flow
Circular fibres – accommodation.
Radial / oblique fibres – aqueousflow.
• Nerve supply - parasympathetic fibres through short ciliary nerve.
16. 3. Pigment epithelium:
• anteriorly continued with pigment epithelium layer of iris
• Posterior continued from retinal pigment epithelium’s
4.Non pigment epithelium :
Anteriorly continued as posterior pigment layer of iris,posteriorly
extended from neurosensory retina
5. Internal limiting membrane:
• Extended from internal limiting membrane of retina,lines non
pigmented epithelial layer.
17. Ciliary process
• Finger like projection’s from pars plicata
• 70-80 in number, 2 mm long 0.5 mm diameter
• White in colour
• Lined by two epithelial layers ,core contains blood vessels and
connective tissue
• Site of aqueous production
19. Choroid
• Posterior most part of vascular coat of eye ball
• Extends from optic disc to Ora serrata
• Inner surface lies in contact with RPE of retina
• Outer lies in contact with sclera
21. 1. Suprachoroidal lamina:
Thin membrane of condensed collagen ,melanocytes,fibroblasts
Anterior extension as supra ciliary lamina
Space between sclera and membrane is suprachoroidal space(long
and short posterior ciliary nerves)
22. 2. Stroma:
Loose collagenous tissue,elastic and reticular fibres,pigment
cells,plasma cells.
Out to in
Layer of large vessels(hailers layer)
Layer of medium vessel’s (sattles layer)
Layer of choriocapillaries (nourish outer retina).
23. 3.Basal lamina
Bruchs membrane
Lines layers of choriocapillaries
Approximate with RPE of retina
27. Blood supply to uvea
• 3 sets of arteries supply blood to UVEA
1.SHORT POSTERIOR CILIARY ARTERY :
Two trunks from ophthalmic artery .
10 -20 branches from each trunk,pierces sclera around Optic nerve and supply
choroid in a segmental manner.
2.LONG POSTERIOR CILIARY ARTERY:
Two in number,nasal and temporal
Pierce sclera obliquely on medial and lateral side of optic nerve and run in
suprachoroidal space to reach ciliary muscle.
28. At the end of ciliarymuscle these 2 branches anastomose with each other and also with
anterior ciliary arteries and gives supply to ciliary body.
3. Anterior ciliary artery:
Derived from muscular artery which are 7 in number.
MR -2,SR -2 ,IR -2 ,LR -1 .
These muscular arteries pass anteriorly in to episclera ,give branches to sclera
,limbus,conjuctiva,and pierce the sclera near limbus to enter ciliary muscle.
At ciliary muscle they anastomose with two long posterior ciliary arteries to form
CIRCULUS ARTERIOSUS MAJOR near root of iris.
Branches from circular arteriosus major supply ciliary process
Many branches from circular arteriosus major run radially through Iris towards pupil
where they anastomose with each other and form CIRCULUS ARTERIOSUS MINOR.
29.
30. Venous drainage
• Drain blood from iris,choroid ,ciliary body to form Vortex veins
• Vortex veins are 4 superotemporal,inferotemporal,superonasal,inferonasal
• Pierce sclera behind equator and drain into superior and inferior ophthalmic
veins which inturn drain into cavernous sinus.
32. IRIS
• Both layers of epithelium are derived from marginal region of optic
cup (neuroectoderm).
• Sphincter and dilator pupillae –anterior epithelium (neuroectoderm)
• Stroma and vessels –mesoderm.
33. Ciliary body
• Both epithelium from neuroectoderm.
• Ciliaryprocess from ciliary epithelium.
• Stroma and blood vessels-mesoderm.
35. Milestones
• 9th week gestation –ciliary body appears
• 12th week gestation-sphincter pupillae
• 5th month-all layers of choroid are seen,iris fully developed
• 6th month-dilator muscle begins to develop,sphincter muscle fully
developed
• Post natal period- dilator muscle fully developed by 5 yrs,Iris stromal
pigment develops after birth.
36. Congenital anamolies of uveal tract
• Heterochromia iris
Heterochromia iridium- colour of one iris differs from other iris.
Heterochromia iridis- one sector different from other sector.
Congenital vs acquired ??
