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CAUSA DE INFECCIÓN PROTÉSICA ARTICULAR
>50% S. aureus
El más prevalente
Resto Coagulasa (-)
- S. Epidermidis
- S. Haemolytucus
- S. Capitis
- S. hominis
1%
<3m Temprana: Bacterias virulentas
> 2 años Tardía: Bacterias virulentas
60%
Piel
Sitio qx
Fuentes
3m – 2años: Retrasada: Bact. virulentas
Table 1. Examples of organisms commonly detected in prosthetic joint infections of the hip and kne
(by percentage of isolated samples within each study).
Reference [66] [112] [113] [114] [15] [22]
Cohort Timeframe 2000-03 1999-06 2001-06 10 studies 2004-10 2013-14
Number of patients 699 147 63 ‒ 109 ‒
Staphylococcus sp. 76% 53% 65% 50% 60% 66%
Pseudomonas sp. 7% 5% 2% ‒ 11% 2%
Enterococcus sp. 5% 6% 5% 3% 11% 6%
Streptococcus sp. 2% 7% 11% 8% ‒ 4%
Enterobacteriaceae 8% 18% 11% gram (-) 10% gram (-) 36% gram (-) 17%
Polymicrobial ‒ ‒ 7% 16% 17% ‒
BIOFILMS
Métodos actuales para prevenir infecciones
Selection of an Optimal Antiseptic Solution
for IntraoperativeIrrigation
An in Vitro Study
S.J. van Meurs, MD, D. Gawlitta, PhD, K.A. Heemstra, MD, PhD, R.W. Poolman, MD, PhD,
H.C. Vogely, MD, PhD, and M.C. Kruyt, MD, PhD
Investigation performed at theDepartmentsof Orthopaedicsand Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, TheNethe
Background: With increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance and an increased infection risk due to more complicate
surgical procedures and patient populations, prevention of surgical infection is of paramount importance. Intraoperativ
irrigation with an antiseptic solution could provide an effective way to reduce postoperative infection rates. Althoug
numerous studies have been conducted on the bactericidal or cytotoxic characteristics of antiseptics, the combination o
these characteristics for intraoperative application has not been addressed.
Methods: Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureusand S. epidermidis)and human cells were exposed to polyhexanide, hydroge
peroxide, octenidine dihydrochloride, povidone-iodine, and chlorhexidine digluconate at various dilutions for two minutes
Bactericidal properties were calculated by means of the quantitative suspension method. The cytotoxic effect on huma
fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells was determined by a WST-1 metabolic activity assay.
Results: All of the antiseptics except for polyhexanide were bactericidal and cytotoxic at the commercially availabl
concentrations. When diluted, only povidone-iodine was bactericidal at a concentration at which some cell viabilit
remained. The other antiseptics tested showed no cellular survival at the minimal bactericidal concentration.
Conclusions: Povidone-iodine diluted to a concentration of 1.3 g/ L could be the optimal antiseptic for intraoperativ
irrigation. This should be established by future clinical studies.
P
ostoperative surgical site infection remains a major
complication. With increasing bacterial resistance and
an increased infection risk due to more complicated
10% (e.g., in complicated spinal surgery)2,3
. In addition
implantation of orthopaedic devices can result in infec
that are difficult to treat and frequently require reopera
Peer Review: This article was reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and one Deputy Editor, and it underwent blinded review by two or more outside experts. The Deputy
reviewed each revision of the article, and it underwent a final review by the Editor-in-Chief prior to publication. Final corrections and clarifications occurred during
more exchanges between the author(s) and copyeditors.
BACTERICIDA
Selection of an Optimal Antiseptic Solution
for IntraoperativeIrrigation
An in Vitro Study
S.J. van Meurs, MD, D. Gawlitta, PhD, K.A. Heemstra, MD, PhD, R.W. Poolman, MD, PhD,
H.C. Vogely, MD, PhD, and M.C. Kruyt, MD, PhD
Investigation performed at theDepartmentsof Orthopaedicsand Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, TheNethe
Background: With increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance and an increased infection risk due to more complicate
surgical procedures and patient populations, prevention of surgical infection is of paramount importance. Intraoperativ
irrigation with an antiseptic solution could provide an effective way to reduce postoperative infection rates. Althoug
numerous studies have been conducted on the bactericidal or cytotoxic characteristics of antiseptics, the combination o
these characteristics for intraoperative application has not been addressed.
Methods: Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureusand S. epidermidis)and human cells were exposed to polyhexanide, hydroge
peroxide, octenidine dihydrochloride, povidone-iodine, and chlorhexidine digluconate at various dilutions for two minutes
Bactericidal properties were calculated by means of the quantitative suspension method. The cytotoxic effect on huma
fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells was determined by a WST-1 metabolic activity assay.
Results: All of the antiseptics except for polyhexanide were bactericidal and cytotoxic at the commercially availabl
concentrations. When diluted, only povidone-iodine was bactericidal at a concentration at which some cell viabilit
remained. The other antiseptics tested showed no cellular survival at the minimal bactericidal concentration.
Conclusions: Povidone-iodine diluted to a concentration of 1.3 g/ L could be the optimal antiseptic for intraoperativ
irrigation. This should be established by future clinical studies.
P
ostoperative surgical site infection remains a major
complication. With increasing bacterial resistance and
an increased infection risk due to more complicated
10% (e.g., in complicated spinal surgery)2,3
. In addition
implantation of orthopaedic devices can result in infec
that are difficult to treat and frequently require reopera
Peer Review: This article was reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and one Deputy Editor, and it underwent blinded review by two or more outside experts. The Deputy
reviewed each revision of the article, and it underwent a final review by the Editor-in-Chief prior to publication. Final corrections and clarifications occurred during
more exchanges between the author(s) and copyeditors.
CITOTÓXICO
Selection of an Optimal Antiseptic Solution
for IntraoperativeIrrigation
An in Vitro Study
S.J. van Meurs, MD, D. Gawlitta, PhD, K.A. Heemstra, MD, PhD, R.W. Poolman, MD, PhD,
H.C. Vogely, MD, PhD, and M.C. Kruyt, MD, PhD
Investigation performed at theDepartmentsof Orthopaedicsand Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, TheNethe
Background: With increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance and an increased infection risk due to more complicate
surgical procedures and patient populations, prevention of surgical infection is of paramount importance. Intraoperativ
irrigation with an antiseptic solution could provide an effective way to reduce postoperative infection rates. Althoug
numerous studies have been conducted on the bactericidal or cytotoxic characteristics of antiseptics, the combination o
these characteristics for intraoperative application has not been addressed.
Methods: Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureusand S. epidermidis)and human cells were exposed to polyhexanide, hydroge
peroxide, octenidine dihydrochloride, povidone-iodine, and chlorhexidine digluconate at various dilutions for two minutes
Bactericidal properties were calculated by means of the quantitative suspension method. The cytotoxic effect on huma
fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells was determined by a WST-1 metabolic activity assay.
Results: All of the antiseptics except for polyhexanide were bactericidal and cytotoxic at the commercially availabl
concentrations. When diluted, only povidone-iodine was bactericidal at a concentration at which some cell viabilit
remained. The other antiseptics tested showed no cellular survival at the minimal bactericidal concentration.
Conclusions: Povidone-iodine diluted to a concentration of 1.3 g/ L could be the optimal antiseptic for intraoperativ
irrigation. This should be established by future clinical studies.
P
ostoperative surgical site infection remains a major
complication. With increasing bacterial resistance and
an increased infection risk due to more complicated
10% (e.g., in complicated spinal surgery)2,3
. In addition
implantation of orthopaedic devices can result in infec
that are difficult to treat and frequently require reopera
Peer Review: This article was reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and one Deputy Editor, and it underwent blinded review by two or more outside experts. The Deputy
reviewed each revision of the article, and it underwent a final review by the Editor-in-Chief prior to publication. Final corrections and clarifications occurred during
more exchanges between the author(s) and copyeditors.
- Curva dosis respuesta
- Pequeño efecto a 1g/L y gran
efecto a 10g/L
- Alcanza su MCB con 1,34g/L
- Único antiséptico que mostró
la viabilidad celular en su
MCB
- Completa citotoxicidad a 2g/L
- Amplio espectro + MRSA
Povidona yodada6,5mL povi (al 10%) + 500mL suero salino
6,5ml ------------- 500mL
X ------------- 60mL
X = 0,78mL de povi
1 jeringa 60mL= 1mL povi + 59mL suero
1,34g/L
414
GRUPO 1: 2000ml suero + 0,35% povidona x 3min
GRUPO 2: 2000ml suero
Feb/02---Marzo/10 904 THA 1646 TKA
17,5ml povi + 500ml suero = 0,35% x 3min
630 1232
274 414
Retrospectivo
Control
Fibras de colágeno Moléculas de colageno
>2% Citotóxico para
los fibroblastos
4% disuelve las
fibras del colágeno
0,5% ó 2 %
No afecta integridad Fibroblastos
No altera integridad biomecánica
No altera tensión del tendón
FIBROBLASTOS
1.86 (1.12 – 3.11)
1.86 (1.31 – 2,63)
Control
1.74 (1.27 – 2.40)
2.93 (1.34 – 6.40)
Control
0.59 (0.24 – 1.43)
1.13 (0.42 – 3.04)
Control
1.42 (1.08 – 1.88)
Hombre
Jóvenes?
Artrosis Post-trauma
Artritis reumatoide FR+
Fracturas alrededor de la rodilla
Según tipo prótesis:
Constreñida/bisagra
No uso de cemento con ATB
Uso exclusivo de ATB iv
Tratamiento comparado con profilaxis (alta/baja dosis)
Cemento como vehículo de liberación de fármacos.
Liberación del antibiótico depende de: tipo de antibiótico,
el tipo de cemento óseo, y la forma de la mezcla.
La hidrofobicidad del cemento hace que sólo el 10% del
antibiótico difunda efectivamente.
La liberación se produce en las 9 semanas, hay una
liberación continua de antibióticos a través del desarrollo
de grietas, que puede liberar importantes niveles de
antibióticos muchos años después implantación.
La FDA aprueba cemento con baja dosis Atb para la segunda etapa en la
reimplantación artroplastia , tras erradicación infección
VENTAJAS DESVENTAJAS
- Reduce infección
periprotésica
- Fuerza mecánica
- Toxicidad
- Reacción alérgica
- Resistencia
Antimicrobiana
- Coste: 300$/paq
Cemento con Atb si hay Factores de Riesgo
Mejor cemento con Atb pre-mezclado que mezclarlo a mano
FDA aprueba para artroplastia secundaria o post-infecciosa
Cemento con Atb baja dosis: para prevenir infecciones
Cemento con Atb alta dosis: para infecciones activas
INCLUSIÓN:
1. Pacientes que se le vaya a realizar TKA o THA
2. Pacientes con AIBC, con cemento normal y con atb
sistémico
3. Estar publicado
EXCLUSIÓN:
1. Aquellos que no incluyan AIBC en artroplastia primaria
en rodilla o cadera
2. Aquellos que no se puedan extrapolar o calcular los
datos
3. Pacientes con comorbilidades tipo DM, tumor
4. Estudios de experimentos animales
Infecciones superficiales
Cemento + ATB vs Cemento normal
Cemento + ATB vs Atb i.v.
Cemento + ATB vs Control
Atb
Infecciones Profundas
Cemento + ATB vs Cemento normal
Cemento + ATB vs Atb i.v.
Cemento + ATB vs Control
Infecciones Profundas
CRITERIOS DE INFECCIÓN
1. Una fístula que comunica con la prótesis
2. Un patógeno aislado de dos cultivos de tejidos o fluidos
separados
3. 4/6 criterios :
- Elevación VSG
- Elevación PCR
- Recuento elevado sinovial de leucocitos , porcentaje de
neutrófilos sinovial elevada ( PMN %)
- La presencia de la purulencia intraarticular.
- El aislamiento de un microorganismo en un cultivo de tejido o
líquido periprotésica.
- >5 neutrófilos por campo de alta potencia observada a partir
del análisis histológico de tejido ( × 400 aumentos)
1/1/ 00 31/12/092003CEMENTO NORMAL CEMENTO + ATB
CADERA 0.6% (n=21)
RODILLA 2% (n=61)
0,4% (N=33)
0,7% (N=59)
Total: 8.441Total: 3.352
174 infecciones ---- 143 (83%) cultivo +
2/3 S.Aureus o SCN (N=116)
Streptococo G.B (N=9)  Más resistencia
E. Fecalis (N=8)
% INFECCION
1/1/ 00 31/12/092003CEMENTO NORMAL CEMENTO + ATB
S. Aureus 46% (N=35)
S. Epidermidis 18% (N=14)
42% (N=41)
27% (N=26)
Streptococo G.B N= 5 N=4
Pseudomona N= 5 --------
E. Fecalis ------- N= 6
TIPO BACTERIA
1/1/ 00 31/12/092003CEMENTO NORMAL CEMENTO + ATB
RESISTENCIAS
RODILLA
Total Resist Meticilina 63% 47%
SARM 40% 18%
SERM 23% 29%
Además, No hubo diferencias significativas en la
Resistencia a tetraciclina / eritomicina
1%
- Curva dosis respuesta
- Pequeño efecto a 1g/L y gran
efecto a 10g/L
- Alcanza su MCB con 1,34g/L
- Único antiséptico que mostró
la viabilidad celular en su
MCB
- Completa citotoxicidad a 2g/L
- Amplio espectro + MRSA
Povidona yodada
6,5ml Povi + 500ml suero
2% CLOROXIDINA para desinfectar LCA
Hombre
Jóvenes?
Artrosis secundaria trauma
Artritis reumatoide FR+
Fracturas alrededor de la rodilla
Según tipo prótesis:
Constreñida/bisagra
No uso de cemento con ATB
Uso exclusivo de ATB iv
Cemento con Atb si hay Factores de Riesgo
Mejor cemento con Atb pre-mezclado que mezclarlo a mano
FDA aprueba para artroplastia secundaria o post-infecciosa
Cemento con Atb baja dosis: para prevenir infecciones
Cemento con Atb alta dosis: para infecciones activas
Ante una persona sana
Cemento normal
En todas las cirugías lavar
con povidona antes de cerrar
Profilaxis antibiótica frente a Gram + / -
Ante una persona CON Factores de riesgo
Cemento + ATB

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Uso de cemento óseo y otras medidas a tener en cuenta para prevención infección periprotesica

  • 1.
  • 2. CAUSA DE INFECCIÓN PROTÉSICA ARTICULAR >50% S. aureus El más prevalente Resto Coagulasa (-) - S. Epidermidis - S. Haemolytucus - S. Capitis - S. hominis 1% <3m Temprana: Bacterias virulentas > 2 años Tardía: Bacterias virulentas 60% Piel Sitio qx Fuentes 3m – 2años: Retrasada: Bact. virulentas
  • 3. Table 1. Examples of organisms commonly detected in prosthetic joint infections of the hip and kne (by percentage of isolated samples within each study). Reference [66] [112] [113] [114] [15] [22] Cohort Timeframe 2000-03 1999-06 2001-06 10 studies 2004-10 2013-14 Number of patients 699 147 63 ‒ 109 ‒ Staphylococcus sp. 76% 53% 65% 50% 60% 66% Pseudomonas sp. 7% 5% 2% ‒ 11% 2% Enterococcus sp. 5% 6% 5% 3% 11% 6% Streptococcus sp. 2% 7% 11% 8% ‒ 4% Enterobacteriaceae 8% 18% 11% gram (-) 10% gram (-) 36% gram (-) 17% Polymicrobial ‒ ‒ 7% 16% 17% ‒
  • 5. Métodos actuales para prevenir infecciones
  • 6. Selection of an Optimal Antiseptic Solution for IntraoperativeIrrigation An in Vitro Study S.J. van Meurs, MD, D. Gawlitta, PhD, K.A. Heemstra, MD, PhD, R.W. Poolman, MD, PhD, H.C. Vogely, MD, PhD, and M.C. Kruyt, MD, PhD Investigation performed at theDepartmentsof Orthopaedicsand Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, TheNethe Background: With increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance and an increased infection risk due to more complicate surgical procedures and patient populations, prevention of surgical infection is of paramount importance. Intraoperativ irrigation with an antiseptic solution could provide an effective way to reduce postoperative infection rates. Althoug numerous studies have been conducted on the bactericidal or cytotoxic characteristics of antiseptics, the combination o these characteristics for intraoperative application has not been addressed. Methods: Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureusand S. epidermidis)and human cells were exposed to polyhexanide, hydroge peroxide, octenidine dihydrochloride, povidone-iodine, and chlorhexidine digluconate at various dilutions for two minutes Bactericidal properties were calculated by means of the quantitative suspension method. The cytotoxic effect on huma fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells was determined by a WST-1 metabolic activity assay. Results: All of the antiseptics except for polyhexanide were bactericidal and cytotoxic at the commercially availabl concentrations. When diluted, only povidone-iodine was bactericidal at a concentration at which some cell viabilit remained. The other antiseptics tested showed no cellular survival at the minimal bactericidal concentration. Conclusions: Povidone-iodine diluted to a concentration of 1.3 g/ L could be the optimal antiseptic for intraoperativ irrigation. This should be established by future clinical studies. P ostoperative surgical site infection remains a major complication. With increasing bacterial resistance and an increased infection risk due to more complicated 10% (e.g., in complicated spinal surgery)2,3 . In addition implantation of orthopaedic devices can result in infec that are difficult to treat and frequently require reopera Peer Review: This article was reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and one Deputy Editor, and it underwent blinded review by two or more outside experts. The Deputy reviewed each revision of the article, and it underwent a final review by the Editor-in-Chief prior to publication. Final corrections and clarifications occurred during more exchanges between the author(s) and copyeditors. BACTERICIDA
  • 7. Selection of an Optimal Antiseptic Solution for IntraoperativeIrrigation An in Vitro Study S.J. van Meurs, MD, D. Gawlitta, PhD, K.A. Heemstra, MD, PhD, R.W. Poolman, MD, PhD, H.C. Vogely, MD, PhD, and M.C. Kruyt, MD, PhD Investigation performed at theDepartmentsof Orthopaedicsand Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, TheNethe Background: With increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance and an increased infection risk due to more complicate surgical procedures and patient populations, prevention of surgical infection is of paramount importance. Intraoperativ irrigation with an antiseptic solution could provide an effective way to reduce postoperative infection rates. Althoug numerous studies have been conducted on the bactericidal or cytotoxic characteristics of antiseptics, the combination o these characteristics for intraoperative application has not been addressed. Methods: Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureusand S. epidermidis)and human cells were exposed to polyhexanide, hydroge peroxide, octenidine dihydrochloride, povidone-iodine, and chlorhexidine digluconate at various dilutions for two minutes Bactericidal properties were calculated by means of the quantitative suspension method. The cytotoxic effect on huma fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells was determined by a WST-1 metabolic activity assay. Results: All of the antiseptics except for polyhexanide were bactericidal and cytotoxic at the commercially availabl concentrations. When diluted, only povidone-iodine was bactericidal at a concentration at which some cell viabilit remained. The other antiseptics tested showed no cellular survival at the minimal bactericidal concentration. Conclusions: Povidone-iodine diluted to a concentration of 1.3 g/ L could be the optimal antiseptic for intraoperativ irrigation. This should be established by future clinical studies. P ostoperative surgical site infection remains a major complication. With increasing bacterial resistance and an increased infection risk due to more complicated 10% (e.g., in complicated spinal surgery)2,3 . In addition implantation of orthopaedic devices can result in infec that are difficult to treat and frequently require reopera Peer Review: This article was reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and one Deputy Editor, and it underwent blinded review by two or more outside experts. The Deputy reviewed each revision of the article, and it underwent a final review by the Editor-in-Chief prior to publication. Final corrections and clarifications occurred during more exchanges between the author(s) and copyeditors. CITOTÓXICO
  • 8. Selection of an Optimal Antiseptic Solution for IntraoperativeIrrigation An in Vitro Study S.J. van Meurs, MD, D. Gawlitta, PhD, K.A. Heemstra, MD, PhD, R.W. Poolman, MD, PhD, H.C. Vogely, MD, PhD, and M.C. Kruyt, MD, PhD Investigation performed at theDepartmentsof Orthopaedicsand Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, TheNethe Background: With increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance and an increased infection risk due to more complicate surgical procedures and patient populations, prevention of surgical infection is of paramount importance. Intraoperativ irrigation with an antiseptic solution could provide an effective way to reduce postoperative infection rates. Althoug numerous studies have been conducted on the bactericidal or cytotoxic characteristics of antiseptics, the combination o these characteristics for intraoperative application has not been addressed. Methods: Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureusand S. epidermidis)and human cells were exposed to polyhexanide, hydroge peroxide, octenidine dihydrochloride, povidone-iodine, and chlorhexidine digluconate at various dilutions for two minutes Bactericidal properties were calculated by means of the quantitative suspension method. The cytotoxic effect on huma fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells was determined by a WST-1 metabolic activity assay. Results: All of the antiseptics except for polyhexanide were bactericidal and cytotoxic at the commercially availabl concentrations. When diluted, only povidone-iodine was bactericidal at a concentration at which some cell viabilit remained. The other antiseptics tested showed no cellular survival at the minimal bactericidal concentration. Conclusions: Povidone-iodine diluted to a concentration of 1.3 g/ L could be the optimal antiseptic for intraoperativ irrigation. This should be established by future clinical studies. P ostoperative surgical site infection remains a major complication. With increasing bacterial resistance and an increased infection risk due to more complicated 10% (e.g., in complicated spinal surgery)2,3 . In addition implantation of orthopaedic devices can result in infec that are difficult to treat and frequently require reopera Peer Review: This article was reviewed by the Editor-in-Chief and one Deputy Editor, and it underwent blinded review by two or more outside experts. The Deputy reviewed each revision of the article, and it underwent a final review by the Editor-in-Chief prior to publication. Final corrections and clarifications occurred during more exchanges between the author(s) and copyeditors. - Curva dosis respuesta - Pequeño efecto a 1g/L y gran efecto a 10g/L - Alcanza su MCB con 1,34g/L - Único antiséptico que mostró la viabilidad celular en su MCB - Completa citotoxicidad a 2g/L - Amplio espectro + MRSA Povidona yodada6,5mL povi (al 10%) + 500mL suero salino 6,5ml ------------- 500mL X ------------- 60mL X = 0,78mL de povi 1 jeringa 60mL= 1mL povi + 59mL suero 1,34g/L
  • 9. 414 GRUPO 1: 2000ml suero + 0,35% povidona x 3min GRUPO 2: 2000ml suero
  • 10. Feb/02---Marzo/10 904 THA 1646 TKA 17,5ml povi + 500ml suero = 0,35% x 3min 630 1232 274 414 Retrospectivo
  • 12. Fibras de colágeno Moléculas de colageno
  • 13. >2% Citotóxico para los fibroblastos 4% disuelve las fibras del colágeno 0,5% ó 2 % No afecta integridad Fibroblastos No altera integridad biomecánica No altera tensión del tendón FIBROBLASTOS
  • 14. 1.86 (1.12 – 3.11) 1.86 (1.31 – 2,63) Control
  • 15. 1.74 (1.27 – 2.40) 2.93 (1.34 – 6.40) Control 0.59 (0.24 – 1.43)
  • 16. 1.13 (0.42 – 3.04) Control 1.42 (1.08 – 1.88)
  • 17.
  • 18. Hombre Jóvenes? Artrosis Post-trauma Artritis reumatoide FR+ Fracturas alrededor de la rodilla Según tipo prótesis: Constreñida/bisagra No uso de cemento con ATB Uso exclusivo de ATB iv
  • 19. Tratamiento comparado con profilaxis (alta/baja dosis)
  • 20. Cemento como vehículo de liberación de fármacos. Liberación del antibiótico depende de: tipo de antibiótico, el tipo de cemento óseo, y la forma de la mezcla. La hidrofobicidad del cemento hace que sólo el 10% del antibiótico difunda efectivamente. La liberación se produce en las 9 semanas, hay una liberación continua de antibióticos a través del desarrollo de grietas, que puede liberar importantes niveles de antibióticos muchos años después implantación.
  • 21. La FDA aprueba cemento con baja dosis Atb para la segunda etapa en la reimplantación artroplastia , tras erradicación infección VENTAJAS DESVENTAJAS - Reduce infección periprotésica - Fuerza mecánica - Toxicidad - Reacción alérgica - Resistencia Antimicrobiana - Coste: 300$/paq
  • 22. Cemento con Atb si hay Factores de Riesgo Mejor cemento con Atb pre-mezclado que mezclarlo a mano FDA aprueba para artroplastia secundaria o post-infecciosa Cemento con Atb baja dosis: para prevenir infecciones Cemento con Atb alta dosis: para infecciones activas
  • 23. INCLUSIÓN: 1. Pacientes que se le vaya a realizar TKA o THA 2. Pacientes con AIBC, con cemento normal y con atb sistémico 3. Estar publicado EXCLUSIÓN: 1. Aquellos que no incluyan AIBC en artroplastia primaria en rodilla o cadera 2. Aquellos que no se puedan extrapolar o calcular los datos 3. Pacientes con comorbilidades tipo DM, tumor 4. Estudios de experimentos animales
  • 24. Infecciones superficiales Cemento + ATB vs Cemento normal Cemento + ATB vs Atb i.v. Cemento + ATB vs Control Atb
  • 25. Infecciones Profundas Cemento + ATB vs Cemento normal Cemento + ATB vs Atb i.v. Cemento + ATB vs Control
  • 27.
  • 28. CRITERIOS DE INFECCIÓN 1. Una fístula que comunica con la prótesis 2. Un patógeno aislado de dos cultivos de tejidos o fluidos separados 3. 4/6 criterios : - Elevación VSG - Elevación PCR - Recuento elevado sinovial de leucocitos , porcentaje de neutrófilos sinovial elevada ( PMN %) - La presencia de la purulencia intraarticular. - El aislamiento de un microorganismo en un cultivo de tejido o líquido periprotésica. - >5 neutrófilos por campo de alta potencia observada a partir del análisis histológico de tejido ( × 400 aumentos)
  • 29. 1/1/ 00 31/12/092003CEMENTO NORMAL CEMENTO + ATB CADERA 0.6% (n=21) RODILLA 2% (n=61) 0,4% (N=33) 0,7% (N=59) Total: 8.441Total: 3.352 174 infecciones ---- 143 (83%) cultivo + 2/3 S.Aureus o SCN (N=116) Streptococo G.B (N=9)  Más resistencia E. Fecalis (N=8) % INFECCION
  • 30. 1/1/ 00 31/12/092003CEMENTO NORMAL CEMENTO + ATB S. Aureus 46% (N=35) S. Epidermidis 18% (N=14) 42% (N=41) 27% (N=26) Streptococo G.B N= 5 N=4 Pseudomona N= 5 -------- E. Fecalis ------- N= 6 TIPO BACTERIA
  • 31. 1/1/ 00 31/12/092003CEMENTO NORMAL CEMENTO + ATB RESISTENCIAS RODILLA Total Resist Meticilina 63% 47% SARM 40% 18% SERM 23% 29% Además, No hubo diferencias significativas en la Resistencia a tetraciclina / eritomicina
  • 32. 1% - Curva dosis respuesta - Pequeño efecto a 1g/L y gran efecto a 10g/L - Alcanza su MCB con 1,34g/L - Único antiséptico que mostró la viabilidad celular en su MCB - Completa citotoxicidad a 2g/L - Amplio espectro + MRSA Povidona yodada 6,5ml Povi + 500ml suero 2% CLOROXIDINA para desinfectar LCA Hombre Jóvenes? Artrosis secundaria trauma Artritis reumatoide FR+ Fracturas alrededor de la rodilla Según tipo prótesis: Constreñida/bisagra No uso de cemento con ATB Uso exclusivo de ATB iv Cemento con Atb si hay Factores de Riesgo Mejor cemento con Atb pre-mezclado que mezclarlo a mano FDA aprueba para artroplastia secundaria o post-infecciosa Cemento con Atb baja dosis: para prevenir infecciones Cemento con Atb alta dosis: para infecciones activas
  • 33. Ante una persona sana Cemento normal En todas las cirugías lavar con povidona antes de cerrar Profilaxis antibiótica frente a Gram + / - Ante una persona CON Factores de riesgo Cemento + ATB

Editor's Notes

  1. Las infecciones protésicas constituyen el 1% (0.5%-1.5%) aproximadamente El genero mas importante es la familia SATAPHILOCOCO----- AUREUS (+) /// EPIDERMIDIS (-) TEMPRANA: ocurre la inoculacion periQx-Qx o dentro de los 2-4dias posteriores a la cirugía ----- VIRULENTAS tipo aureus RETRASADA: La inoculacion ocurre en periodo periQx en bacterias poco virulentas o por vía hematógena---- POCO VIRULENTAS tipo SCN TARDÍA: normalmente causada por una infección remota que alcanza la protesis por vía hematogena de una bacteria perjudicial---- VIRULENTAS tipo aureus COMPONENTE DE LA PROTESIS, VASTAGO FEMORAL O ACETÁBULO está diseñado para promover la osificacion y por tanto tiene un cambio en la superficie y en la composición química. CUELLO Y CABEZA FEMORAL tiene una composicion mas suave deseñada para reducir la fricción entre los componentes. Staphylococcus aureus mostró una preferencia por el metal ECN estafilococos coagulasa -negativos no mostraron preferencia
  2. COMO SE PRODUCE: reacción inmune alrededor del material extraño COMPUESTA por POLISACÁRDOS CARACTERISTICAS - Pueden convivir más de un tipo de bacterias - Confiere resistencias a los antibióticos -- LIMITAN SU EFICACIA Y SU PERFUSIÓN - pueden cominicarse que permite regular la expresion de los genes LAS bacterias que flotan libremente son más susceptibles a los antibiótico LOS MOOG alcanzan la Sart (zona fibroinflamatoria inmunoincompetentes) ---- ADHIERE---f(x) propiedades F-Q del material y propiedades de la BACT
  3. MÉTODOS ACTUALES PARA PREVENIR INFECCIONES Campo quirúrgico Mejorar la profilaxis antibiótica------Gram + por lo que aumentan los gram – selectivamente + ANTIBIOTICOS AMPLIO ESPECTRO Irrigar con un ANTISPETICO-- La ventaja de los antisepticos es que no hay resistencia. Efecto BACTERICIDA + CITOTÓXICO; para evitar el citotóxico podemos diluirlo. Propiedades del metal Cobre elimina S. Aureus y el biofilms pero mata a las celulas mesenquimales Plata tiene amplia actividad puede dar lugar a cuadros cito-toxico. Vía de contaminación (USO DE CEMENTO CON ATB) ---- desarrollaremos este tema Componente MACROSCOPICO de la protesis Componente MICROSCOPICO de la protesis Consideranciones mecánicas.
  4. --OBJ: Escoger el antiseptico idoneo con minima citotoxicidad con una CMB=reducción bacteriana del 99.9% -- MATERIAL Y METODOS: Se han evaluado 5 antisepticos comerciales --- se determina las propiedades bactericidas y citotóxicas en distintas concentraciones frente al AUREUS Y EPIDERMIDIS FIGURA: muestra el efecto BACTERICIDA para los antisepticos. La lineas discontinuas muestras CMB RESULTADO CUNATITATIVO DE LA SUSPENSIÓN No es suficiente bactericida para cualquier dilución SI es --- C,D,E son bactericida y el rectangulo muestra mayor detalle
  5. FIGURA: muestra EFECTO CITOTÓXICO A: a concentracion 0.4g/L matan a la celula B: Parece mas citotóxico que bactericida. completamente citotóxico a una concentración casi diez veces por debajo de la MBC. Su MBC esta 10 por encima de su citotoxicidad C: aparece como citotóxico a concentraciones por debajo de la MCB D: es el unico que muestra actividad celular en la región de la MCB E: completamente citotóxico a una concentración por debajo de la MBC POLYHEXADINE: No es bactericida en ninguna concentracion HYDROGEN: es excluido de mas analisis pues su MBC está x10 por encima de su citotoxicidad OCTENIDINA: Es bactericida para todas las concentraciones, sin embargo a 0.1g/L este efecto desaparece para Aureus clinico POVIDONA: se observa una curva dosis respuesta con un pequeño efecto a 1g/L y gran efecto a 10g/L --- alcanza su MCB con 1,34g/L para todas las concentraciones CLOROXIDINA: tiene una curva dosis respuesta menor. No tiene efecto a 0,2g/l y un efecto maximo a 10g/L--- alcanza su MCB con 0,78g/L para todas las concentraciones
  6. PROSPECTIVO + SIMPLE CIEGO + ALEATORIZADO OBJ: ES evaluar la eficacia de diluir el betadine para prevenir infecciones profundas en la cirugía de columna GRUPO 1: casos---- mojado con povidona durante 3 minutos. Utiliza con povidona comerciar 10% ---- 5ml son diluidos con suero salino ------ solución 0,35% (35gr/L). Previamente se lavo con 2000ml de suero GRUPO 2: CONTROL SOLO SE LAVO CON 2000ML DE SUERO .
  7. RETROSPECTIVO Chi cuadrado OBJ: el propósito de este estudio era determinar la efectividad de una dilucion de lavado con betadine antes de cerrar una herida para prevenir infecciones articulares despues de protesis cadera o de rodilla 0. 1000ml de suero 1. Betradine diluido y luego 2. 1000ml de suero sin antibiótico 3. betadine a la piel 10% UTILIZAN EL DOBLE DE CONCENTRACION DE POVIDONA
  8. ELECTROFORESIS: TRAS TRATAMIENTO CON COLOROXIDINA El gel muestra perdida de fibras de colageno con 4% de concentracion. NO hay perdida de colageno cuando se usa 0’5%-2% en distintos tiempors de duracion. Fue significativo que las fibras de colageno se vieron afectadas con concentraciones del 4% en cualquier tiempo de exposición. Solo el 2% o 4% ha demostrado no crecimiento bacteriano. Concentraciones menores podria no ser efectivo para descontaminar el injerto. No hay diferencia entre usar 2% o 4% Concentraciones menores de 2% podria no ser efectivo para descontaminar B. Una exposicion a 4% de CLX disuelven las fibras del colgeno pero no lo degrada. En concentraciones del 2% no hubo cambios P--- Fibras colageno S--- solubilidad del colageno 4% se observa que las fibras se disocian pero no producen degeneracion del tendon. Con el 2% no se apreciaba cambios en la solubilidad por no lo que no habia alteracion de las fibras
  9. Gel de electroforesis de fibras y solubilidad de colageno despues de tratamiento con Cloroxidina. El gel muestra la presencia la solubilidad unica de moleculas de colageno cuando las fibras estan expuestas a 4%. Solo las fibras de colageno cuando las fibras son expuestas con agua (control)
  10. 2% SE PRODUCE COMPROMISO DE LA VIABILIDAD CELULAR. La actividad celular en el grupo control es x5 veces superior que en el tratado, xq penetra en la celula y mata la célula. RESULTADO. -- Our results showed that CLX at concentrations of 0.5% and 2% did not adversely affect the integrity of self- assembled collagen fibrils regardless of incubation time. No free chains were found in the supernatant as 2% CLX at this concentration does not solubilize the newly formed fibrils -- irrigating the tendon with 0.5% or 2% CLX is unlikely to adversely affect its biomechanical properties. -- disinfecting tendons with 2% CLX power irrigation did not adversely weaken the tensile mechanical properties of the tendon. -- There- fore, 4% CLX should not be used for graft cleansing. -- Thus, for tendon autografts, using CLX for disinfection may have adverse affects on graft incorporation into the bone after surgery because of the loss of viable fibroblasts, which would make the tendon autograft behave biologically like an allograft in which fibroblasts are killed during the sterilization process. -- The important question of whether CLX has the ability to penetrate deep into the tendon or whether its cytotoxic effects are limited to the exposed surface of the tendon has also been addressed in this study. -- Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect of CLX was observed even with minimal contact time (10 minutes). Both power irrigation4 and soaking of tendons in CLX13 have been described as effective methods of tendon decon- tamination.
  11. OBJ: determinar el factor de riesgo de infección seguiendo de forma primaria y la revisión cambio de rodilla en una serie de artroplastia de rodilla. Enero 1997- junio 2004 OJO !!! According to the present study, the rate of re- operations for the treatment of infection was lowest when a combination of intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis and pros- thesis fixation with antibiotic-impregnated cement was used the present study—together with an earlier large register-based study20—supports the opinion that the initial burst of antibiotics released is sufficient to prevent the for- mation of bacterial biofilm on the implanted prosthesis and hence to prevent a postoperative infection. Prosthetic fixation with antibiotic-impregnated cement seems to be of particular value in the revision setting. Nevertheless, there is evidence to support the efficacy of the combined regime as compared with intravenous prophylaxis only for the prevention of deep post- operative infection after primary knee arthroplasty in patients with risk factors for infection (diabetes)21 and after operations performed in suboptimal conditions
  12. INTRODUCCION CEMENTO + ATB: se lleva usando en EUROPA, SUIZA, SCANDINAVIA, NURUEGA desde hace decadas habiendo una disminucion de revision de la cirugía, por artitis septicas o artritis seronegativa. En EEUU la FDA solo la aprueba para recambios de protesis articular. Pero el aumento de COT 10-13% en EEUU esta aumentando el uso de dosis bajas de cemento para artroplastias primarias Para profilaxis se deben evitar las altas dosis para evitar reacciones adversas: coste, toxicidad, reaccion alergica, selección de cepas resistentes
  13. Antibiótico se libera de la superficie del cemento y de las grietas y huecos en la cemento. La naturaleza polimérica de polimetilmetacrilato permite el ingreso de fluidos fisiológicos, que per- mite elución de antibiótico incorporado, pero la hidrofobicidad relativa de cemento óseo permite que sólo 10% de la antibiótico para eluir effectively28. Mientras que la mayoría de la liberación ótica bióticos se produce en las primeras nueve semanas, es probable que haya una baja liberación continua de antibióticos a través del desarrollo de grietas, con la evidencia de que la fractura de la capa de cemento puede liberar importantes niveles de antibióticos muchos años después implantation29, 30.
  14. Fuerza mecánica: La adicción de >4,5 gr de gentamicina/40gr de cemento o la adiccion de antibiótico liquido causa una disminucion en la fuerza compresiva. Gentamicina en concentraciones de 0,5 g, 1,0 g, y 2,0 g por 40 g de cemento óseo acrílico Palacos se ha demostrado para reducir sustancialmente la resistencia al cizallamiento --- > comparación con la mezcla manual , de manera significativa de mezcla de vacío aumenta la resistencia a la fatiga a la tracción de cemento óseo (p < 0,0001 ) Toxicidad: no se ha evidenciado toxicidad en bajas dosis de cemento con antibiótico. Aunque no hay evidencias hay cierta preocupación por posible efecto a los osteoblastos. Reacciones Alérgicas: no hay evidencias de reacciones alergicas para altas y bajas dosis de atb con cemento Resistencia antimicrobiana: Coste: 284$-349$ si se ha usado 11% y ahora esta 50% y estimando 500.000 artropastia primaria. Si se requieren dos paquetes de 300$ por cada protesis. Aumenta el coste a 117.000.00$ para los 195.000. si el coste de una protesis infectada oscila 50.000€, tendria que bajar la tasa de 1,5% a 0,3% para que sea rentable el uso habitual
  15. Artritis Reumatoide: 2.4-8% el uso de cemento con cefuroxima ha reducido a las infecciones al 0% Diabetes Mellitus: 3.1% que con el uso de cemento ha bajado al 0% Transplante: Genera un estado de inmunosupresion. NO ESTA CLARO Uso cronico de CTC: NO ESTA CLARO pues puede ser por contaminacion de la piel Malnutrición si la Alb >35mg/L/// <1500 cell/mm3 hay un incremento de infección x7 y x5 respectivamente Obesidad: IMC>30 tienen x7 mas riesgo RODILLA Y x42 mas riesgo CADERA --- SUELEN SER DIABETICOS Hemofilia: hay un riesgo del 10-13% de riesgo de infeccion pero NO HAY EVIDENCIA DE QUE LOS CEMENTOS+ATB PREVENGA
  16. The RRs and 95% CIs for the incidence of superficial infection among patients treated with vs. without antibiotic bone cement. (ALBC vs. PBC and ALBC vs. SA) [ALBC: antibiotic-loaded bone cement; PBC: plain bone cement; SA: systemic antibiotic]. MODELOS EFECTOS FIJOS LINEAS - - - - - : NO HAY HETEROGENICIDAD y en general para infecciones superficiales el uso de cemento+ATB no aporta mejoría EN general AILC vs CONTROL hay significacion estadística en cuanto al ratio de infeccion superficial 1,47 AIBC vs SA: SA ocasiona menor ratio de infeccion superficial que AIBC AIBC vs PBC no hay significación estadística
  17. The RRs and 95% CIs for the incidence of deep infection among patients treated with vs. without antibiotic bone cement. (ALBC vs. PBC and ALBC vs. SA) [ALBC: antibiotic-loaded bone cement; PBC: plain bone cement; SA: systemic antibiotic]. MODELO ALEATORIO GENERAL: HAY MUCHA HETEROGENICIDAD ABCL VS CONTROL: El uso de cemento+ATB previene un 59% de infecciones profundas ABCL vs PBC: no muestra significacion estadística ABCL vs SA: Muestra significacion estadística, siendo menor con ABCL que SA
  18. The RRs and 95% CIs for the incidence of deep infection among patients treated with vs. without antibiotic bone cement. (Hip, Knee, Hip and Knee). MODELO ALEATORIO FIJO GENERAL: Al igual que lo anterior el uso de cemento+ATB previene 59% de infecciones profundas frente a control CADERA + RODILLA: no hay evidencia significativa para usarlo en cadera y rodilla RODILLA: no hay significacion estadística CADERA: el uso de cemento tiene ventaja a la hora de prevenir infecciones profundas
  19. Gentamicin, cefuroxime, and tobramycin have been the antimicrobials most commonly admixed into bone cement in clinical studies worldwide The RRs and 95% CIs for the incidence of deep infection among patients treated with vs. without antibiotic bone cement. (Gentamicin and Cefuroxime). MODELOS FIJOS GENERAL: ambos antibióticos previenen infeccion profunda tanto la gentamicina como la cefuroxima CEFUROXIMA: NO HAY SIGNIFICACION GENTAMICINA: HAY SIGNIFICACION GENTAMICINA:-------------------------------------------- CONCENTRACION: los estudios clínicos mostraron que las dosis bajas ( ≤2g de polvo antibiótico por cemento 40g ) AIBC no daría lugar a un aumento en la tasa de aflojamiento mecánico [ 30 ] , y en dosis altas ( > 4,5 g de polvo de gentamicina por cemento 40g ) AIBC o la mezcla de antibióticos líquido podría causar una disminución en la resistencia mecánica ideal para su inclusión en el cemento óseo características de amplio espectro antibacteriano baja unión a proteínas baja sensibilización potencial alta solubilidad en agua. ventajas únicas, tales como estabilidad térmica y química
  20. ESTUDIO RETROSPECTIVO OBJ: Consiste en ver si hay algun cambio significativo en el patron microbiólogo y perfil de resistencia en los cultivos ---- PIENSAN que no hay cambios. Aproximadamente dos tercios de los casos PJI se debieron a cualquiera de Staphylococcus aureus o Staphylococcus ( 116 , o el 67% de los casos positivos de la cultura ) Los otros organismos patógenos, incluidos no estafilococos , tales como Enterococcus , Pseudomonas , etc., con los siguientes organismos infecciosos más comunes son estreptococo del grupo B (n = 9 ) y Enterococcus faecalis (n = 8 ) . especies de estafilococos coagulasa negativos , o especies no estafilocócicas cambió de manera significativa tras la introducción de ALBC . Antes de 2003 , S. aureus fue el organismo de infección en 35 casos ( 20 TKA , 15 THA , o 46 % de los 76 casos en total) , mientras que después de 2003 , S. aureus fue el patógeno infeccioso en 41 casos ( 19 TKA , 22 THA , o 42 % de los 98 casos totales, p = 0,17 ) . Tras la introducción de ALBC en 2003, las especies no estafilocócicas más comunes que causan PJI fueron E. faecalis (n = 6 casos ) , Proteus (n = 4 ) , y Streptococcus pneumoniae ( n = 4 ) . De los casos PJI causadas por E. faecalis , 4 fueron vancomicina sensible y 2 fueron resistentes a la vancomicina .