In this presentation, SURTC researcher Jeremy Mattson presented the results of a survey of small urban and rural transit systems regarding alternative fuels and hybrid vehicles. The experiences of users, perceived benefits and deterrents, and factors affecting adoption are explored. Findings provide useful information to transit operators considering adoption of alternative fuels and hybrids and to policy makers considering policies on these alternatives.
Europe installed and grid connected 293 offshore wind turbines in 2012 - more than one per working day. This brings the total to 1,662 turbines, in 55 offshore wind farms in ten European countries.
1. The document is a research report submitted to the EPA regarding registration of an additive called AFT for use in gasoline.
2. The report finds that AFT provides various benefits including increasing octane, preventing and stopping valve recession, reducing combustion chamber deposits, and improving emission performance.
3. These benefits are achieved using only 15 ppm of AFT in gasoline, which testing has shown does not significantly increase metal emissions from vehicles.
1) The document discusses the importance of maintaining clean, high quality fuel onboard ships to prevent engine problems. It recommends using fuel additives and onboard fuel testing kits to monitor fuel quality.
2) Some key benefits of fuel additives mentioned include reducing fuel consumption by 5%, improving combustion, and decreasing emissions. Onboard fuel testing kits can detect microbial contamination within 10 minutes to prevent engine damage.
3) Regular use of fuel additives and testing is presented as an effective way to improve fuel efficiency, reduce maintenance costs, and ensure engines receive clean fuel to operate properly.
This presentation discussed the first stage of findings from the Effortless Passenger Identification System project. It highlights field tests using RFID technology in both Los Angeles, CA and Fargo, ND. Controlled testing was also conducted in Fargo using a Paratransit vehicle. Consumer acceptance techniques using a combination of focus groups and surveys designed to gain a greater understanding of user attitudes regarding RFID and its applications were also evaluated.
Carbon credits are permits that allow the holder to emit one ton of carbon dioxide. They are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gas emissions below their quota and can be traded internationally. A carbon credit represents one ton of carbon dioxide removed from the environment through emission reduction projects. The Kyoto Protocol established mechanisms for countries and companies to trade carbon credits on the international market.
- Third quarter 2005 earnings discussion presentation by TXU Corp on November 1, 2005
- Key highlights included solid performance across all core businesses, with operational excellence and cost management improvements increasing earnings
- However, rising natural gas prices greatly reduced margins, and an abnormally hot September further increased wholesale power prices and hurt profits
- Financial flexibility measures like EBITDA, debt levels, and cash from operations all improved compared to year-end 2004
This document provides a summary of TXU Corp's third quarter 2005 earnings discussion. Key points include:
- All of TXU's core businesses saw solid performance and earnings growth in the third quarter and year-to-date.
- Operational excellence initiatives like improved production levels, lower fuel costs, and cost management contributed significantly to earnings gains.
- However, high natural gas prices crushed retail margins and wholesale electric prices increased due to an abnormally hot September.
- Financial flexibility measures like EBITDA, cash from operations, and debt-to-EBITDA ratio improved compared to the prior year.
This document discusses bringing biodiesel education to automotive classrooms. It outlines the benefits of biodiesel including reduced dependence on foreign oil, lower emissions, and use in existing diesel engines. Several schools and programs are highlighted that have incorporated biodiesel into their automotive and renewable energy curriculums through hands-on labs working with biodiesel production and testing fuel quality. Resources for further education on biodiesel handling, usage, and technical specifications are also provided.
Europe installed and grid connected 293 offshore wind turbines in 2012 - more than one per working day. This brings the total to 1,662 turbines, in 55 offshore wind farms in ten European countries.
1. The document is a research report submitted to the EPA regarding registration of an additive called AFT for use in gasoline.
2. The report finds that AFT provides various benefits including increasing octane, preventing and stopping valve recession, reducing combustion chamber deposits, and improving emission performance.
3. These benefits are achieved using only 15 ppm of AFT in gasoline, which testing has shown does not significantly increase metal emissions from vehicles.
1) The document discusses the importance of maintaining clean, high quality fuel onboard ships to prevent engine problems. It recommends using fuel additives and onboard fuel testing kits to monitor fuel quality.
2) Some key benefits of fuel additives mentioned include reducing fuel consumption by 5%, improving combustion, and decreasing emissions. Onboard fuel testing kits can detect microbial contamination within 10 minutes to prevent engine damage.
3) Regular use of fuel additives and testing is presented as an effective way to improve fuel efficiency, reduce maintenance costs, and ensure engines receive clean fuel to operate properly.
This presentation discussed the first stage of findings from the Effortless Passenger Identification System project. It highlights field tests using RFID technology in both Los Angeles, CA and Fargo, ND. Controlled testing was also conducted in Fargo using a Paratransit vehicle. Consumer acceptance techniques using a combination of focus groups and surveys designed to gain a greater understanding of user attitudes regarding RFID and its applications were also evaluated.
Carbon credits are permits that allow the holder to emit one ton of carbon dioxide. They are awarded to countries or groups that have reduced greenhouse gas emissions below their quota and can be traded internationally. A carbon credit represents one ton of carbon dioxide removed from the environment through emission reduction projects. The Kyoto Protocol established mechanisms for countries and companies to trade carbon credits on the international market.
- Third quarter 2005 earnings discussion presentation by TXU Corp on November 1, 2005
- Key highlights included solid performance across all core businesses, with operational excellence and cost management improvements increasing earnings
- However, rising natural gas prices greatly reduced margins, and an abnormally hot September further increased wholesale power prices and hurt profits
- Financial flexibility measures like EBITDA, debt levels, and cash from operations all improved compared to year-end 2004
This document provides a summary of TXU Corp's third quarter 2005 earnings discussion. Key points include:
- All of TXU's core businesses saw solid performance and earnings growth in the third quarter and year-to-date.
- Operational excellence initiatives like improved production levels, lower fuel costs, and cost management contributed significantly to earnings gains.
- However, high natural gas prices crushed retail margins and wholesale electric prices increased due to an abnormally hot September.
- Financial flexibility measures like EBITDA, cash from operations, and debt-to-EBITDA ratio improved compared to the prior year.
This document discusses bringing biodiesel education to automotive classrooms. It outlines the benefits of biodiesel including reduced dependence on foreign oil, lower emissions, and use in existing diesel engines. Several schools and programs are highlighted that have incorporated biodiesel into their automotive and renewable energy curriculums through hands-on labs working with biodiesel production and testing fuel quality. Resources for further education on biodiesel handling, usage, and technical specifications are also provided.
This document summarizes a draft final report on a biodiesel fleet durability study conducted for the California Air Resources Board. The study included a literature review on biodiesel use in diesel engines and potential durability issues, as well as a survey of 40 fleet operators that use biodiesel blends. The survey found that B20 was the most common blend used and that soy methyl ester was the dominant biodiesel feedstock. Most fleets reported no adverse effects of biodiesel on engine wear or performance, though some experienced initial filter plugging when switching to biodiesel.
Abbreviated version of a presentation developed by Drew Kodjak, Fanta Kamakaté, Ben Sharpe, and Martin Campestrini of the ICCT, and originally delivered at the Asilomar Conference "Rethinking Energy and Climate Strategies for Transportation," September 1, 2011.
The document discusses energy technology roadmaps as a tool to support the reduction of global CO2 emissions. It outlines that a wide range of technologies will be needed, including end-use efficiency, fuel switching, generation efficiency, nuclear, renewables, and carbon capture and storage. Roadmaps can help accelerate innovation by identifying barriers, highlighting policies, directing research funds, and facilitating knowledge sharing. The document provides examples of roadmaps for wind power and energy efficiency in buildings that outline deployment goals and cost reduction targets.
Outlook for fuel cell vehicles in Europe and analysis of BMW's activitiesChris McAtominey
Was asked to prepare a presentation on the development of fuel cell vehicles in Europe to date and what the likely future holds.
On top of this I was also asked to look into BMW's activities into low carbon vehicles (spoiler: very little)
Trends in Digital Sustainability CommunicationKWD Webranking
This document discusses trends in corporate social responsibility reporting among large European companies. It finds:
1) Nearly all of the largest 250 global companies and 100 largest UK companies publish CSR reports. CSR reporting has increased dramatically over the past two decades.
2) Most large European companies communicate about CSR/sustainability on their websites and publish sustainability reports. Spanish and Italian companies showed the most improvement in transparency.
3) Financial markets increasingly demand information around companies' environmental targets, sustainability initiatives, and supply chain standards in CSR reporting.
Trends in Digital Sustainability CommunicationComprend
The document summarizes the findings of the KWD Webranking 2011 report on corporate responsibility and sustainability reporting among large European companies. Some key findings include:
- 97% of the largest 150 European companies have a CSR section on their website and 80% publish a sustainability report. Reporting has increased dramatically over the past two decades.
- Spanish and Italian companies showed the most improvement in transparency scores compared to last year. The top sectors were gas/water utilities and pharmaceuticals.
- Community involvement, codes of conduct, and sustainability reports were most commonly disclosed information. Few companies provided CSR contact details.
- Responsible investing is a growing trend, with over $30 trillion invested using ESG criteria. Social media is increasingly
IR Institucional Presentation - March 2013Embraer RI
The document summarizes Embraer's commercial and defense businesses. On the commercial side, it discusses Embraer's E-Jet family of commercial aircraft and growing customer base. It also outlines Embraer's portfolio of executive jets and growth in the pre-owned market. For defense, it highlights Embraer's A-29 Super Tucano aircraft, KC-390 military transport program, and aircraft modernization projects. The document indicates growing markets and order backlogs for both commercial and defense products.
Net income excluding special items was $61 million for 2Q08, down from $509 million in 2Q07. Refining & Supply contributed $32 million due to weak gasoline margins and rising crude oil prices. Non-Refining contributed $47 million, with Retail Marketing at breakeven and Chemicals earnings of $3 million on higher feedstock costs. 3Q08 outlook expects continued weak refining margins and high utilization rates reflecting challenging market conditions.
- Petrol and diesel prices have increased over time in India from 2008 to 2012. The prices also vary across major cities like Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, and Chennai.
- Crude oil is formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years and the top producers are Saudi Arabia, Russia, the US, Iran, and China. Major oil refining products include gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, asphalt, and lubricants.
- India consumes large amounts of petroleum products like diesel, LPG, aviation fuel, and kerosene. Rising crude oil prices impact transportation, agriculture, household items, the economy, and individuals. Alternatives to petroleum need to be explored
The performance of advanced fuels in end-use sectors – EUA toolIEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes research on the performance of alternative fuels in aviation, marine transportation, and on-road transportation. It finds that fuel properties significantly impact end-use performance. Models are developed to predict changes in fuel consumption and emissions based on properties like density, lower heating value, and cetane number. Recommendations for viable alternative fuels by 2040 include electricity, hydrogen, methane, methanol, ethanol, and renewable diesel in certain applications depending on technology readiness and infrastructure. Collaboration is proposed between research groups to share modeling methodologies and databases.
IRJET- The Impact of Biofuel on IC Engine and the EnvironmentIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied the impact of biodiesel from Argemone Mexicana seeds on engine performance and the environment. The researchers extracted oil from the seeds using a Soxhlet apparatus and converted it to biodiesel via esterification and trans-esterification. Blended biodiesel-diesel fuels in varying proportions (B00, B06, B12, B18, B24) were tested in a diesel engine. Analysis found the biodiesel blends had density, viscosity, flash point and calorific values similar to diesel. Engine tests measured performance parameters, emissions and heat balance. Results showed blended fuels can partially substitute diesel without engine modifications.
CCR reported its 1Q12 earnings results, which showed increases in several key financial metrics compared to 1Q11:
- Traffic increased 5.1%
- EBITDA increased 17.9% to R$780.5 million, with the margin expanding 1.9 percentage points to 65.3%
- Net income increased 64.7% to R$288.6 million
The earnings growth was driven by increased cash flow generation from higher traffic and tariffs, combined with reductions in operational costs and financial expenses. Subsequent to 1Q12, CCR also reported the acquisition of an 80% stake in BARCAS and being awarded the concession for Transolímpica.
A Second Life For EV Batteries by Hans Eric MelinForth
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Outsourcing Logistics: Findings from the 15th Annual Third Party Logistics Gl...eyefortransport
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This document describes a fuel treatment technology called FuelTec that uses nano-technology to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. It works by using ceramic chip transmitters to excite fuel molecules and reverse bonding forces, allowing fuel to burn cleaner and more efficiently. Test results showed fuel efficiency improvements between 5-28% for vehicles and 40-65% for generators, as well as emissions reductions up to 85%. The document provides details on testing and customer results to support the claims.
This presentation summarizes Braskem's non-deal roadshow from March 2009. It contains 3 sentences:
The presentation provides an overview of Braskem, the largest petrochemical company in Latin America. It discusses Braskem's financial results for 2008, opportunities in the petrochemical industry, and how Braskem differentiates itself through integration, innovation, and a focus on renewables. The document also contains forward-looking statements and cautions that Braskem cannot guarantee future results.
The document discusses Bulgaria's targets for 2020 related to renewable energy sources and reducing CO2 emissions. It analyzes different scenarios for meeting renewable energy consumption targets and the capacity needed from various renewable sources like wind, solar, biomass and hydro. Meeting renewable targets could require 3,000-7,600 MW of additional renewable capacity at an estimated total cost of $36-113 billion. Government actions like long-term contracts and increased involvement in grid development are recommended to stimulate growth in renewables.
- WEG reported Q2 2009 revenues of R$1.25 billion, down 1.6% year-over-year, with domestic market revenues up 0.7% and external markets down 5.7%.
- Net income for Q2 2009 was R$129.7 million, up 6.1% from Q1 2009 but down 23.7% year-over-year. EBITDA was R$172.9 million, down 4.5% from Q1 2009 and 31.8% year-over-year.
- Gross margin was 28.6% in Q2 2009 compared to 29.8% in Q1 2009 and 35.8% in Q2 2008 as
California's cap-and-trade program aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. The program establishes an emissions cap and allows regulated entities to trade allowances. Electric utilities, industrial facilities, and fuel suppliers will be regulated under the program. Allowances will be allocated for free initially and auctioned starting in 2012. Cost controls are in place to limit allowance prices. Offsets can be used for compliance but supply may be limited. Linkage with other jurisdictions is envisioned but regulatory alignment is needed first. Potential changes to the program could come from CARB, legislation, or court challenges.
Brenda Lantz provides a summary of the third Western Regional Commercial Vehicle Safety Summit held in Denver, Colorado November 29-30, 2022. In addition, she details the resources that are available to help agencies and industry to reduce distracted driving and to improve CMV safety in work zones.
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This document summarizes a draft final report on a biodiesel fleet durability study conducted for the California Air Resources Board. The study included a literature review on biodiesel use in diesel engines and potential durability issues, as well as a survey of 40 fleet operators that use biodiesel blends. The survey found that B20 was the most common blend used and that soy methyl ester was the dominant biodiesel feedstock. Most fleets reported no adverse effects of biodiesel on engine wear or performance, though some experienced initial filter plugging when switching to biodiesel.
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The document summarizes Embraer's commercial and defense businesses. On the commercial side, it discusses Embraer's E-Jet family of commercial aircraft and growing customer base. It also outlines Embraer's portfolio of executive jets and growth in the pre-owned market. For defense, it highlights Embraer's A-29 Super Tucano aircraft, KC-390 military transport program, and aircraft modernization projects. The document indicates growing markets and order backlogs for both commercial and defense products.
Net income excluding special items was $61 million for 2Q08, down from $509 million in 2Q07. Refining & Supply contributed $32 million due to weak gasoline margins and rising crude oil prices. Non-Refining contributed $47 million, with Retail Marketing at breakeven and Chemicals earnings of $3 million on higher feedstock costs. 3Q08 outlook expects continued weak refining margins and high utilization rates reflecting challenging market conditions.
- Petrol and diesel prices have increased over time in India from 2008 to 2012. The prices also vary across major cities like Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, and Chennai.
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Use of Alternative Fuels and Hybrid Vehicles by Small Urban and Rural Transit Systems
1. Use of Alternative Fuels and
Hybrid Vehicles by Small Urban
and Rural Transit Systems
Jeremy Mattson
Small Urban & Rural Transit Center
Upper Great Plains Transportation
Institute, North Dakota State University
20th National Conference for Rural
Public & Intercity Bus Transportation
October 15, 2012 – Salt Lake City, UT
2. Survey Overview
• Survey of 115 rural and small urban transit systems on use
of:
• Biodiesel
• E85
• Propane
• CNG
• Hybrid-electric vehicles
• Conducted April 2011
• Main topics
• Use
• Satisfaction
• Problems
• Perceived benefits/reasons for adoption
• Deterrents
3. Number of Transit Agencies Surveyed
Surveys Survey
Surveys Successfully Responses
Targeted Sent Delivered Submitted
--------------------Number of transit agencies--------------------
Small Urban 394 305 NA 54+
Large Rural 270 245 NA 37+
Total 664 550 496 115
5. Alternative Fuel and Hybrid Vehicle Use
by Responding Agencies
35
Number of transit agencies
30
25
20
15 31
10
24
5 8 10
0
4
6. Use of Alternative Fuels and Hybrid
Vehicles, by Urban and Rural
Number (Percentage)
Yes No
Urban
Biodiesel 18 (38%) 30 (63%)
Flex Fuel Vehicle 16 (30%) 38 (70%)
E85 in FFV 3 (19%) 13 (81%)
Propane 2 (4%) 52 (96%)
CNG 7 (13%) 47 (87%)
Hybrids 19 (35%) 35 (65%)
Rural
Biodiesel 3 (12%) 23 (88%)
Flex Fuel Vehicle 10 (27%) 27 (73%)
E85 in FFV 3 (27%) 8 (73%)
Propane 2 (5%) 35 (95%)
CNG 2 (5%) 35 (95%)
Hybrids 3 (8%) 34 (92%)
7. Locations of Responding Agencies the use
Alternative Fuels or Hybrids
(a) Biodiesel (b) E85
(c) Propane (d) CNG
(e) Hybrids
8. Satisfaction Reported by Users
Neither
satisfied
Very Somewhat nor Somewhat Very
n satisfied satisfied dissatisfied dissatisfied dissatisfied
Biodiesel 22 27% 36% 14% 18% 5%
E85 7 29% 0% 57% 14% 0%
Propane 4 0% 75% 25% 0% 0%
CNG 9 56% 44% 0% 0% 0%
Hybrid-
electric 24 50% 17% 8% 8% 17%
9. Reasons for Adopting Biodiesel
Fuel cost savings 5% 38% 57%
Positive performance impacts of the
14% 62% 24%
fuel
Improving public perception 71% 29%
Political directives 41% 36% 23%
Desire to utilize local resources and
24% 52% 24%
products
Energy dependency concerns 29% 52% 19%
Reducing emissions 38% 57% 5%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major reason Minor reason Not a reason
10. Deterrents before Adoption by Biodiesel
Users
Lack of information 10% 14% 76%
NOx emissions 29% 10% 62%
Engine warranty 33% 29% 38%
Fuel quality 29% 48% 24%
Adequate/dependable fuel supply 19% 38% 43%
Cold weather performance 48% 33% 19%
Reliability 19% 38% 43%
Maintenance issues 43% 19% 38%
Infrastructure cost 5% 24% 71%
Fuel mileage 5% 38% 57%
Fuel cost 24% 52% 24%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major deterrent Minor deterrent Not a deterrent
11. Reported Problems with Biodiesel
Adequate/dependable fuel supply 2 7 13
Fuel quality 3 5 14
Cold weather performance 5 7 10
Reliability 4 8 10
Maintenance 5 5 12
Fuel mileage 7 15
Fuel cost 7 9 6
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major problem Minor problem No greater problem
12. Deterrents for Agencies Not Using
Biodiesel
Lack of information 18 13 15 11
NOx emissions 9 11 11 21
Engine warranty 24 12 7 13
Adequate/dependable fuel supply 38 5 7 7
Fuel quality 17 16 8 14
Cold weather performance 14 17 9 14
Reliability 14 18 9 14
Maintenance issues 28 10 10 9
Infrastructure cost 30 6 12 9
Fuel mileage 10 15 16 16
Fuel cost 25 11 7 13
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major deterrent Minor deterrent Not a deterrent Don't know
13. Reasons for Adopting E85
Fuel cost savings 2 1 3
Positive performance impacts of the
4 3
fuel
Improving public perception 1 4 2
Political directives 4 3
Desire to utilize local resources and
3 3 1
products
Energy dependency concerns 2 4 1
Reducing emissions 1 6
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major reason Minor reason Not a reason
14. Deterrents before Adoption of E85
Lack of information about E85 1 1 5
Fuel quality 2 5
Adequate and dependable fuel… 4 2 1
Reliability 1 4 2
Maintenance issues 2 1 4
Infrastructure cost 2 3 2
Fuel mileage 2 4 1
Fuel cost 2 3 2
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major deterrent Minor deterrent Not a deterrent
15. Reported Problems with E85
Adequate/dependable fuel supply 1 4 1
Overall performance 4 2
Reliability 3 3
Maintenance 3 3
Fuel cost 1 3 2
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major problem Minor problem No greater problem
16. Deterrents for Agencies with Flex Fuel
Vehicles that do not use E85
Lack of information about E85 5 7 5 3
Vehicle availability 6 6 6 3
Fuel quality 6 3 5 6
Adequate/dependable fuel supply 11 6 1 3
Overall performance 6 5 5 5
Reliability 6 5 5 5
Maintenance 5 5 5 6
Infrastructure cost 8 5 3 5
Fuel mileage 7 3 5 6
Fuel cost 6 3 7 5
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major deterrent Minor deterrent Not a deterrent Don't know
17. Reasons for Adopting Propane Given by
Agencies that Use the Fuel
Maintenance cost savings 3 1
Fuel cost savings 1 2 1
Positive performance impacts of… 2 1 1
Improving public perception 1 3
Political directives 1 3
Desire to utilize local resources… 2 2
Energy dependency concerns 1 1 2
Reducing emissions 2 1 1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major reason Minor reason Not a reason
18. Problems Reported with Using Propane
Vehicle performance 2 2
Lack of technical/mechanical… 1 3
Reliability 1 1 2
Maintenance issues 1 3
Limited vehicle range 1 1 2
Safety hazards 4
Dependable and secure fuel supply 1 3
Fuel cost 2 2
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major problem Minor problem No greater problem
19. Deterrents from Adopting Propane by
Agencies that Do Not Use Propane
Lack of information about propane vehicles 31% 19% 31% 19%
Vehicle performance 23% 21% 20% 36%
Lack of technical/mechanical expertise for… 61% 14% 10% 15%
Reliability 33% 23% 16% 29%
Maintenance issues 45% 19% 13% 24%
Limited vehicle range 43% 24% 9% 25%
Safety hazards 38% 25% 15% 23%
Adequate and dependable fuel supply 49% 14% 18% 19%
Modifications to maintenance facility 72% 10% 8% 10%
Development and implementation of new fuel… 73% 9% 5% 14%
Fuel cost 30% 14% 23% 33%
Vehicle availability 42% 24% 15% 19%
High capital cost of the vehicles 64% 15% 3% 18%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%100%
Major deterrent Minor deterrent Not a deterrent Don't know
20. Reasons Given for Adopting CNG
Fuel cost savings 5 5
Positive performance impacts of the
4 5
fuel
Improving public perception 6 3 1
Political directives 3 2 4
Desire to utilize local resources and
3 5 1
products
Energy dependency concerns 4 6
Reducing emissions 8 1 1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major reason Minor reason Not a reason
21. Problems Reported with CNG Vehicles
Vehicle performance 5 5
Reliability 1 3 6
Maintenance issues 5 5
Limited vehicle range 2 5 3
Safety hazards 2 8
Dependable/secure fuel supply 1 3 6
Fuel cost 1 9
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major problem Minor problem No greater problem
22. Deterrents for Adopting CNG by Agencies
Not Using CNG
Lack of information about natural gas vehicles 19 17 23 17
Vehicle performance 20 19 14 25
Reliability 20 19 12 27
Maintenance issues 37 12 8 21
Limited vehicle range 28 23 8 19
Safety hazards 29 14 14 20
Adequate and dependable fuel supply 37 9 13 18
Modifications to maintenance facility 58 5 4 12
Development and implementation of new fuel… 60 22 12
Fuel cost 21 10 21 26
Vehicle availability 28 16 15 19
High capital cost of the vehicles 47 12 3 16
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major deterrent Minor deterrent Not a deterrent Don't know
23. Reasons Given for Adopting Hybrids
Fuel cost savings 19 5
Improving public perception 16 6 1
Political directives 10 9 4
Energy dependency concerns 11 10 1
Reducing emissions 16 8
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major reason Minor reason Not a reason
24. Deterrents for Hybrid Vehicles Considered
by Agencies that Use Hybrids
Lack of information about hybrids 2 4 18
Vehicle performance 4 7 12
Reliability 5 4 14
Maintenance issues 7 9 8
Cost to replace battery 6 8 9
Depot modification costs 1 7 15
Vehicle availability 7 16
High capital cost of the vehicle 13 10 1
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major deterrent Minor deterrent Not a deterrent
25. Problems Reported with Hybrids
Vehicle
3 6 15
performance
Reliability 3 2 19
Maintenance 3 4 17
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major problem Minor problem No greater problem
26. Deterrents for Adopting Hybrid Vehicles
by Agencies that Do Not Use Hybrids
Lack of information 22 13 20 11
Vehicle performance 28 13 11 14
Reliability concerns 27 15 7 16
Maintenance issues 30 14 6 16
Costs to replace battery 45 8 1 14
Depot modification costs 32 12 13 9
Vehicle availability 30 17 11 8
High capital cost of the vehicle 53 8 2 5
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Major deterrent Minor deterrent Not a deterrent Don't know
27. Major Findings
• Reducing emissions most important for hybrid or CNG
adopters
• Energy dependency concerns, improving public
perception, and fuel cost savings more important reason
for hybrid adoption than biodiesel
• Fuel cost was found to most likely be a deterrent for
biodiesel. Many agencies did not know if fuel cost would
be a problem for the alternative fuels.
• Fuel mileage was often considered a major deterrent for
E85, and some agencies also considered it a major
deterrent for biodiesel.
• For agencies that did not use biodiesel, infrastructure cost
was commonly mentioned as a major deterrent.
28. Major Findings
• Concern with maintenance issues was major deterrent. Some
agencies were also concerned about fuel quality for biodiesel.
• Lack of an adequate and dependable fuel supply was a major
deterrent for all alternative fuels. This was listed as a major
deterrent for about half of E85, propane, and natural gas non-
users and two-thirds of biodiesel non-users.
• Lack of information was considered a major deterrent for about
one fourth to one third of agencies.
• Overall performance was most likely to be considered a
deterrent for hybrid vehicles.
• Vehicle availability was a major deterrent for 45% of agencies
for hybrids and 42% of agencies for propane vehicles. It was
considered less of a deterrent for E85 and was not a deterrent
for biodiesel use.
29. Major Findings
• Vehicle cost was the greatest deterrent for use of hybrids
and also one of the most significant deterrents for
propane and natural gas use.
• Development and implementation of new fuel
infrastructure and modifications to maintenance facilities
were the greatest deterrents for use of propane and
natural gas.
• Safety hazards and limited vehicle range are also
considered major deterrents by a significant number of
agencies for adopting propane or natural gas.
30. Differences Between Users and Non-
Users
• Larger agencies and those in urban areas more likely to
adopt (with the exception of E85 and propane)
• Users are more likely than non-users to identify benefits
• 71% of biodiesel users thought improving public perception was a
major benefit, compared to just 31% of non-users
• Non-users more likely than users to identify deterrents
• Deterrents may be real or perceived
31. Differences Between Urban and Rural
Transit Providers
• Rural operators were less likely than urban operators to
be “very satisfied” with hybrids or CNG
• Adequate and dependable fuel supply and limited vehicle
range was a greater deterrent for rural operators
• Rural operators were less likely than urban operators to
identify benefits from using hybrids, CNG, or propane
• Some rural respondents indicated there would be no or
little benefit in using a hybrid vehicle in rural areas
33. Results from Binary Logit Model of Adoption
Biodiesel Hybrids
Odds Ratio
Vehicles (number) 1.067*** 1.016
Vehicle miles (thousand) 1.001* 1.000
Vehicle hours (thousand) 0.959** 0.994
Urban 74.698** 8.420*
Perceived benefits
Emissions 32.043** 1.343
Energy dependancy 0.322 0.146*
Local resources 0.525
Public perception 33.154*** 4.890*
Cost savings 0.525 5.113*
Deterrents
Fuel cost 0.718
Infrastructure cost/Depot modification
cost 0.119 0.090**
Fuel supply 0.061*
Lack of information 0.913
Fuel efficiency 0.775
Vehicle cost 0.635
n=86
*p < .10 **p < .05 ***p < .01
34. Factors Affecting Satisfaction with
Biodiesel
• Agency characteristics
• Size, urban/rural
• Number of years using biodiesel
• Provision of training
• Change blend in winter months
• Percentage of fleet that uses biodiesel
35. Results from Ordered Logit Model of
Biodiesel Satisfaction
Odds Ratio
Vehicles (number) 1.119**
Vehicle miles (thousand) 0.998
Vehicle hours (thousand) 0.983
Urban 0.059
Years of experience 0.662
Training 0.348
Change blend 6.000
Percentage of fleet 1.070**
n=20
*p < .10 **p < .05 ***p < .01
36. Conclusions
• Larger, urban agencies more likely to adopt
• Beliefs about benefits and deterrents influence adoption
• Beliefs about benefits of emissions reductions, improved public
perception, and cost savings are motivating factors
• Concerns about infrastructure costs and fuel supply influence
decision to adopt
• Transit agencies generally satisfied with alternative fuels
and hybrids, though some have reported problems
• Experiences of users can differ from the expectations or
perceptions of non-users
37. THANK YOU
Jeremy Mattson
Associate Research Fellow
Small Urban & Rural Transit Center
Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute
North Dakota State University
jeremy.w.mattson@ndsu.edu
www.surtc.org
701-231-5496