Organizational design involves creating roles, processes, and structures to achieve organizational goals. It is more than just positioning boxes on an org chart - it directly impacts employees' jobs and the firm's ability to realize its strategy. Success comes from building on strengths, going beyond traditional structures, clearly defining roles, developing employees, and supporting a culture of learning. Failure can result from not clarifying goals, structuring around individuals rather than business needs, causing unnecessary disruption, and making decisions outside the agreed-upon process.