The sampling theorem can be explained as follows:
1. According to the sampling theorem, a continuous-time signal x(t) that has no frequency components higher than B Hz can be perfectly reconstructed from its samples if it is sampled at a frequency fs that is greater than 2B samples/second. This minimum sampling frequency fs is called the Nyquist rate.
2. The sampling theorem states that for a bandlimited signal with maximum frequency B Hz, the signal must be sampled at a frequency fs that is greater than 2B samples/second in order to avoid aliasing and allow perfect reconstruction of the original continuous-time signal from the samples.
3. Aliasing occurs when the signal is sampled at a rate lower than
The document discusses analog communications and the Analog Communications course at Matrusri Engineering College. It includes:
- Course objectives like analyzing analog communication systems, understanding generation and detection of analog modulation techniques, and analyzing noise performance.
- Course outcomes like describing modulation/demodulation schemes and comparing analog modulation schemes.
- A syllabus covering topics like linear modulation schemes, angle modulation schemes, analog pulse modulation schemes, transmitters and receivers, and noise sources and types.
- Details of the course include lesson plans with topics, outcomes, textbooks, and introductions to modules on concepts like amplitude modulation and its time/frequency domain representations.
This document provides information about the Analog Communications course offered at Matrusri Engineering College. It includes the course objectives, outcomes, syllabus, lesson plan and introduction. The key points are:
- The course objectives are to analyze analog communication systems and understand various analog modulation techniques, noise performance and AM/FM receivers.
- The syllabus covers topics like linear modulation schemes, angle modulation schemes, transmitters and receivers, noise sources and types, and analog pulse modulation schemes.
- The lesson plan provides details of topics to be covered in each unit, including frequency modulation, phase modulation, and modulation/demodulation techniques.
- The introductions provide an overview of the topics to be discussed in each
The document discusses the objectives, outcomes, syllabus, and lesson plan for the Analog Communications course at Matrusri Engineering College. The key topics covered in the course include linear and nonlinear modulation techniques, amplitude modulation, angle modulation, pulse modulation schemes, transmitter and receiver design. The course aims to analyze analog communication systems and various analog modulation techniques, as well as noise performance and the structures of AM and FM transmitters and receivers.
The document discusses analog communication systems and amplitude modulation. It introduces key concepts such as elements of a communication system including the information source, transmitter, channel, and receiver. It describes amplitude modulation where the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in accordance with the modulating signal. Common modulation techniques like DSB-SC and generation methods like using a square law or switching modulator are summarized. Detection or demodulation of the AM signal using detectors like square law, envelope, and rectifier are also outlined.
This document outlines the course objectives and content for the communication theory course EC8491 taught by Dr. M.S. Gowtham at Karpagam Institute of Technology. The course introduces concepts of analog modulation and their spectral characteristics, properties of random processes, and the effects of noise on communication systems. It covers topics like amplitude modulation, angle modulation, random processes, noise characterization, and sampling and quantization across 5 units. The objectives are to understand modulation techniques and their analysis, properties of random signals, noise impacts, and limits of communication systems based on information theory.
The document describes a laboratory manual for a Communication Systems course. It provides details on 14 experiments related to topics like signal sampling and reconstruction, time division multiplexing, AM and FM modulation/demodulation, pulse code modulation, delta modulation, line coding schemes, and error control coding. For each experiment, it lists the aim, apparatus required, theory, procedure, model graphs, kit diagrams, tabulations and results. The manual is meant to guide students through hands-on experiments to reinforce concepts taught in the course.
The document discusses single carrier transmission using LabVIEW & NI-USRP. It covers several topics:
1. Symbol synchronization using the maximum output energy solution which introduces an adaptive element to find the optimal sampling time that maximizes output power.
2. The role of pseudo-noise sequences in frame synchronization, which provide properties like balance and unpredictability needed for random sequences.
3. The Moose algorithm for carrier frequency offset estimation and correction which exploits least squares to determine the phase shift between training sequences and correct sample phases.
4. The effects of multipath propagation including fading caused by constructive/destructive interference from multiple propagation paths, and intersymbol interference when path delays cause symbol interference.
The document discusses analog communications and the Analog Communications course at Matrusri Engineering College. It includes:
- Course objectives like analyzing analog communication systems, understanding generation and detection of analog modulation techniques, and analyzing noise performance.
- Course outcomes like describing modulation/demodulation schemes and comparing analog modulation schemes.
- A syllabus covering topics like linear modulation schemes, angle modulation schemes, analog pulse modulation schemes, transmitters and receivers, and noise sources and types.
- Details of the course include lesson plans with topics, outcomes, textbooks, and introductions to modules on concepts like amplitude modulation and its time/frequency domain representations.
This document provides information about the Analog Communications course offered at Matrusri Engineering College. It includes the course objectives, outcomes, syllabus, lesson plan and introduction. The key points are:
- The course objectives are to analyze analog communication systems and understand various analog modulation techniques, noise performance and AM/FM receivers.
- The syllabus covers topics like linear modulation schemes, angle modulation schemes, transmitters and receivers, noise sources and types, and analog pulse modulation schemes.
- The lesson plan provides details of topics to be covered in each unit, including frequency modulation, phase modulation, and modulation/demodulation techniques.
- The introductions provide an overview of the topics to be discussed in each
The document discusses the objectives, outcomes, syllabus, and lesson plan for the Analog Communications course at Matrusri Engineering College. The key topics covered in the course include linear and nonlinear modulation techniques, amplitude modulation, angle modulation, pulse modulation schemes, transmitter and receiver design. The course aims to analyze analog communication systems and various analog modulation techniques, as well as noise performance and the structures of AM and FM transmitters and receivers.
The document discusses analog communication systems and amplitude modulation. It introduces key concepts such as elements of a communication system including the information source, transmitter, channel, and receiver. It describes amplitude modulation where the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in accordance with the modulating signal. Common modulation techniques like DSB-SC and generation methods like using a square law or switching modulator are summarized. Detection or demodulation of the AM signal using detectors like square law, envelope, and rectifier are also outlined.
This document outlines the course objectives and content for the communication theory course EC8491 taught by Dr. M.S. Gowtham at Karpagam Institute of Technology. The course introduces concepts of analog modulation and their spectral characteristics, properties of random processes, and the effects of noise on communication systems. It covers topics like amplitude modulation, angle modulation, random processes, noise characterization, and sampling and quantization across 5 units. The objectives are to understand modulation techniques and their analysis, properties of random signals, noise impacts, and limits of communication systems based on information theory.
The document describes a laboratory manual for a Communication Systems course. It provides details on 14 experiments related to topics like signal sampling and reconstruction, time division multiplexing, AM and FM modulation/demodulation, pulse code modulation, delta modulation, line coding schemes, and error control coding. For each experiment, it lists the aim, apparatus required, theory, procedure, model graphs, kit diagrams, tabulations and results. The manual is meant to guide students through hands-on experiments to reinforce concepts taught in the course.
The document discusses single carrier transmission using LabVIEW & NI-USRP. It covers several topics:
1. Symbol synchronization using the maximum output energy solution which introduces an adaptive element to find the optimal sampling time that maximizes output power.
2. The role of pseudo-noise sequences in frame synchronization, which provide properties like balance and unpredictability needed for random sequences.
3. The Moose algorithm for carrier frequency offset estimation and correction which exploits least squares to determine the phase shift between training sequences and correct sample phases.
4. The effects of multipath propagation including fading caused by constructive/destructive interference from multiple propagation paths, and intersymbol interference when path delays cause symbol interference.
The document discusses single carrier transmission using LabVIEW & NI-USRP. It covers several topics:
1. Symbol synchronization using the maximum output energy solution which introduces an adaptive element to find the optimal sampling time that maximizes output power.
2. The role of pseudo-noise sequences in frame synchronization, which provide properties like balance and unpredictability needed for random sequences.
3. The Moose algorithm for carrier frequency offset estimation and correction which exploits least squares to determine the phase shift between training sequences and correct sample phases.
4. The effects of multipath propagation including fading caused by constructive/destructive interference from multiple propagation paths, and intersymbol interference when path delays cause symbol interference.
IRJET- Compressed Sensing based Modified Orthogonal Matching Pursuit in DTTV ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a modified orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm used for channel estimation in digital terrestrial television systems. It proposes using compressed sensing based channel estimation at the receiver to eliminate sparse information. Thresholding is used to remove noise from the channel estimation and improve signal quality. Simulation results show that bit error rate decreases when the received signal power from different transmitters is almost equal.
This document outlines the objectives and content of the course EC8491-COMMUNICATION THEORY. The objectives are to introduce concepts of analog modulation and their spectral characteristics, understand properties of random processes, and study the effect of noise on communication systems. The content covers topics such as amplitude modulation, angle modulation, random processes, noise characterization, and sampling and quantization. The goal is for students to understand fundamental communication system design principles and limits set by information theory. References for further reading are also provided.
1. PCM uses time division multiplexing to transmit multiple telephone calls over a single transmission line by sampling each call and transmitting the samples in brief time slots.
2. During sampling, the amplitude of an analog signal is measured at regular intervals and assigned a digital code. This process is called quantization and results in quantization distortion from approximating the original signal.
3. Non-uniform quantization, called companding, is used to provide more quantization levels for smaller amplitudes that are more common in speech, improving the signal-to-noise ratio across all amplitudes.
Electronics and Communication Engineering : Communications, THE GATE ACADEMYklirantga
THE GATE ACADEMY's GATE Correspondence Materials consist of complete GATE syllabus in the form of booklets with theory, solved examples, model tests, formulae and questions in various levels of difficulty in all the topics of the syllabus. The material is designed in such a way that it has proven to be an ideal material in-terms of an accurate and efficient preparation for GATE.
Quick Refresher Guide : is especially developed for the students, for their quick revision of concepts preparing for GATE examination. Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
GATE QUESTION BANK : is a topic-wise and subject wise collection of previous year GATE questions ( 2001 – 2013). Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
Bangalore Head Office:
THE GATE ACADEMY
# 74, Keshava Krupa(Third floor), 30th Cross,
10th Main, Jayanagar 4th block, Bangalore- 560011
E-Mail: info@thegateacademy.com
Ph: 080-61766222
Communication Theory-1 Project || Single Side Band Modulation using Filtering...rameshreddybattini
Communication Theory-1 Project || Single Side Band Modulation using Filtering Method and Synchronous Demodulation in the Presence of Noise || Using Matlab Code
The document describes experiments on digital communication lab including:
1. Pulse amplitude modulation and time division multiplexing where amplitude of pulses is varied according to modulating signal and samples from different signals are combined in time domain and transmitted over a common channel.
2. Pulse time modulation and demodulation (PWM and PPM) where pulse width or repetitive frequency is varied according to information signal to save transmitter power.
3. Analog to digital and digital to analog conversion where analog signals are sampled, quantized into discrete levels represented by binary codes, and reconverted to analog for transmission and reception.
Designing and Performance Evaluation of 64 QAM OFDM SystemIOSR Journals
Abstract (11Bold) : — In this report, the performance analysis of 64 QAM-OFDM wireless communication
systems affected by AWGN in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Throughput is addressed. 64 QAM (64 ary
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is the one of the effective digital modulation technique as it is more power
efficient for larger values of M(64). The MATLAB script based model of the 64 QAM-OFDM system with
normal AWGN channel and Rayleigh fading channel has been made for study error performance and
throughput under different channel conditions. This simulated model maximizes the system throughput in the
presence of narrowband interference, while guaranteeing a SER below a predefined threshold. The SER
calculation is accomplished by means of modelling the decision variable at the receiver as a particular case of
quadratic form D in complex Gaussian random variables. Lastly comparative study of SER performance of 64
QAM-OFDM simulated & 64 QAM-OFDM theoretical under AWGN channel has been given. Also
performance of the system is given in terms of throughput (received bits/ofm symbol) is given in a plot for
different SNR. Keywords (11Bold) –64 QAM, BPSK, OFDM, PDF, SNR.
Designing and Performance Evaluation of 64 QAM OFDM SystemIOSR Journals
In this report, the performance analysis of 64 QAM-OFDM wireless communication
systems affected by AWGN in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Throughput is addressed. 64 QAM (64 ary
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is the one of the effective digital modulation technique as it is more power
efficient for larger values of M(64). The MATLAB script based model of the 64 QAM-OFDM system with
normal AWGN channel and Rayleigh fading channel has been made for study error performance and
throughput under different channel conditions. This simulated model maximizes the system throughput in the
presence of narrowband interference, while guaranteeing a SER below a predefined threshold. The SER
calculation is accomplished by means of modelling the decision variable at the receiver as a particular case of
quadratic form D in complex Gaussian random variables. Lastly comparative study of SER performance of 64
QAM-OFDM simulated & 64 QAM-OFDM theoretical under AWGN channel has been given. Also
performance of the system is given in terms of throughput (received bits/ofm symbol) is given in a plot for
different SNR
This document discusses sampling and quantization in digital communication. It introduces sampling as the process of converting a continuous-time analog signal into a discrete-time signal by taking samples at regular intervals. The sampling theorem states that if a signal is sampled at least twice the maximum frequency of the signal, it can be reconstructed without distortion. Quantization is the process of converting the discrete-time continuous amplitude samples into discrete amplitude values. The document covers topics such as the Nyquist rate, aliasing, ideal sampling, and methods of sampling like impulse sampling.
This document summarizes research on reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It discusses using a companding technique with Gaussian distribution to compress the signal before transmission and decompress it upon reception. The key aspects covered are: applying a compander and decompander with Gaussian distribution parameters at the transmitter and receiver; how the central limit theorem allows the sum of subcarriers to approximate a Gaussian distribution for large numbers; and how this technique reduces PAPR by increasing average power while keeping peak power the same. Performance is analyzed by simulating PAPR and bit error rate with and without companding under different parameters.
PAPR reduction techniques in OFDM.pptxssuserca5764
This document compares techniques to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It introduces OFDM and explains that high PAPR can cause issues. It then describes several PAPR reduction techniques: selective mapping (SLM), partial transmit sequence (PTS), tone reservation, and clipping and filtering. SLM divides symbols and multiplies with phase sequences, while PTS divides the input into sub-blocks and uses phase optimization. The document compares the PAPR performance of these techniques and finds that PTS achieves better reduction than SLM but with higher complexity. It concludes that hybrid techniques may provide the best tradeoff between performance and complexity
1) The document discusses various pulse modulation techniques including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and pulse position modulation (PPM).
2) It provides details on the generation and detection of PAM and PWM signals, explaining the use of sampling, comparators, sawtooth waves, and filters.
3) The document compares different sampling techniques for PAM including natural sampling, flat top sampling, and discusses the need for analog to digital conversion in communication systems.
This document provides an overview of equalization and diversity techniques used in mobile communication systems. It discusses how equalization is used to compensate for intersymbol interference caused by multipath fading. Linear equalizers aim to minimize mean square error, while nonlinear equalizers also use decision feedback. Common equalizer structures include transversal filters adapted using algorithms like LMS or RLS. Diversity techniques like spatial or frequency diversity compensate for fading by combining signals from multiple antennas or frequency bands. Channel coding adds redundancy to improve link performance in the presence of errors.
This document provides an overview of the Communication Engineering course EC6651. The objectives are to introduce various analog and digital communication methods, source and line coding techniques, and multiple access techniques used in communication systems. The 5 units cover topics like analog communication systems, digital communication, source and line codes/error control, multiple access techniques, and satellite/optical fiber/powerline communications. The course aims to help students understand and analyze linear and digital electronic circuits as applied to communication systems.
This document provides an introduction to communication systems, including:
- Defining communication as the exchange of information between humans or machines through electronic means.
- Describing the basic components of a communication system including a transmitter, receiver, and transmission channel which can be affected by noise.
- Explaining key concepts such as modulation, demodulation, multiplexing, and the electromagnetic spectrum.
- Detailing different types of communication signals and systems including analog, digital, simplex, duplex, and more.
This document discusses digital pulse modulation techniques. It provides an overview of pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse position modulation (PPM), and pulse code modulation (PCM). It describes the basic principles of each technique, including how the signal is modulated by varying different pulse parameters. It also discusses sampling, quantization, encoding, and other components involved in digital pulse modulation systems.
This task involves generating a single tone SSB modulated signal. A modulating signal m(t) = cos(1000πt) and carrier c(t) = cos(104πt) are used. The SSB modulated signal is generated using the filtering method. The USB and LSB spectra are identified, with the USB spectrum occupying frequencies above the carrier and the LSB spectrum below. The maximum and minimum envelope amplitudes and power in the USB, LSB and modulated signals are determined. Simulation results and plots of the signals and their spectra are presented.
In digital communication system, the information bearing digital signal is processed such
that it can be represented by a sequence of binary digits (discrete messages). Then it is used for
ON/OFF keying of some characteristic of a high frequency sinusoidal carrier wave, such as
amplitude, phase or frequency. If the input message signal is in analog form, then it is converted
to digital form by the processes of sampling, quantizing and encoding. Computer data and
telegraph signals are some examples of digital signal. The key feature of a digital communication
system is that it deals with a finite set of discrete messages.
Today, communications is the largest sector of the electronics field. In addition, wireless, networking or other communications technologies are now contained in almost every electronic product. This makes a knowledge and understanding of communication a must rather than an option for every student. Without at least one course in communications, the student may graduate with an incomplete view of the products and systems so common today.
The document discusses single carrier transmission using LabVIEW & NI-USRP. It covers several topics:
1. Symbol synchronization using the maximum output energy solution which introduces an adaptive element to find the optimal sampling time that maximizes output power.
2. The role of pseudo-noise sequences in frame synchronization, which provide properties like balance and unpredictability needed for random sequences.
3. The Moose algorithm for carrier frequency offset estimation and correction which exploits least squares to determine the phase shift between training sequences and correct sample phases.
4. The effects of multipath propagation including fading caused by constructive/destructive interference from multiple propagation paths, and intersymbol interference when path delays cause symbol interference.
IRJET- Compressed Sensing based Modified Orthogonal Matching Pursuit in DTTV ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a modified orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm used for channel estimation in digital terrestrial television systems. It proposes using compressed sensing based channel estimation at the receiver to eliminate sparse information. Thresholding is used to remove noise from the channel estimation and improve signal quality. Simulation results show that bit error rate decreases when the received signal power from different transmitters is almost equal.
This document outlines the objectives and content of the course EC8491-COMMUNICATION THEORY. The objectives are to introduce concepts of analog modulation and their spectral characteristics, understand properties of random processes, and study the effect of noise on communication systems. The content covers topics such as amplitude modulation, angle modulation, random processes, noise characterization, and sampling and quantization. The goal is for students to understand fundamental communication system design principles and limits set by information theory. References for further reading are also provided.
1. PCM uses time division multiplexing to transmit multiple telephone calls over a single transmission line by sampling each call and transmitting the samples in brief time slots.
2. During sampling, the amplitude of an analog signal is measured at regular intervals and assigned a digital code. This process is called quantization and results in quantization distortion from approximating the original signal.
3. Non-uniform quantization, called companding, is used to provide more quantization levels for smaller amplitudes that are more common in speech, improving the signal-to-noise ratio across all amplitudes.
Electronics and Communication Engineering : Communications, THE GATE ACADEMYklirantga
THE GATE ACADEMY's GATE Correspondence Materials consist of complete GATE syllabus in the form of booklets with theory, solved examples, model tests, formulae and questions in various levels of difficulty in all the topics of the syllabus. The material is designed in such a way that it has proven to be an ideal material in-terms of an accurate and efficient preparation for GATE.
Quick Refresher Guide : is especially developed for the students, for their quick revision of concepts preparing for GATE examination. Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
GATE QUESTION BANK : is a topic-wise and subject wise collection of previous year GATE questions ( 2001 – 2013). Also get 1 All India Mock Tests with results including Rank,Percentile,detailed performance analysis and with video solutions
Bangalore Head Office:
THE GATE ACADEMY
# 74, Keshava Krupa(Third floor), 30th Cross,
10th Main, Jayanagar 4th block, Bangalore- 560011
E-Mail: info@thegateacademy.com
Ph: 080-61766222
Communication Theory-1 Project || Single Side Band Modulation using Filtering...rameshreddybattini
Communication Theory-1 Project || Single Side Band Modulation using Filtering Method and Synchronous Demodulation in the Presence of Noise || Using Matlab Code
The document describes experiments on digital communication lab including:
1. Pulse amplitude modulation and time division multiplexing where amplitude of pulses is varied according to modulating signal and samples from different signals are combined in time domain and transmitted over a common channel.
2. Pulse time modulation and demodulation (PWM and PPM) where pulse width or repetitive frequency is varied according to information signal to save transmitter power.
3. Analog to digital and digital to analog conversion where analog signals are sampled, quantized into discrete levels represented by binary codes, and reconverted to analog for transmission and reception.
Designing and Performance Evaluation of 64 QAM OFDM SystemIOSR Journals
Abstract (11Bold) : — In this report, the performance analysis of 64 QAM-OFDM wireless communication
systems affected by AWGN in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Throughput is addressed. 64 QAM (64 ary
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is the one of the effective digital modulation technique as it is more power
efficient for larger values of M(64). The MATLAB script based model of the 64 QAM-OFDM system with
normal AWGN channel and Rayleigh fading channel has been made for study error performance and
throughput under different channel conditions. This simulated model maximizes the system throughput in the
presence of narrowband interference, while guaranteeing a SER below a predefined threshold. The SER
calculation is accomplished by means of modelling the decision variable at the receiver as a particular case of
quadratic form D in complex Gaussian random variables. Lastly comparative study of SER performance of 64
QAM-OFDM simulated & 64 QAM-OFDM theoretical under AWGN channel has been given. Also
performance of the system is given in terms of throughput (received bits/ofm symbol) is given in a plot for
different SNR. Keywords (11Bold) –64 QAM, BPSK, OFDM, PDF, SNR.
Designing and Performance Evaluation of 64 QAM OFDM SystemIOSR Journals
In this report, the performance analysis of 64 QAM-OFDM wireless communication
systems affected by AWGN in terms of Symbol Error Rate and Throughput is addressed. 64 QAM (64 ary
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is the one of the effective digital modulation technique as it is more power
efficient for larger values of M(64). The MATLAB script based model of the 64 QAM-OFDM system with
normal AWGN channel and Rayleigh fading channel has been made for study error performance and
throughput under different channel conditions. This simulated model maximizes the system throughput in the
presence of narrowband interference, while guaranteeing a SER below a predefined threshold. The SER
calculation is accomplished by means of modelling the decision variable at the receiver as a particular case of
quadratic form D in complex Gaussian random variables. Lastly comparative study of SER performance of 64
QAM-OFDM simulated & 64 QAM-OFDM theoretical under AWGN channel has been given. Also
performance of the system is given in terms of throughput (received bits/ofm symbol) is given in a plot for
different SNR
This document discusses sampling and quantization in digital communication. It introduces sampling as the process of converting a continuous-time analog signal into a discrete-time signal by taking samples at regular intervals. The sampling theorem states that if a signal is sampled at least twice the maximum frequency of the signal, it can be reconstructed without distortion. Quantization is the process of converting the discrete-time continuous amplitude samples into discrete amplitude values. The document covers topics such as the Nyquist rate, aliasing, ideal sampling, and methods of sampling like impulse sampling.
This document summarizes research on reducing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It discusses using a companding technique with Gaussian distribution to compress the signal before transmission and decompress it upon reception. The key aspects covered are: applying a compander and decompander with Gaussian distribution parameters at the transmitter and receiver; how the central limit theorem allows the sum of subcarriers to approximate a Gaussian distribution for large numbers; and how this technique reduces PAPR by increasing average power while keeping peak power the same. Performance is analyzed by simulating PAPR and bit error rate with and without companding under different parameters.
PAPR reduction techniques in OFDM.pptxssuserca5764
This document compares techniques to reduce peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. It introduces OFDM and explains that high PAPR can cause issues. It then describes several PAPR reduction techniques: selective mapping (SLM), partial transmit sequence (PTS), tone reservation, and clipping and filtering. SLM divides symbols and multiplies with phase sequences, while PTS divides the input into sub-blocks and uses phase optimization. The document compares the PAPR performance of these techniques and finds that PTS achieves better reduction than SLM but with higher complexity. It concludes that hybrid techniques may provide the best tradeoff between performance and complexity
1) The document discusses various pulse modulation techniques including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), and pulse position modulation (PPM).
2) It provides details on the generation and detection of PAM and PWM signals, explaining the use of sampling, comparators, sawtooth waves, and filters.
3) The document compares different sampling techniques for PAM including natural sampling, flat top sampling, and discusses the need for analog to digital conversion in communication systems.
This document provides an overview of equalization and diversity techniques used in mobile communication systems. It discusses how equalization is used to compensate for intersymbol interference caused by multipath fading. Linear equalizers aim to minimize mean square error, while nonlinear equalizers also use decision feedback. Common equalizer structures include transversal filters adapted using algorithms like LMS or RLS. Diversity techniques like spatial or frequency diversity compensate for fading by combining signals from multiple antennas or frequency bands. Channel coding adds redundancy to improve link performance in the presence of errors.
This document provides an overview of the Communication Engineering course EC6651. The objectives are to introduce various analog and digital communication methods, source and line coding techniques, and multiple access techniques used in communication systems. The 5 units cover topics like analog communication systems, digital communication, source and line codes/error control, multiple access techniques, and satellite/optical fiber/powerline communications. The course aims to help students understand and analyze linear and digital electronic circuits as applied to communication systems.
This document provides an introduction to communication systems, including:
- Defining communication as the exchange of information between humans or machines through electronic means.
- Describing the basic components of a communication system including a transmitter, receiver, and transmission channel which can be affected by noise.
- Explaining key concepts such as modulation, demodulation, multiplexing, and the electromagnetic spectrum.
- Detailing different types of communication signals and systems including analog, digital, simplex, duplex, and more.
This document discusses digital pulse modulation techniques. It provides an overview of pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse position modulation (PPM), and pulse code modulation (PCM). It describes the basic principles of each technique, including how the signal is modulated by varying different pulse parameters. It also discusses sampling, quantization, encoding, and other components involved in digital pulse modulation systems.
This task involves generating a single tone SSB modulated signal. A modulating signal m(t) = cos(1000πt) and carrier c(t) = cos(104πt) are used. The SSB modulated signal is generated using the filtering method. The USB and LSB spectra are identified, with the USB spectrum occupying frequencies above the carrier and the LSB spectrum below. The maximum and minimum envelope amplitudes and power in the USB, LSB and modulated signals are determined. Simulation results and plots of the signals and their spectra are presented.
Similar to Unit-4 Pulse analog Modulation.ppt (20)
In digital communication system, the information bearing digital signal is processed such
that it can be represented by a sequence of binary digits (discrete messages). Then it is used for
ON/OFF keying of some characteristic of a high frequency sinusoidal carrier wave, such as
amplitude, phase or frequency. If the input message signal is in analog form, then it is converted
to digital form by the processes of sampling, quantizing and encoding. Computer data and
telegraph signals are some examples of digital signal. The key feature of a digital communication
system is that it deals with a finite set of discrete messages.
Today, communications is the largest sector of the electronics field. In addition, wireless, networking or other communications technologies are now contained in almost every electronic product. This makes a knowledge and understanding of communication a must rather than an option for every student. Without at least one course in communications, the student may graduate with an incomplete view of the products and systems so common today.
A wireless sensor network has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking, particularly in recent years with the help of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. Sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. A WSN consists of a number of sensor nodes (few tens to thousands) working together to monitor a region to obtain data about the environment. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the applications design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints.
Current Activities in WSN: Developing test bed for target tracking Using Passive Infrared and Ultrasonic Sensors Improving the delivery rate in low power wireless networks .Guided Navigation of Friendly Vehicle towards tracked Object. Design and development of smart mines and explosive ordinance for intelligent activation and deactivation and safe recovery based on secure WSN. Design of a data mule for data collection from remotely placed sensor nodes
The course gives the thorough concepts of the wireless sensor networks, applications examples. It also gives detailed study of sensor node architecture and various protocols used in wireless sensor networks. It also covers issues related to topology, clustering ,synchronization and operating execution environment used for wireless sensor networks.
Communication may be broadly defined as the transfer of information from one point to
another. When the information is to be conveyed over any distance a communication system
is usually required. Within a communication system the information transfer is frequently
achieved by superimposing or modulating the information onto an electromagnetic wave
which acts as a carrier for the information signal. This modulated carrier is then transmitted
to the required destination where it is received and the original information signal is
obtained by demodulation. Sophisticated techniques have been developed for this process
using electromagnetic carrier waves operating at radio frequencies as well as microwave
and millimeter wave frequencies. However, ‘communication’ may also be achieved using
an electromagnetic carrier which is selected from the optical range of frequencies.
In the early years of mobile radio systems, a large coverage was achieved by using a single high-powered transmitter with the antenna mounted on tall tower. Although a large coverage could be attained by this approach, it does not allow the reuse of the same radio frequencies due to interference. The cellular concept was invented in solving the spectral congestion and user capacity. Cellular telephony is a system-level concept, which replaces a single high power transmitter with a large number of low-power transmitters for communication between any two devices over a large geographic area.
The document provides information about the analog communications subject for an engineering college. It includes the course objectives, outcomes, syllabus, textbooks, and lesson plan. The objectives are to analyze analog communication systems and understand various analog modulation techniques. The syllabus covers topics like linear modulation schemes, angle modulation schemes, transmitters and receivers, and noise sources and performance analysis. The lesson plan outlines five units to be covered in the course along with the relevant outcomes and references.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
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'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
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like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
1. MATRUSRI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
SUBJECT NAME: ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
FACULTY NAME: Dr. M.NARESH
Insert Your Photo here
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
2. ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1. To Analyze the Analog communication system requirements
2.To understand the Generation and Detection of various analog modulation
techniques
3.To Analyze the noise performance of analog modulation techniques
4.To understand AM and FM Receivers.
5. To Understand the Pulse modulation techniques
COURSE OUTCOMES:
CO1: Describe basic concepts of linear and non-linear modulation and
demodulation schemes
CO2: Compare analog modulation schemes in terms of modulation index,
transmission bandwidth, TX power etc.
CO3: Explaining various aspects of sampling theorem to produce various
pulse modulation schemes
CO4: Appreciate the structures of various AM and FM transmitters and
receivers and understand design parameters.
CO5: Estimate electronic noise parameters on various analog modulation
schemes.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
3. SYLLABUS
UNIT I- Linear Modulation schemes: Need for modulation,
conventional Amplitude Modulation (AM). Double side band
suppressed carrier (DSB –SC)modulation ,Hilbert transform,
properties of Hilbert transform. Pre-envelop. Complex envelope
representation of band pass signals, In-phase and Quadrature
component representation of band pass signals. Low pass
representation of band pass systems. Single side band (SSB)
modulation and Vestigial-sideband (VSB) modulation. Modulation
and demodulation of all the modulation schemes, COSTAS loop.
UNIT II- Angle modulation schemes: Frequency Modulation (FM)
and Phase modulation (PM), Concept of instantaneous phase and
frequency. Types of FM modulation: Narrow band FM and wide
band FM. FM spectrum in terms of Bessel functions. Direct and
indirect (Armstrong's) methods of FM generation. Balanced
discriminator, Foster–Seeley discriminator ,Zero crossing detector
and Ratio detector for FM demodulation. Amplitude Limiter in FM.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
4. UNIT IV- Analog pulse modulation schemes: Sampling of
continuous time signals. Sampling of low pass and band pass signals.
Types of sampling. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) generation
and demodulation. Pulse time modulation schemes: PWM and PPM
generation and detection. Time Division Multiplexing.
UNIT III- Transmitters and Receivers: Classification of
transmitters. High level and low level AM transmitters. FM
transmitters. Principle of operation of Tuned radio frequency (TRF)
and super heterodyne receivers. Selection of RF amplifier. Choice of
Intermediate frequency. Image frequency and its rejection ratio
Receiver characteristics: Sensitivity, Selectivity, Fidelity, Double
spotting, Automatic Gain Control.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
UNIT V- Noise Sources and types: Atmospheric noise, Shot noise
and thermal noise. Noise temperature. Noise in two-port network:
noise figure, equivalent noise temperature and noise bandwidth.
Noise figure and equivalent noise temperature of cascade stages.
Narrow band noise representation. S/N ratio and Figure of merit
calculations in AM, DSB-SC, SSB and FM systems, Pre-Emphasis and
De-Emphasis
5. TEXT BOOKS /REFERENCES
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems,” 2/e, Wiley India, 2011.,
2. B.P. Lathi, Zhi Ding, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication
Systems”, 4/e, Oxford University Press, 2016
3. P. Ramakrishna Rao, “Analog Communication,” 1/e, TMH, 2011.
REFERENCES:
1.Taub, Schilling, “Principles of Communication Systems”, Tata
McGraw‐Hill, 4th Edition, 2013.
2. John G. Proakis, Masond, Salehi, “Fundamentals of Communication
Systems”, PEA, 1st Edition,2006
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
6. LESSON PLAN:
UNIT IV- Analog pulse modulation schemes
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
S. No. Topic(S)
No.
of Hrs
Relevant
COs
Text Book/
Reference
Book
1. Analog pulse modulation schemes: Sampling of
continuous time signals.
2 CO3 T1,T2,T3
2. Sampling of low pass and band pass signals. 2 CO3 T1,T2,T3
3. Types of sampling. Pulse Amplitude Modulation
(PAM) generation and demodulation
1 CO3 T1,T2,T3
4. Pulse time modulation schemes: PWM and PPM
generation and detection.
2 CO3 T1,T2,T3
5. Time Division Multiplexing 1 CO3 T1,T2,T3
TOTAL 08
7. PRE-REQUISITES FOR THIS COURSE:
PTSP III-SEM 3-Credits
ES215EC :SS IV-SEM 3-Credits
EXTERNAL SOURCES FOR ADDITIONAL LEARNING:
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Description Proposed Actions Relevance With POs
Relevance
With PSOs
Modulation &
Demodulation of all
Techniques including
multiplexing .
Communication Lab PO3, PO4, PO5 PSO2
CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS:
S. No. Topic Relevance with POs and
PSOs
1. Advanced Communication system PSO1
8. INTRODUCTION:
Pulse modulation schemes aim at transferring a narrowband analog signal over an
analog baseband channel as a two-level signal by modulating a pulse wave . Some pulse
modulation schemes also allow the narrowband analog signal to be transferred as a
digital signal (i.e., As a quantized discrete time signal) with a fixed bit rate, which can be
transferred over an underlying digital transmission system, for example, some line code
. These are not modulation schemes in the conventional sense since they are
not channel coding schemes, but should be considered as source coding schemes, and
in some cases analog-to-digital conversion techniques..
UNIT IV- Analog pulse modulation schemes
OUTCOMES:
Interpret with different types of receivers and study different
pulse modulation and demodulationtechniques
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
9. CONTENTS:
4.1. Analog pulse modulation schemes:
4.2. sampling of continuous time signals.
4.3. Sampling of low pass and band pass signals.
4.4. Types of sampling.
4.5. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) generation and demodulation.
4.6. Pulse time modulation schemes:
PWM and PPM generation and detection.
4.7. Time division multiplexing.
OUTCOMES:
Interpret with different types of receivers and study different
pulse modulation and demodulationtechniques
UNIT IV- Analog pulse modulation schemes
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
10. CONTENTS:
4.1. Analog pulse modulation schemes
4.2. Sampling of continuous time signals
OUTCOMES:
Explaining various aspects of sampling theorem to produce various pulse modulation
schemes
MODULE-1
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
11. Sampling & reconstruction:
this section is concerned with digital signal processing systems capable of operating on
Analog signals which must first be sampled and digitised. The resulting digital signals
often need to be converted back to analogue form or “reconstructed”. Before starting, we
review some facts about analogue signals
Nyquist Rate:
It is the minimum sampling rate at which signal can be converted into samples and can
be recovered back without distortion.
Nyquist rate fs = 2fm hz
4.1. Analog pulse modulation schemes
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
13. SAMPLING OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS:
The process of converting continuous time signals into equivalent discrete time signals,
can be termed as sampling. A certain instant of data is continually sampled in the
sampling process.
The following figure indicates a continuous-time signal x(t) and a sampled signal xs(t).
When x(t) is multiplied by a periodic impulse train, the sampled signal xs(t) is obtained
A sampling signal is
a periodic train of pulses,
having unit amplitude,
sampled at equal intervals
of time Ts, which is called
as the Sampling time.
This data is transmitted at
the time instants Ts and the
carrier signal is transmitted
at the remaining time.
4.2. sampling of continuous time signals
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
14. SAMPLING OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNAL:
Sampling of input signal x(t) can be obtained by multiplying x(t) with an impulse train
δ(t) of period Ts. The output of multiplier is a discrete signal called sampled signal which
is represented with y(t) the sampled signal takes the period of impulse
4.2. sampling of continuous time signals
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
15. CONTENTS:
4.3 samplings of band pass signals
4.4. Types of sampling
OUTCOMES:
Discussing about types of sampling
MODULE-2
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
16. 4.3 sampling of continuous time signals
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
17. In case of band pass signals, the spectrum of band pass signal x[ω] = 0 for the frequencies outside
the range f1 ≤ f ≤ f2. The frequency f1 is always greater than zero. Plus, there is no aliasing effect when
fs > 2f2. But it has two disadvantages:
The sampling rate is large in proportion with f2. This has practical limitations. The sampled signal
spectrum has spectral gaps.
4.3 Samplings of Band Pass Signals
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
19. The overlapped region in case of under sampling represents aliasing effect, which can be
removed by considering fs >2fm by using anti aliasing filters.
Types of SAMPLING:
4.4. Types of sampling
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
1. Impulse sampling
2. Natural sampling
3. Flat –TOP sampling
20. CONTENTS:
4.4. Types of Pulse Modulation
4.5. Pulse amplitude modulation generation and demodulation
OUTCOMES:
Discussing about types of Pulse Modulation and PAM
MODULE-3
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
21. Pulse modulation is a type of modulation in which the signal is transmitted in the form
of pulses. It can be used to transmit analogue information. In pulse modulation,
continuous signals are sampled at regular intervals:
1.Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) generation and demodulation
2. Pulse width modulation (PWM) generation and demodulation
3. Pulse position modulation (PPM) generation and demodulation
4.4.Types of Pulse Modulation
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
23. 4.5. Pulse amplitude modulation generation and demodulation.
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
24. DEMODULATION OF PAM;
Frequency range and provides sufficient attenuation at the pulse rate frequency. A simple low pass
filter (LPF) shown in the above Fig. can work as a PAM demodulator.
A low pass filter is basically an integrator. It filters out the high frequency sampling pulses of the
rectangular wave generator. Each pulse gets integrated, the amplitude of the integrated output being
proportional to the input pulse amplitude.
The capacitor will get charged at every pulse output and will keep on supplying this charged voltage
at the output during the off time of the pulse. This restores the fidelity of the message. The only
precaution to be observed is to ensure that the LPF has a flat frequency response over the entire base
band frequency.
4.5. Pulse amplitude modulation generation and demodulation
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
25. CONTENTS:
4.6. Pulse Width and Pulse Position modulation generation and demodulation
OUTCOMES:
Discussing about PWM and PPM
MODULE-4
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
26. 4.6 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
In pulse width modulation (PWM), the width of each pulse is made directly proportional to the each pulse is made
directly proportional to the amplitude of the information signal. In pulse position modulation, constant -width pulses
are used, and the position or time of occurrence of each pulse from some reference time is made directly proportional
to the amplitude of the information signal.
27. 4.6 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
A sawtooth generator generates a sawtooth signal
of frequency fs, and this sawtooth signal in this
case is used as a sampling signal. It is applied to
the inverting terminal of a comparator.
The modulating signal x (t) is applied to the non-
inverting terminal of the same comparator.
The comparator output will remain high as long
as the instantaneous amplitude of x (t) is higher
than that of the ramp signal. This gives rise to a
PWM signal at the comparator output
Here, it may be noted that the leading edges
of the PWM waveform coincide with the
falling edges of the ramp signal. Thus, the
leading edges of PWM signal are always
generated at fixed time instants.
However, the occurance of its trailing edges
will be dependent on the instantaneous
amplitude of x(t). Therefore, this PWM signal
is said to be trail edge modulated PWM.
28. The basic theory behind pulse width demodulation is that converting the PWM signal to PAM (pulse
amplitude modulation) signal. PAM can be easily detected by suitable low pass filter.
4.6 PWM Demodulation
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Input PWM wave is applied to ramp generator and synchronous pulse generator
30. In pulse position modulation, constant -width pulses are used, and the position or time of occurrence
of each pulse from some reference time is made directly proportional to the amplitude of the
information signal.
4.6. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
31. The output of the comparator is fed to a monostable multivibrator. It is negative edge triggered.
Hence, with the trailing edge of the PWM signal, the output of the monostable goes high.
This is why a pulse of PPM signal begins with the trailing edge of the PWM signal.
It is to be noted in case of PPM that the duration for which the output will be high depends on the RC
components of the multivibrator. This is the reason why a constant width pulse is obtained in case of
the PPM signal.
4.6. Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) Generation
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
32. The PPM signal transmitted from the modulation circuit gets distorted by the noise during
transmission. This distorted PPM signal reaches the demodulator circuit. The pulse generator
employed in the circuit generates a pulsed waveform. This waveform is of fixed duration which is fed
to the reset pin (R) of the SR flip-flop.
The reference pulse generator generates, reference pulse of a fixed period when transmitted PPM
signal is applied to it. This reference pulse is used to set the flip-flop.
These set and reset signals generate a PWM signal at the output of the flip-flop. This PWM signal is
then further processed in order to provide the original message signal.
4.6 Pulse Position Demodulation (PPM)
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
33. Comparison between PAM, PWM, and PPM
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PAM PWM PPM
Amplitude is varied Width is varied Position is varied
Bandwidth depends
on the width of the
pulse
Bandwidth depends
on the rise time of
the pulse
Bandwidth depends
on the rise time of
the pulse
Instantaneous
transmitter power
varies with the
amplitude of the
pulses
Instantaneous
transmitter power
varies with the
amplitude and the
width of the pulses
Instantaneous
transmitter power
remains constant
with the width of
the pulses
System complexity
is high
System complexity
is low
System complexity
is low
Noise interference
is high
Noise interference
is low
Noise interference
is low
It is similar to
amplitude
modulation (AM)
It is similar to
frequency
modulation
(FM)
It is similar to phase
modulation
(PM)
35. Time division multiplexing (TDM): is the time interleaving of samples from several sources so that
the information from these source can be transmitted serially over a single communication channel.
4.7 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Inputs
Outputs
37. 1. Explain the sampling Theorem.
2. Draw and explain about PWM and PPM signals generation and detection.
3. Write about Time Division Multiplexing.
4. What are differences between PAM, PWM and PPM.
5. How PDM wave converted into PPM system?
Assignment Question
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
38. Short answer questions
Questions & Answers
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
S.NO QUESTION
Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
1. Define Nyquist rate? CO4
2. What is the need of pulse modulation? CO4
3. How PDM wave converted into PPM system? CO4
4. What do you mean by aliasing? CO4
5. Why flat-top sampling required? CO4
39. Long answer questions
Questions & Answers
MATRUSRI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
S.NO QUESTION
Blooms
Taxonomy
Level
Course
Outcome
1. State and prove the sampling theorem for the low pass
signal
CO4
2. Draw and Explain about PWM signals generation and
detection
CO4
3. Explain about Pulse amplitude modulation. CO4
4. Draw and Explain about PPM signals generation and
detection
CO4
5. Explain (a) Explain in brief about bit interleaving in TDM.
(b) How PDM wave converted into PPM system
CO4