This document outlines the key topics and perspectives to be covered in a university course on social inclusion and exclusion. The course will examine inclusion and exclusion from sociological, anthropological, psychological, gender, economic, and policy perspectives. It will also explore the evolution of social inclusion approaches and international treaties related to discrimination. Specific topics mentioned include institutionalization of exclusion, approaches toward disabled and poor people, effects of culture on exclusion practices, psychological concepts like social identity and conformity, causes of gender exclusion, perspectives on class and poverty, and the importance of inclusion in research.

1. Ethnicity and Social Inclusion
SOCL214
Unit –II
(Second Year- II Semester)
National College
Kathmandu
Kishor Kuikel
(k.kuikel321@gmail.com)

2. Framing Our Class for Unit II
1. Perspectives of Inclusion and Exclusion
2. Evolution of social inclusion approach,
3. Application of social inclusion approach and
institutional frameworks
4. International treaties and conventions related
to discrimination, inequality, indigenous
peoples, minorities etc;
5. Poverty reduction strategies to overcome
exclusion

3. Perspectives of Inclusion and Exclusion
1. Story of the 6 people with Visible impairment
2. What are the various perspectives we can have
at inclusion and exclusion
a. Sociological perspective
b. Anthropological perspective- Ethnographic
c. Psychological perspective
d. Gender perspective
e. Economic perspective
f. Modern day research
g. Policy studies and practice

4. Sociological perspectives about inclusion/exclusion
 Sociology complements biological and other natural order
explanations of social stratification
 We move in a world which we do not control, but which controls
us, which is not directed toward us and adapted to us, but toward
which we must direct and adapt ourselves.
 Sociology is well oriented to consider facets of social equality and
inequality, social integration and stratification, social mobility as it
relates to social inclusion and exclusion, and the functional
contributions of the periphery relative to the social core.
 In the social world, whether one is welcomed, represented, or
provided for by the mainstream, or whether one is ostracized,
ignored, or bemired, the outcome is a collection of social
practices.
 These social practices result from various degrees of intimacy and
interactions between friends, strangers, families, colleagues,
kinship groups, communities, cultures, and even whole societies—
all of which lend themselves to sociological study.

5. Sociological perspectives about inclusion/exclusion……
 Institutionalization of exclusion can be done in the children
through the process of their socialization. Eg-: Menstrual
Taboos
 Exclusion hierarchy as sociological process
 Approaches towards disable and poor people
Ostracism – form of political oppression
Solidarism
Stigmatization
Social Inclusion
Participatory Development
Residuus Exclusion
Source:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2158244012471
957

6. Sociological perspectives about inclusion/exclusion……
Despite the contribution of the psychological and
life sciences, and even the contributions of social
policy, the concepts of social inclusion and exclusion
are profoundingly sociological.
This is because at the very root of both classic and
contemporary sociological thinking are concerns
with social stratification, social inequality, and social
class—key concepts which the social inclusion
literature repeatedly touches upon.

7. Anthropological perspective- Ethnographic
 Anthropology refers to the study of human cultures and
humanity in general. Ethnography is a methodological
approach to learning about a culture, setting, group, or other
context by observing it yourself and/or piecing together the
experiences of those there.
 How culture sets an exclusion practice? Let’s see some
examples-:
 Provision for nose piercing
 Genital mutilation of female in certain cultures, Male circumcision,
 Provision of three threaded sacred thread vs six threaded thread
 Use of alcohol vs prohibition
 Use of meat
 Some cultural practices that dominates women
 Sati System

8. Psychological perspective
 Membership: Even though membership in a devalued group
can be psychologically and physically harmful, as the
preceding evidence suggests, members of such groups often
respond by emphasizing their loyalty and commitment to the
group which has been observed on a range of measures,
including political commitment, self-stereotyping, perceived
in-group homogeneity and group identification.
 Group processes and dynamics: (Treating an odd man out- A
research by Schachter (1951),
 Social Identity and Social Exclusion
 Group Norms
 Intergroup contact
Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226768407_The_Soc
ial_Psychology_of_Inclusion_and_Exclusion

9. Psychological perspective…………….
Reward and Punishment Approach (Linking to
group)
Need for security: Division or Unity
Social conformity (test example- Solomon Asch -
Conformity Experiment)
Source: https://www.simplypsychology.org/asch-
conformity.html
Prejudices and Stereotyping

10. Gender perspective
What had happened?
Exclusion in terms of Gender
Categorization only in specific gender
Gender roles
Gender stereotyping
Deprivation and Power dominance
What are the various socio-cultural reasons and
examples of gender exclusion?
Do you find other dimension of gender resulting to
exclusion?

11. Economic perspective
 Class Based Society
 Vulnerability of poor (Egalitarian Society)
 State of powerlessness
 Maslow’s law of hierarchy

12. Inclusion in Research
 Approaches of inclusion in research
 Why is it important?
 Important factor in knowledge generation.
 Theory generating vs theory testing.

13. Inclusion in Policy studies and practice