The document discusses the author's experience in an ethics course. It challenged the author's thinking and writing skills. The goal was to be open-minded and explore various philosophical views, including their own views and those of classmates. The author hopes to better understand different perspectives and become more tolerant of other views.
The document discusses different models of the doctor-patient relationship: paternalistic, contractual, and fiduciary. The paternalistic model emphasizes the doctor's expertise but ignores patient autonomy. The contractual model highlights shared decision-making but no real contracts exist. The fiduciary model preserves both parties' freedoms and the role of trust, but some question if patient trust could be manipulated. Principles of biomedical ethics discussed are beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, truth-telling, confidentiality, and justice. Key concepts in Indian philosophy around ethics emphasize unselfishness, service to others, and sacrifice of self-interest for the welfare of all.
The document discusses and critiques the ethical theory of egoism. It defines egoism as the idea that one's own interests are most important morally. It examines different versions of egoism, including personal egoism, individual ethical egoism, and universal ethical egoism. It then outlines three common arguments for universal ethical egoism - the economist argument, Ayn Rand's argument, and the Hobbesian argument - and discusses problems with each. Overall, the document finds issues with egoism as a comprehensive moral theory.
This document discusses different approaches to business ethics and morality, including utilitarianism, Kantian deontology, and Buddhist compassion. It analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Utilitarianism is said to improperly allow sacrificing individuals for the greater good. Kantian deontology makes morality too logical rather than emotional. The author ultimately advocates an approach based on treating all individuals as inherently valuable and acting with compassion, recognizing that all people suffer and act out of needs, not malice.
Ethics are important in business, politics, and medicine because they help guide decision-making in complex situations and ensure decisions are made in a way that considers impacts on all stakeholders.
There are two main positions on the objectivity of ethics: moral objectivism and ethical relativism. Moral objectivism holds that there are absolute and universal moral standards that exist independently of what individuals or cultures believe. Ethical relativism claims that moral standards are relative to cultures or individuals and there are no way to judge one culture's morals against another's. Supporters of cultural relativism argue that empirical evidence shows morals differ across cultures, and each culture views its own morals as right. However, critics say cultural relativism leaves no way to assess other cultures or argue for moral progress.
This document discusses consequentialist and non-consequentialist theories of ethics. Consequentialist theories judge whether an act is right or wrong based on the consequences of that act. They focus on producing the greatest benefits and good outcomes. Non-consequentialist theories evaluate acts based on intrinsic properties like adherence to rules, duties, and justice - not the outcomes. Under these theories, acts can be wrong even if they produce good consequences if they violate inherent moral rules or principles. The document provides examples to illustrate both types of ethical theories in different contexts like business decision making.
The document discusses examples of situations where two individuals are equally at fault for a situation but experience different consequences due to luck. It explores questions around whether differing outcomes should impact moral and legal culpability when intentions and actions were the same. The author analyzes arguments that culpability depends more on intentions and actions rather than consequences due to luck, but also that consequences cannot be entirely divorced from responsibility.
Virtue ethics focuses on character development and moral wisdom rather than rules. It emphasizes virtues like courage, justice, and temperance. Virtues are developed through practice and help one achieve eudaimonia or human flourishing. While virtue ethics does not provide strict rules, virtues guide morally worthwhile action when applied with practical wisdom. Objections argue it is not codifiable, but responses claim rules of vice provide valuable guidance and virtues apply across cultures with moral disagreement on specifics.
The document discusses different models of the doctor-patient relationship: paternalistic, contractual, and fiduciary. The paternalistic model emphasizes the doctor's expertise but ignores patient autonomy. The contractual model highlights shared decision-making but no real contracts exist. The fiduciary model preserves both parties' freedoms and the role of trust, but some question if patient trust could be manipulated. Principles of biomedical ethics discussed are beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, truth-telling, confidentiality, and justice. Key concepts in Indian philosophy around ethics emphasize unselfishness, service to others, and sacrifice of self-interest for the welfare of all.
The document discusses and critiques the ethical theory of egoism. It defines egoism as the idea that one's own interests are most important morally. It examines different versions of egoism, including personal egoism, individual ethical egoism, and universal ethical egoism. It then outlines three common arguments for universal ethical egoism - the economist argument, Ayn Rand's argument, and the Hobbesian argument - and discusses problems with each. Overall, the document finds issues with egoism as a comprehensive moral theory.
This document discusses different approaches to business ethics and morality, including utilitarianism, Kantian deontology, and Buddhist compassion. It analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Utilitarianism is said to improperly allow sacrificing individuals for the greater good. Kantian deontology makes morality too logical rather than emotional. The author ultimately advocates an approach based on treating all individuals as inherently valuable and acting with compassion, recognizing that all people suffer and act out of needs, not malice.
Ethics are important in business, politics, and medicine because they help guide decision-making in complex situations and ensure decisions are made in a way that considers impacts on all stakeholders.
There are two main positions on the objectivity of ethics: moral objectivism and ethical relativism. Moral objectivism holds that there are absolute and universal moral standards that exist independently of what individuals or cultures believe. Ethical relativism claims that moral standards are relative to cultures or individuals and there are no way to judge one culture's morals against another's. Supporters of cultural relativism argue that empirical evidence shows morals differ across cultures, and each culture views its own morals as right. However, critics say cultural relativism leaves no way to assess other cultures or argue for moral progress.
This document discusses consequentialist and non-consequentialist theories of ethics. Consequentialist theories judge whether an act is right or wrong based on the consequences of that act. They focus on producing the greatest benefits and good outcomes. Non-consequentialist theories evaluate acts based on intrinsic properties like adherence to rules, duties, and justice - not the outcomes. Under these theories, acts can be wrong even if they produce good consequences if they violate inherent moral rules or principles. The document provides examples to illustrate both types of ethical theories in different contexts like business decision making.
The document discusses examples of situations where two individuals are equally at fault for a situation but experience different consequences due to luck. It explores questions around whether differing outcomes should impact moral and legal culpability when intentions and actions were the same. The author analyzes arguments that culpability depends more on intentions and actions rather than consequences due to luck, but also that consequences cannot be entirely divorced from responsibility.
Virtue ethics focuses on character development and moral wisdom rather than rules. It emphasizes virtues like courage, justice, and temperance. Virtues are developed through practice and help one achieve eudaimonia or human flourishing. While virtue ethics does not provide strict rules, virtues guide morally worthwhile action when applied with practical wisdom. Objections argue it is not codifiable, but responses claim rules of vice provide valuable guidance and virtues apply across cultures with moral disagreement on specifics.
Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character and moral virtues rather than rules for determining right and wrong actions. It aims at human flourishing (eudaimonia) through acquiring virtues like practical wisdom, honesty, courage, and justice. While virtue ethics does not provide explicit rules to guide actions, virtues are dispositions to act in a way that avoids vices like selfishness, cruelty, and arrogance. It recognizes that moral wisdom is needed to navigate conflicts between virtues and determine the right course of action in different situations.
This document discusses theories of normative ethics including subjectivism, objectivism, and emotivism. Subjectivism claims that moral judgments are neither true nor false but depend on individual psychology. Objectivism claims moral judgments can be objectively true or false. The document outlines arguments for and against both subjectivism and objectivism. Emotivism, developed by David Hume, claims that moral judgments are emotional expressions of approval or disapproval rather than statements of fact.
This document provides an introduction and overview of concepts related to autonomy and paternalism from a philosophical perspective. It begins by describing a hypothetical medical scenario and introduces key terms and issues. It then reviews various theories and definitions of autonomy, ultimately arguing that Kant's conception of autonomy as essential to moral agency best captures its true meaning. The document discusses paternalism and how it relates to autonomy, arguing that paternalism may be justified when it violates liberty but not when it violates autonomy. It aims to develop a framework for determining when paternalism is appropriate in medical contexts.
This document discusses utilitarianism and consequentialism. It provides three key points:
1. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism that says the morality of an action depends on its consequences. The goal is to maximize overall happiness or well-being.
2. Utilitarianism is a teleological and normative theory that says the ends justify the means, and we should always act to maximize utility. There is no absolute set of moral rules.
3. Criticisms of utilitarianism argue that it can justify absurd actions like lying or sacrificing innocents. However, utilitarians respond that generally telling the truth and preserving justice maximize utility and well-being in
An Introduction to Buddhism by willy ruin and sonephavanh liemphachanhWilfredo Ruin
This document provides an overview of Buddhism including its origins in India, key figures like Buddha, and its spread throughout Asia. It outlines the main teachings of Buddhism such as the Four Noble Truths about suffering and its cessation. The document discusses Buddhist practices, concepts of karma and rebirth, the two main sects of Buddhism, and how Buddhist ethics and morality are based on principles of non-harming and purifying the mind. Examples of how Buddhism approaches ethical dilemmas like punishment, euthanasia, and war are also summarized.
Ethical relativism holds that moral principles are relative to culture or individual choice, whereas ethical objectivism believes in universal moral standards. Cultural relativism specifically says that right and wrong are determined by what is accepted in a given culture. However, cultural relativism is criticized for not allowing moral progress or judgment of other cultures, and for cultures being difficult to define precisely. Moral objectivism believes in universal rules for action, but is criticized for not explaining where these universal standards come from or how they can be identified independently of all societies and cultures.
Philosophy Essay on "What to pursue to have a good life?"Ismakhalid1
1) The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on how to pursue a good life, including hedonism, ethical egoism, and focusing on others' interests.
2) Ntozake Shange advocates for a philosophy of hedonism where one prioritizes their own pleasure over moral concerns. However, the document argues this has loopholes because internal satisfaction cannot be gained from harming others.
3) Epicurus provides arguments for not fearing God or death and for accepting what nature provides in order to be happy, but the document says this view only works for atheists and a good life requires good deeds.
4) Overall, the document concludes that true happiness comes from sacrifice and fulfilling one's duties
1. Principle-based ethics holds that ethical judgments must apply to everyone in the same way based on universal principles.
2. MacHiver argues that the golden rule, which states that one should treat others the way they themselves want to be treated, is the one ethical principle that everyone can agree on because it is reasonable and applies to all people.
3. Kant presents a theory of ethics based on having a "good will" or right motive of acting out of duty rather than for consequences alone. For Kant, an action only has moral worth if it is done from duty rather than inclination.
This document discusses different moral philosophies including consequentialism, utilitarianism, and nonconsequentialism. It addresses the following key points:
1. Consequentialism holds that we should do whatever maximizes good consequences, while nonconsequentialism says some actions are wrong in themselves regardless of consequences.
2. Utilitarianism specifically aims to promote happiness and reduce misery by maximizing the balance of pleasure over pain.
3. Rule utilitarianism evaluates actions based on following rules that maximize good overall, rather than direct consequences in each case. This avoids some counterintuitive implications of classic utilitarianism.
4. Pluralistic utilitarianism defines utility in terms of
"Energy Medicine " By Dr Uday Shah
This is part of the HELP Talk series at HELP,Health Education Library for People, the worlds Largest Free Patient Education Library www.healthlibrary.com.
For info log on to www.healthlibrary.com.
This document provides an overview of ethics as a branch of philosophy concerned with concepts of right and wrong conduct. It discusses the major areas of ethics including meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Meta-ethics examines what right and wrong mean and whether moral propositions can be true or false. Normative ethics investigates standards for determining right and wrong actions. Applied ethics involves applying philosophical methods to specific moral issues. The document also discusses moral theories like consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics as well as challenges to ethics such as moral relativism.
This document summarizes some key aspects of Kant's deontological ethics:
1) Kant believed morality is necessary and not contingent on feelings or inclinations. The only wholly good thing is a good will.
2) An action must be done from a sense of duty and respect for the moral law itself, not from any consequences or desires.
3) The moral worth of an action depends on it being done from duty, not its consequences, which are a posteriori.
4) Duty is the necessity of acting from respect for the moral law alone.
- Ahimsa or non-violence means completely removing violence from within and harming no other beings, as harming others also harms oneself. The positive aspect of non-violence is love.
- Satya or truthfulness requires removing falsehood and deception from our lives. To follow this path, we must have the courage to face realities and remove pretense.
- Asteya, or non-stealing, includes honesty and non-exploitation. To achieve this, we must learn self-satisfaction and conquer desire, which prompts stealing. Honesty guarantees a peaceful life without stress or fear.
- Brahmacharya means centeredness, avoiding extremes and restricting waver
This document discusses different views on what constitutes value and the good life. It outlines intrinsic and instrumental values, and different theories around the value of pleasure, including hedonism, sensualism, and satisfactionism. It also discusses objectivist and subjectivist views of values, and how value theory relates to morality. Views from Aristotle, John Rawls, and a moderate objectivism perspective are presented on what constitutes the good life, noting ingredients like action, freedom, character, and relationships.
The document discusses the requirements for a person to be considered a rational moral agent of their own actions. It argues that (1) there must be an internal relationship between a person's desires and their reasoning abilities, (2) a person cannot be a passive bystander to their own actions and any external force that causes dissociation from their desired action results in a loss of agency, and (3) for a person to genuinely own a normative judgment and act accordingly, their desires and actions cannot be alienated from that judgment.
THE OBJECTIVITY OF MORAL JUDGEMENTS BY G. E. MOORERickyGadman
G.E. Moore was a philosopher and logician who taught at Cambridge University. He was known for his honesty, with only one reported instance of lying.
The document discusses different theories about the objectivity of moral judgements. Moore analyzes the ideas that ethics are based on feelings, on what society thinks, or on what individuals think. He argues that each of these theories would mean that the same action could be both right and wrong, which is a contradiction. The document also notes that different societies have approved of different actions at different times.
This document provides an overview of different ethical theories:
1. Utilitarianism determines right and wrong based on outcomes and producing the greatest good for the greatest number. However, it can be difficult to predict consequences and harming minorities is problematic.
2. Deontology uses rules to determine right and wrong, such as not lying or stealing. Actions are defined by intentions rather than consequences. However, rigidly following rules can produce unacceptable results.
3. Virtue ethics examines character rather than actions. It considers traits like temperance and intelligence when evaluating unethical behavior. Advantages include a broader conception of ethics focused on relationships.
4. Relativism deems moral obligations and beliefs
This document provides background information on emotivism and discusses the key philosophers and ideas associated with this view. Emotivism is an ethical theory that claims moral judgments are non-cognitive expressions of attitude or preference. It is considered a noncognitivist view. The theory is also known as the "hurrah-boo" theory because moral judgments are seen as expressions of approval or disapproval rather than statements of fact. The document examines the views of philosophers like A.J. Ayer and C.L. Stevenson who were influential in developing emotivism and considers some common criticisms of the view.
This document provides an overview of several major ethical theories - egoism, utilitarianism, deontology - as well as ethics from religious perspectives of Islam, Buddhism, Christianity and Hinduism.
It defines egoism as the view that an action is morally right if it pursues one's own desires or interests. Utilitarianism is consequentialist and holds that an action is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number. Deontology argues that acts are inherently right or wrong regardless of consequences, based on duties and rules.
The document also outlines the key principles and concepts in Islamic, Buddhist, Christian and Hindu ethics, such as the Five Pillars of Islam, Four Noble Truths
Week 11 Ethical Decision Making (1).pdfARVINCRUZ16
This document presents a framework for ethical decision making and discusses the minimum requirements of morality. It uses the case of Baby Theresa, an anencephalic infant, to explore different ethical approaches. The framework involves 5 steps: 1) recognizing ethical issues 2) getting facts 3) evaluating options 4) making a decision using approaches like utilitarianism and virtue ethics 5) acting and reflecting. It also outlines 5 sources of ethical standards - the utilitarian, rights, justice, common good, and virtue approaches. While each provides insights, they may sometimes conflict, so ethical decisions require considering all approaches.
The document provides an overview of ethics concepts including:
- A short prayer is included to bless the session.
- The mission, vision, and core values of PnC focus on developing professionals through knowledge, skills, and values.
- Impartiality means equal treatment of all while reason is the basis for actions and decisions.
- A 7-step model for moral reasoning is described including gathering facts, identifying principles, assessing alternatives and consequences, and making a decision.
- The relationship between reason and emotion in morality is discussed.
Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character and moral virtues rather than rules for determining right and wrong actions. It aims at human flourishing (eudaimonia) through acquiring virtues like practical wisdom, honesty, courage, and justice. While virtue ethics does not provide explicit rules to guide actions, virtues are dispositions to act in a way that avoids vices like selfishness, cruelty, and arrogance. It recognizes that moral wisdom is needed to navigate conflicts between virtues and determine the right course of action in different situations.
This document discusses theories of normative ethics including subjectivism, objectivism, and emotivism. Subjectivism claims that moral judgments are neither true nor false but depend on individual psychology. Objectivism claims moral judgments can be objectively true or false. The document outlines arguments for and against both subjectivism and objectivism. Emotivism, developed by David Hume, claims that moral judgments are emotional expressions of approval or disapproval rather than statements of fact.
This document provides an introduction and overview of concepts related to autonomy and paternalism from a philosophical perspective. It begins by describing a hypothetical medical scenario and introduces key terms and issues. It then reviews various theories and definitions of autonomy, ultimately arguing that Kant's conception of autonomy as essential to moral agency best captures its true meaning. The document discusses paternalism and how it relates to autonomy, arguing that paternalism may be justified when it violates liberty but not when it violates autonomy. It aims to develop a framework for determining when paternalism is appropriate in medical contexts.
This document discusses utilitarianism and consequentialism. It provides three key points:
1. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism that says the morality of an action depends on its consequences. The goal is to maximize overall happiness or well-being.
2. Utilitarianism is a teleological and normative theory that says the ends justify the means, and we should always act to maximize utility. There is no absolute set of moral rules.
3. Criticisms of utilitarianism argue that it can justify absurd actions like lying or sacrificing innocents. However, utilitarians respond that generally telling the truth and preserving justice maximize utility and well-being in
An Introduction to Buddhism by willy ruin and sonephavanh liemphachanhWilfredo Ruin
This document provides an overview of Buddhism including its origins in India, key figures like Buddha, and its spread throughout Asia. It outlines the main teachings of Buddhism such as the Four Noble Truths about suffering and its cessation. The document discusses Buddhist practices, concepts of karma and rebirth, the two main sects of Buddhism, and how Buddhist ethics and morality are based on principles of non-harming and purifying the mind. Examples of how Buddhism approaches ethical dilemmas like punishment, euthanasia, and war are also summarized.
Ethical relativism holds that moral principles are relative to culture or individual choice, whereas ethical objectivism believes in universal moral standards. Cultural relativism specifically says that right and wrong are determined by what is accepted in a given culture. However, cultural relativism is criticized for not allowing moral progress or judgment of other cultures, and for cultures being difficult to define precisely. Moral objectivism believes in universal rules for action, but is criticized for not explaining where these universal standards come from or how they can be identified independently of all societies and cultures.
Philosophy Essay on "What to pursue to have a good life?"Ismakhalid1
1) The document discusses different philosophical perspectives on how to pursue a good life, including hedonism, ethical egoism, and focusing on others' interests.
2) Ntozake Shange advocates for a philosophy of hedonism where one prioritizes their own pleasure over moral concerns. However, the document argues this has loopholes because internal satisfaction cannot be gained from harming others.
3) Epicurus provides arguments for not fearing God or death and for accepting what nature provides in order to be happy, but the document says this view only works for atheists and a good life requires good deeds.
4) Overall, the document concludes that true happiness comes from sacrifice and fulfilling one's duties
1. Principle-based ethics holds that ethical judgments must apply to everyone in the same way based on universal principles.
2. MacHiver argues that the golden rule, which states that one should treat others the way they themselves want to be treated, is the one ethical principle that everyone can agree on because it is reasonable and applies to all people.
3. Kant presents a theory of ethics based on having a "good will" or right motive of acting out of duty rather than for consequences alone. For Kant, an action only has moral worth if it is done from duty rather than inclination.
This document discusses different moral philosophies including consequentialism, utilitarianism, and nonconsequentialism. It addresses the following key points:
1. Consequentialism holds that we should do whatever maximizes good consequences, while nonconsequentialism says some actions are wrong in themselves regardless of consequences.
2. Utilitarianism specifically aims to promote happiness and reduce misery by maximizing the balance of pleasure over pain.
3. Rule utilitarianism evaluates actions based on following rules that maximize good overall, rather than direct consequences in each case. This avoids some counterintuitive implications of classic utilitarianism.
4. Pluralistic utilitarianism defines utility in terms of
"Energy Medicine " By Dr Uday Shah
This is part of the HELP Talk series at HELP,Health Education Library for People, the worlds Largest Free Patient Education Library www.healthlibrary.com.
For info log on to www.healthlibrary.com.
This document provides an overview of ethics as a branch of philosophy concerned with concepts of right and wrong conduct. It discusses the major areas of ethics including meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Meta-ethics examines what right and wrong mean and whether moral propositions can be true or false. Normative ethics investigates standards for determining right and wrong actions. Applied ethics involves applying philosophical methods to specific moral issues. The document also discusses moral theories like consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics as well as challenges to ethics such as moral relativism.
This document summarizes some key aspects of Kant's deontological ethics:
1) Kant believed morality is necessary and not contingent on feelings or inclinations. The only wholly good thing is a good will.
2) An action must be done from a sense of duty and respect for the moral law itself, not from any consequences or desires.
3) The moral worth of an action depends on it being done from duty, not its consequences, which are a posteriori.
4) Duty is the necessity of acting from respect for the moral law alone.
- Ahimsa or non-violence means completely removing violence from within and harming no other beings, as harming others also harms oneself. The positive aspect of non-violence is love.
- Satya or truthfulness requires removing falsehood and deception from our lives. To follow this path, we must have the courage to face realities and remove pretense.
- Asteya, or non-stealing, includes honesty and non-exploitation. To achieve this, we must learn self-satisfaction and conquer desire, which prompts stealing. Honesty guarantees a peaceful life without stress or fear.
- Brahmacharya means centeredness, avoiding extremes and restricting waver
This document discusses different views on what constitutes value and the good life. It outlines intrinsic and instrumental values, and different theories around the value of pleasure, including hedonism, sensualism, and satisfactionism. It also discusses objectivist and subjectivist views of values, and how value theory relates to morality. Views from Aristotle, John Rawls, and a moderate objectivism perspective are presented on what constitutes the good life, noting ingredients like action, freedom, character, and relationships.
The document discusses the requirements for a person to be considered a rational moral agent of their own actions. It argues that (1) there must be an internal relationship between a person's desires and their reasoning abilities, (2) a person cannot be a passive bystander to their own actions and any external force that causes dissociation from their desired action results in a loss of agency, and (3) for a person to genuinely own a normative judgment and act accordingly, their desires and actions cannot be alienated from that judgment.
THE OBJECTIVITY OF MORAL JUDGEMENTS BY G. E. MOORERickyGadman
G.E. Moore was a philosopher and logician who taught at Cambridge University. He was known for his honesty, with only one reported instance of lying.
The document discusses different theories about the objectivity of moral judgements. Moore analyzes the ideas that ethics are based on feelings, on what society thinks, or on what individuals think. He argues that each of these theories would mean that the same action could be both right and wrong, which is a contradiction. The document also notes that different societies have approved of different actions at different times.
This document provides an overview of different ethical theories:
1. Utilitarianism determines right and wrong based on outcomes and producing the greatest good for the greatest number. However, it can be difficult to predict consequences and harming minorities is problematic.
2. Deontology uses rules to determine right and wrong, such as not lying or stealing. Actions are defined by intentions rather than consequences. However, rigidly following rules can produce unacceptable results.
3. Virtue ethics examines character rather than actions. It considers traits like temperance and intelligence when evaluating unethical behavior. Advantages include a broader conception of ethics focused on relationships.
4. Relativism deems moral obligations and beliefs
This document provides background information on emotivism and discusses the key philosophers and ideas associated with this view. Emotivism is an ethical theory that claims moral judgments are non-cognitive expressions of attitude or preference. It is considered a noncognitivist view. The theory is also known as the "hurrah-boo" theory because moral judgments are seen as expressions of approval or disapproval rather than statements of fact. The document examines the views of philosophers like A.J. Ayer and C.L. Stevenson who were influential in developing emotivism and considers some common criticisms of the view.
This document provides an overview of several major ethical theories - egoism, utilitarianism, deontology - as well as ethics from religious perspectives of Islam, Buddhism, Christianity and Hinduism.
It defines egoism as the view that an action is morally right if it pursues one's own desires or interests. Utilitarianism is consequentialist and holds that an action is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number. Deontology argues that acts are inherently right or wrong regardless of consequences, based on duties and rules.
The document also outlines the key principles and concepts in Islamic, Buddhist, Christian and Hindu ethics, such as the Five Pillars of Islam, Four Noble Truths
Week 11 Ethical Decision Making (1).pdfARVINCRUZ16
This document presents a framework for ethical decision making and discusses the minimum requirements of morality. It uses the case of Baby Theresa, an anencephalic infant, to explore different ethical approaches. The framework involves 5 steps: 1) recognizing ethical issues 2) getting facts 3) evaluating options 4) making a decision using approaches like utilitarianism and virtue ethics 5) acting and reflecting. It also outlines 5 sources of ethical standards - the utilitarian, rights, justice, common good, and virtue approaches. While each provides insights, they may sometimes conflict, so ethical decisions require considering all approaches.
The document provides an overview of ethics concepts including:
- A short prayer is included to bless the session.
- The mission, vision, and core values of PnC focus on developing professionals through knowledge, skills, and values.
- Impartiality means equal treatment of all while reason is the basis for actions and decisions.
- A 7-step model for moral reasoning is described including gathering facts, identifying principles, assessing alternatives and consequences, and making a decision.
- The relationship between reason and emotion in morality is discussed.
Weeks 5 & 6 – YOU as a stakeholderI Morals & Ethical Pri.docxphilipnelson29183
Weeks 5 & 6 – YOU as a stakeholder
I Morals & Ethical Principles
II Ethical Decision Making in Business
(Why good people do bad things)
Greg Smith
Choice of
Ethical
Perspective
Morality:
The social rules that govern & limit our conduct, especially the ultimate rules concerning right and wrong.
The basic guidelines for cooperative social existence.
Serves to restrain the purely self-interested desires in each of us in order to make it possible for all of us to live together.
When we make a decision or take an action we can be:
Moral - in compliance with moral standards
key operating questions of management is "is this action or decision fair to us and all stakeholders involved?"
Immoral - in opposition to moral standards
key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision regardless of what it takes?"
Amoral - without consideration of moral standards
key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision?"
Nonmoral - outside the sphere of moral concern
Moral standards get confused with:
Law Etiquette
Conscience
Corporate/Professional Codes
Religion
Moral Relativism:
The belief that morality is just a function of what a particular society happens to believe, that what is right is determined by what a society says is right.
abortion is condemned as immoral in Catholic Spain, but is practiced as a morally neutral form of birth control in Japan
Moral relativists believe that there is no absolute moral standard independent of culture, no universal definition of right or wrong.
polygamy, stealing, slavery have all been tolerated by the moral system of one society or another
Moral Universalism is the belief that variations in moral standards reflect different factual circumstances rather than fundamental differences in values.
Which is right?
It is good to emphasize that in viewing other cultures we should keep
an open mind and not simply dismiss their social practices.
Compromise position is Moral Perspectivalism,
the consideration of multiple perspectives while at the same time asserting universal truths.
Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development
*
1. Preconventional Level:
- how we behave as infants & children
- emphasis in decisions is on ourselves
Stage 1 - Reaction to punishment - pain avoidance
Stage 2 - Seeking of rewards - praise, candy, trip to a movie
2. Conventional Level:
- child learns the importance of conforming to norms of society
Stage 3 - Good boy/nice girl morality - rewards such as feelings of warmth, loyalty acceptance from family & peers
Stage 4 - Law and order morality - certain norms are expected in society - individual sees himself as part of a larger social system
3. Postconventional Level:
- a more advanced notion of right or wrong than that which is conventionally articulated
- moral principles are internalized, seen as "right"
- focus is on humanity as a whole
- f.
This document discusses ethics in science. It begins by defining science as the pursuit of knowledge through empirical evidence and logical reasoning. The document then discusses some ethical issues that can arise in scientific research, such as the use of human and animal subjects. It notes there are guidelines to ensure ethical treatment of research participants. The document also discusses the ethics of stem cell research, which some view as destroying potential human life, while others see its benefits for medical advances. It concludes by noting science can benefit society but also requires ethical oversight to avoid unintended harms.
The document discusses several philosophical approaches to ethics, including moral relativism, emotivism, religious ethics, deontological ethics as proposed by Kant, and utilitarianism as proposed by Bentham and Mill. It raises objections to each approach and discusses how they would apply to various moral scenarios. While no theory is perfect, considering ethical issues from different perspectives can help us make reasoned decisions and justify our actions.
This document provides an overview of ethics as a branch of philosophy concerned with concepts of right and wrong conduct. It discusses the major areas of ethics including meta-ethics (the nature of moral judgments), normative ethics (moral standards), and applied ethics (examining particular issues). Key concepts covered include moral relativism, deontology, virtue ethics, and consequentialism as normative ethical theories. The document also examines criteria for evaluating ethical theories and the components of an ideal moral judgment.
2. Ethics was not at all what I expected. I knew it was more than just right and wrong.
Even after the first seminar, I realized it was much more in depth and analytical, so I
knew I had to really focus to understand and comprehend the concepts and theories
presented. I also knew it would challenge my creative thinking skills and writing skill and
push me to my limits. My main goal was to be as open minded as possible in order to
obtain the full knowledge the course had to offer. One of the guidelines of the course
was to explore the specific ethical and philosophical strengths and weaknesses of my
own views, my classmate’s views, and the views explored in research.
I hope to fulfill the intent of the course and of my own expectations….and to become a
better and more tolerant person of other views and vantage points.
3. Non-Consequentialistic
Consequentialistic
Based on or concerned with consequences:
Ethical egoism - humans ought to act in ones own best interest
Utilitarianism - humans being ought to act in the interest of all concerned
Not based on or concerned with consequences;
Act consequentialist make no general moral rules or theories, only certain
actions, situations and people about which we cannot generalize
Rule consequentialist –there are or can be rules that are the only basis for
morality and that consequences do matter.
Divine Command Theory
Not based on consequences or rules, nor upon self –interest or other interests but a
higher being. This belief that there is a higher power at work that exists for the
benefit and good to all.
4. Only under certain circumstances should our health issues be shared
› Contagious disease
› Public safety
Authorization is not always required in some cases:
› Determining your eligibility for health benefits or services
› Law enforcement purposes
› Court order or search warrant
Health care workers are required to keep records private, talking about
specific cases is unethical and unprofessional.
Sharing personal information like name and location should only be
shared to the extent necessary, as to avoid a panic or adverse
reactions to that person.
5. Euthanasia-meaning “good death”
Mercy Killing-(Non-voluntary Euthanasia) direct act taken to end
someone’s life with the motive of being merciful without the consent of the
person.
Suicide-The taking of one’s own life.
Mercy Death-(Voluntary Euthanasia) direct act taken to end someone’s
life with the motive of being merciful with consent of the person.
Though I do not agree with these acts of death, I do however,
acknowledge everyone has a right to choose and in some cases allow
others to choose their manner of death. However, there are consequences
for those choices, not only at this present life but beyond.
6. Capital Punishment
I do not believe in the death penalty based on the Divine Command
Theory that man does not give life nor should they be allowed to take
it away. According to www.deathpenaltyinfo.org, it actually cost less
for life in prison, $740,000, as opposed to the death penalty where
$1.26 million spent. I do agree that the punishment should fit the
crime, but the wrong the inmate committed and the wrong done by
with the death penalty, does not make it right. That amount of money
spent could be best served toward those individuals who show
promise for rehabilitation, and sentence those potential death penalty
inmates to life w/o parole. However it is a widely used form of
punishment is many countries.
Terrorism
The war on terror is a necessary evil in today’s world. If this
cancer type action is not dealt with, it will spread into many more
countries and eventually send many areas into chaos. Terrorist
who kill innocent civilians, have to be confronted, sought out and
dealt with. Where we were once exempt from such terror, this is
no longer the case. There is no other alternative when dealing
with terrorists.
7. Businesses do not have the right to
Take a dog-eat-dog mentality
Anything should not go just for the
sake of profits
Mistreat employees for gain
Disregard the needs of the
community who supports them
Betray the trust of their employees
or community
Businesses have a right
to survive
to make profit
To benefit shareholders
To be successful
The Enron episode showed:
•How useless a code of ethics is
unless embedded in practices
•How greedy human being can be
•How important ethics is
8. These are BIG issue for me, because if you lack these two qualities, there
can never be trust and without trust, a real meaningful relationship cannot
development or possibly even exist.
These issues are also interchangeable in our business and personal life.
It must be mutual to be relevant
It must be sincere and not just a means to an end
Without these there is no foundation on which to stand
An employee and employer should have trust in one another. An employee to
do their job to the best of their ability and an employer to treat an employee fair
and with respect. Treating them like they are their biggest asset.
9. Animals have
the right to not be abused
the right to leave free of neglect
the right to not be kept in a cages
Although I am not an animal lover or activist, I
do feel they should treated with care and loved.
They should be able to live free from bondage
in their own habitat where they are care for and
taken care.
I also feel that humans have dominion
over the animals and that we supersede
their existence or needs, therefore they
are expendable. They are here for our
consumption and use but not misuse.
10. E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
E
t
h
i
c
s
Save the Planet
Nature and Morality
NIMBY stands for Not In My Back Yard:
This deals with having a recycling plant
in a populated area and the risks to
environmental pollution, poor health
and decreasing property value.
The stance a community could take
to possibly repeal the decision in
protest.
Ensure accountability and safety
measures are in place and applied.
There is not guarantee that even when all the
safety requirement are met, that there will not be
some fallout to the health of the residence.
However, strict laws, rules and guidelines should
be constantly monitored to ensure the least
possible risk of potential spillage of chemicals
and substances used. OSHA should be
inspecting regularly to ensure compliance.
11. CONCLUSION
Throughout this course, a number of factors that were a challenge.
The ability to consider an opinion other than my own in regards to ethics
The right others have to make their own choices based on any given
situation
Not everyone’s moral and ethical values are the same, but that’s okay
We all have switched our morals from consequentialistic, to non
consequentialistic, to egoist, to utilitarian and others at some point in our life.
We all have the right to make the choice that best fit our needs and
lifestyle, free from judgment by others. That is what God gave us, free will.
We make our own decision as to what and to whom we extend our morals
and values, but make no claim as to what someone else should do (personal
egoist)
In the beginning I stated my goals throughout this course was to be open minded
and to respect the views and ideology of others. I was also tasked with exploring
the ethical and philosophical strengths and weaknesses’ of my own views, my
classmate’s views, and the views explored in research and to al this I say
MISSION ACCOMPLISHED!!!
Editor's Notes
Not only do I focus on the skill listed, but I have hopes of improving my writing skills and better organizing my thoughts.
I find myself trying to be a detailed as possible regarding a statement and ask myself if it is clear, does it lead to other questions, does it convey the intended results, which was to inform and enlightened.
Egoistic consequentialist will try to predict what will be in his own best interest as in the case of a thief
Non-consequentialist the two types are Act and Rule. Act deals with there are no moral or rules and it is only based on the action and situation of people. Whereas, the rule states there are rules and that consequences do matter.
Divine theory, there is a higher power at work who deals with morals and values, good and bad, right and wrong. There are commands and rules that must be followed unselfishly
In our discussion board in regards to our right to privacy of our health records in Unit 3
A healthcare professional as well as others who deal with sensitive information, have a moral and ethical obligation to maintain confidentiality amongst peers, family and the general public. However, there are situations where divulging medical information when it relates to the public health safety and certain legal matters are acceptable. Both the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Medical Association (AMA) agree it is ethically allowable for a doctor to inform an unsuspecting individual of possible exposure to a communicable disease if the infected individual has failed or refuses to do so (Thiroux, J 11th ed pg. 305).
Thiroux, Jacques P., and Keith W. Krasemann. Ethics: Theory and Practice 11/e
www.privacyright.org
Mercy killing sounds a lot like murder.
This topic has always be cut and dry for me in that I have always been dead set against it and see no forgiveness from God about an act that he specifically commanded us not to do.. Thou shall not kill, that does not mean just others, it also mean us. I don’t believe you can repent for a sin you have yet to commit, otherwise there would be no conviction for our sins to do better. I think this would throw our moral values and belief system right out the window and the world into chaos.
I was excited about writing this letter to the president even though I knew he would never read it. It made me feel connected, valid as if I had a voice in the matter.
I hate the fact that capital punishment seems to be as popular at it is. Cory Smith, one of my classmates stated “I am all for the use of capital punishment. The death penalty is a deterrent to committing a crime. No convicted murderer wants death, there would be far less plea bargains for life in prison if the opposite were true. One could reason that this is a utilitarian approach, but I would believe it is closer to deontology. The way a person acts is based on their moral compass. It is reasonable to believe only immoral people would commit these crimes. Immorality has no place in a duty based society, therefore it should be excluded by any means necessary.” even think the punishment should fit the crime, especially in the case of child murders and other violent crimes against children.
I wish there were other means of settling conflict between nation and that the US was not always the cooler head to prevail or at least bring some means of help, support or assistance.
In my Unit 6 Discussion Board I stated:
I think businesses do have an obligation to survive for other reasons besides profits. They should not take the laissez-faire approach, which is the anything goes, dog-eat-dog or by any means necessary method. It is not okay to use unethical or immoral means to run their business and be successful. For instance, using cheap labor of illegal aliens, or driving small business to close because they cannot compete on the same level when there are other options available.
They have an obligation to their shareholders, employees and also to the community. By using fair and honest practices instead of greed and over aggression by stamping out other companies and cheating employees of benefits to survive.
These are deal breakers for me. I would rather a person be honest with me and let me process and deal with the truth, than lie and stab me in the back.
It takes too much energy to live and maintain this type lifestyle.
An employee should have the liberty to speak against injustices and ill treatment and not be retaliated against but instead, fix the problem and do the right thing. Wrongful practices only cause more harm in the end.
God don’t like ugly….
According to the views of animals rights activists opposed to animal experiments they believe animals have the same rights and moral status that human being do.
The protection of endangered species argument is that an irreverence for a small segment of life affects one’s reverence for all life.
I feel sorry for the animals that are in zoos, they look so sad.
Animals are not equal to humans and do not have a spirit, which I feel makes them inferior to humans; however, I think they do have a soul because they show emotions and there is where I emotions lie.
Having been raised on a farm and not ever thinking about the rights of animals, I can’t say I have given it much thought. However, I do not think it is okay to mistreat, torture or cause pain on any animal regardless of the reason.
In today’s society, the environment has become a major topic of concern. We can no longer keep the same mentality in regards to waste management. With the number of people who inhabit the earth coupled with the amount of disposable garbage the need for recycling plants and dump sites have increased
"Some theorists working in the field see no need to develop new, non-anthropocentric theories. Instead, they advocate what may be called enlightened anthropocentrism. This is the view that all the moral duties we have towards the environment are derived from our direct duties to its human inhabitants" (http://plato.stanford.edu).
I have learned a great deal during this course and have a deeper appreciation for all the ethical and moral theories presented and those of my classmates. I have learned a great deal from them as well as my professor.
I look forward to applying some of these theories through the course of my life to appreciate and acknowledge the thoughts and values of others especially when they differ from my own.
Krasemann, Keith W., and Thiroux, Jacques P. Ethics: theory and practice 11/e