EAS321 Unit 11 lecture slides
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This document outlines a unit on Japan's international relations. It discusses using structure, agency, and norms to explain Japan's postwar relationships with the US and East Asia. Japan balanced the pressures of major powers while pursuing its own interests. Its relationships are constrained by history and security issues like China's rise and North Korea. The document reviews these topics and challenges facing Japan going forward.
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Eas321 unit 11
The document discusses Japan's international relations through the lenses of structure, agency, and norms. It analyzes how these factors shaped Japan's relationships with the US and East Asia during the Cold War and post-Cold War eras. Maintaining the US alliance has remained Japan's top priority. Bilateralism has been the dominant norm guiding Japan's actions. Going forward, China's rise and territorial disputes, US military presence, and North Korea remain key challenges for Japan.
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This document summarizes the underlying tensions between Japan, China, and South Korea related to territorial disputes and differing historical interpretations. Rising nationalism in the countries has exacerbated long-standing conflicts over islands and how to address Japan's World War II legacy. Failure to manage these issues risks undermining peace and cooperation in Northeast Asia as regional power shifts occur. Practical steps like joint resource management, people-to-people exchanges, and regional institutions could help address disputes and build confidence.
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This document discusses the quality of life (QoL) of Japanese people from both historical and comparative perspectives. It examines objective indices like longevity, GDP, and working hours as well as subjective interpretations of QoL. While Japan's GDP per capita and life expectancy have increased over time, working hours remain long, with unpaid overtime common. The aging population also poses challenges to Japan's economy and pension system. Overall, the document analyzes trends in QoL indicators and debates how to best evaluate Japan's historical and comparative QoL.
Eas205 unit 11 2015
This document discusses how globalization is challenging Japan's perception of a homogeneous ethnic identity in several ways:
1) The influx of migrant workers, especially those from other Asian countries, has increased diversity in Japanese society.
2) Returnee children who spent time abroad struggle to fit into standard Japanese cultural norms and identities.
3) Intermarriage between Japanese and non-Japanese is becoming more common and eroding the idea of a distinct ethnic identity.
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This document provides an overview and discussion questions for a seminar on Japan's international relations. It discusses how regional and global orders have impacted Japan's foreign policy over time, including the Chinese world order, imperial world order, Cold War order, and post-Cold War period. It also examines problems Japan has faced as a "late comer" to international relations and how it has sought to overcome these problems. Discussion questions prompt analysis of Japan's proactive and reactive foreign policies in different historical situations and the reasons for their success or lack thereof.
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Eas321 unit 11
The document discusses Japan's international relations through the lenses of structure, agency, and norms. It analyzes how these factors shaped Japan's relationships with the US and East Asia during the Cold War and post-Cold War eras. Maintaining the US alliance has remained Japan's top priority. Bilateralism has been the dominant norm guiding Japan's actions. Going forward, China's rise and territorial disputes, US military presence, and North Korea remain key challenges for Japan.
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This presentations explains some U.S. views on China-DPRK relations, some South Korean views on China-DPRK relations, signs of evolution in China’s DPRK policy, signs of continuity of China’s DPRK policy. It also looks at the question, is economic reform possible in North Korea? Finally, it shows the factors favouring continuity.
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This document summarizes the underlying tensions between Japan, China, and South Korea related to territorial disputes and differing historical interpretations. Rising nationalism in the countries has exacerbated long-standing conflicts over islands and how to address Japan's World War II legacy. Failure to manage these issues risks undermining peace and cooperation in Northeast Asia as regional power shifts occur. Practical steps like joint resource management, people-to-people exchanges, and regional institutions could help address disputes and build confidence.
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This document discusses North Korea's "Pyongjin strategy" of pursuing economic development and nuclear weapons simultaneously due to regime survival concerns. It analyzes North Korea's interest in the ASEAN development model and reforms in Vietnam and Singapore. The author proposes that ASEAN could play a role in capacity building for North Korean economic and political reforms by sharing experiences and acting as a neutral mediator, though notes ASEAN's limitations compared to Vietnam and Singapore.
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This document discusses Chinese investment in the United States and draws parallels to Japanese investment in the 1980s to identify potential mistakes to avoid. Some key mistakes of Japanese investors included trophy acquisitions during an investment frenzy, difficulties managing U.S. operations, failing to gauge the political climate amidst "Japan bashing," and cultural issues. To avoid these, the document suggests Chinese investors structure deals to avoid prominence, become major U.S. employers, and consider the political environment. It provides a comparison of factors between Japan in the 1980s and China today.
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This document discusses the quality of life (QoL) of Japanese people from both historical and comparative perspectives. It examines objective indices like longevity, GDP, and working hours as well as subjective interpretations of QoL. While Japan's GDP per capita and life expectancy have increased over time, working hours remain long, with unpaid overtime common. The aging population also poses challenges to Japan's economy and pension system. Overall, the document analyzes trends in QoL indicators and debates how to best evaluate Japan's historical and comparative QoL.
Eas205 unit 11 2015
This document discusses how globalization is challenging Japan's perception of a homogeneous ethnic identity in several ways:
1) The influx of migrant workers, especially those from other Asian countries, has increased diversity in Japanese society.
2) Returnee children who spent time abroad struggle to fit into standard Japanese cultural norms and identities.
3) Intermarriage between Japanese and non-Japanese is becoming more common and eroding the idea of a distinct ethnic identity.
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This document provides an overview and discussion questions for a seminar on Japan's international relations. It discusses how regional and global orders have impacted Japan's foreign policy over time, including the Chinese world order, imperial world order, Cold War order, and post-Cold War period. It also examines problems Japan has faced as a "late comer" to international relations and how it has sought to overcome these problems. Discussion questions prompt analysis of Japan's proactive and reactive foreign policies in different historical situations and the reasons for their success or lack thereof.
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1) The document discusses the historical development of Japan's international relations from the late 19th century onward under different world orders.
2) Japan shifted from being a subordinate tributary under China's world order to an isolationist power, then a colonial power and imperialist military power aligned with the UK.
3) After World War 2, Japan aligned with the US during the Cold War and pursued economic growth, and now engages in bilateral, regional, and multilateral relations as a major independent power.
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The document discusses Japan's political relationship with the United States through the concepts of structure, agency, and norms. It analyzes key events like Japan's normalization of relations with China and involvement in the War on Terror. Structure includes the international environment and bilateral power dynamics. Agency refers to leading policymakers and factions in Japan. Norms like bilateralism and anti-militarism sometimes conflict. The relationship has endured despite tensions between supporting US interests versus domestic public opinion.
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The document discusses Japan's security relations with East Asia. It analyzes how structure, agency, and norms have influenced these relations during the Cold War and post-Cold War eras. During the Cold War, the bipolar structure and anti-militarist norms constrained Japan's security role. Post-Cold War, new threats emerged from North Korea and China's rise, and Japan engaged more in multilateral forums like ASEAN while maintaining its close bilateral ties with the US. Japan faces ongoing challenges in balancing its relations with China and the US, especially over the issues of Taiwan and territorial disputes.
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This document discusses Japan's primary international challenges, including territorial disputes, the Futenma base issue, and normalization with North Korea.
It analyzes these challenges through the framework of structure, agency, and norms. The post-Cold War power structure has influenced challenges as Japan maintains its alliance with the US. Government agencies and politicians prioritize bilateral ties over other norms. Nationalist sentiments have also grown regarding territorial issues.
The challenges are interrelated, as disputes with China affect Japan's security focus and relationship with the US. The Futenma base issue is also connected to demonstrating the continuing alliance. Resolving any of these long-standing problems will be difficult given the primacy of bilateralism in Japan's
Eas321 unit 2 2015
1) The document discusses the historical development of Japan's international relations from the late 19th century onward under different world orders.
2) Japan shifted from being a subordinate tributary under China's world order to an isolationist power, then a colonial power and imperialist military power aligned with the UK.
3) After World War 2, Japan aligned with the US during the Cold War and pursued economic growth, and now engages in bilateral, regional, and multilateral relations as a major independent power.
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This document provides exam preparation materials for a course on Japanese Studies. It outlines the exam format, which consists of three sections each with three questions, requiring students to answer one question per section. The document reviews the key topics and objectives from each of the 11 units, rephrasing them as potential exam questions. It also lists the relevant seminar questions from each unit. Additional tips are provided on exam expectations, areas for revision, and optional study materials. The overall purpose is to help students identify the essential information covered in the course and focus their revision efforts for the upcoming exam.
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The document summarizes a seminar discussing Japan's economic relations with the United States. It discusses:
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2) Key case studies of past trade conflicts and how they moved from bilateral to multilateral settings over time.
3) The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and what it could mean for Japan's economic relationship with the US.
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The document discusses Japan's economic relations with the United States from the 1950s to the present. It analyzes the relationship using the concepts of structure, agency, and norms. Structure refers to the dominance of the US economy and increasing trend toward multilateralism. Key agencies that shaped the relationship include economic ministries in both countries and large businesses. Norms that influenced Japan included developmentalism and economism. The document examines topics like trade conflicts, capital flows, and trade agreements, demonstrating how Japan has learned to appeal to multilateral institutions to balance US pressure in bilateral disputes.
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This document provides guidance for students writing an essay on Japan's international relations. It outlines the learning outcomes, which involve demonstrating knowledge of Japan's role in politics, economics, and security in the US and East Asia. It explains the essay requirements, including a 2500-word limit, proper formatting, and submission details. Assessment criteria are detailed, covering introduction, evidence, analysis, structure, style, and referencing. Sample essay questions are provided on topics like Japan's economic and military status, and the influence of structure, agency, and norms on its relations. Students are directed on how to approach the questions by identifying topics and developing arguments supported by evidence.
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The document outlines a seminar that will discuss Japan's political relationship with the United States, including examining the role of structure, agency, and norms over time. It provides context on the US occupation after WWII and development of the bilateral relationship during the Cold War. Students will discuss and give examples of Japan's proactive and reactive policies towards the US, and evaluate whether the bilateral relationship has been successful.
EAS321 Unit 7 seminar slides
The document discusses Japan's political relations with East Asia. It analyzes how structural factors like the legacy of Japanese colonialism, Cold War bipolarity, and regional fragmentation created barriers for interaction. During the Cold War, Japan normalized relations with China and South Korea but territorial and historical issues remained. In the post-Cold War era, Japan strengthened economic ties in the region but tensions with China increased due to military issues and nationalism. Relations with South Korea also saw tensions due to historical disputes. Japan developed political and economic links with Southeast Asia based on norms of Asianism and developmentalism.
Eas321 seminar 6
1. The document outlines the requirements for an upcoming essay exam, including a 2500 word limit, proper citations and formatting, and assessment criteria focusing on introduction, evidence, analysis, structure, and style.
2. Several potential essay topics are provided relating to explaining Japan's economic, political and security relations with the US and East Asia using structural, agency, and normative approaches.
3. An overview of the US-Japan security relationship is given, noting it was initially unequal but revised in 1960 to include mutual defense commitments, though interpretations of its purpose still vary.
EAS321 Unit 9 seminar slides
This document provides information about an exam preparation seminar for a module on Japan's security relations with East Asia. It outlines the exam format and structure, key topics and concepts covered in the module, and sample exam questions. It also discusses Japan's concept of security, including its emphasis on human security and non-military approaches through economic cooperation. Japan's role in the ASEAN Regional Forum is examined as a way for Japan to contribute to regional security diplomatically rather than through military means.
Eas321 seminar 9
The document provides information about an exam preparation session for a seminar on Japan's security relations with East Asia. It discusses the exam format, areas for revision, and key concepts. The exam will consist of 3 sections with 3 questions each, requiring students to answer 1 question per section. Areas for revision include fully understanding lecture content, being able to answer seminar questions, and completing all required readings and assignments. Key concepts from past weeks are also reviewed to aid preparation.
EAS321 Unit 7 seminar slides
This seminar discusses Japan's political relations with East Asia. It covers key terms like ASEAN and examines how structural factors like colonialism, national division during the Cold War, and economic fragmentation influenced Japan's bilateral ties. Japan developed relationships differently in East Asia, being more successful in Southeast Asia where colonial legacies were less severe. The seminar questions analyze the role of structure, agency, and norms in shaping Japan's regional engagement over time and how Japan has instrumented its ties for different strategic goals in changing historical periods. Next week will provide examples of Japan's proactive vs reactive regional policies.
EAS321 Unit 8 seminar slides
This document summarizes the key topics and questions to be discussed in a seminar on Japan's economic relations with East Asia. The seminar will examine the role of structure, agency, and norms in shaping Japan's economic ties with the region over time. It will also analyze how Japan has utilized economic engagement differently depending on the historical period, and will discuss the "flying geese model" of development and criticisms of this approach. Sample questions to be addressed include how perceptions of Japan have changed, and how Japan has leveraged its economic relationships with East Asia during different eras.
EAS321 UNI
The document discusses Japan's economic relations with the United States from the 1950s to present. It analyzes the relationship using the concepts of structure, agency, and norms. Structure refers to the US-dominated global economic system. Agency includes Japan's economic ministries and big businesses cooperating with pro-US leaders. Norms driving Japan include developmentalism and bilateralism/multilateralism. The document examines trade conflicts, capital flows, and agreements through this framework. It finds Japan has increasingly appealed to multilateral forums like the WTO to balance US pressure in economic disputes.
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EAS321 Unit 8 lecture slides
Japan's economic relations with East Asia have been shaped by structure, agency, and norms. During the Cold War, the bipolar structure defined Japan's ties with countries like China and South Korea. After the Cold War, a multipolar structure emerged. Japanese government agencies like MITI and corporations have driven economic expansion into East Asia through tools like FDI, ODA, and trade. Norms of developmentalism and Asianism have also guided Japan's approach. However, its alliance with the US has at times conflicted with fully embracing its Asian neighbors. The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis damaged Japan's regional standing, but it has since worked to restore its leadership role through new strategies like bilateral FTAs and regional trade agreements.
Eas321 unit 2 2015
1) The document discusses the historical development of Japan's international relations from the late 19th century onward under different world orders.
2) Japan shifted from being a subordinate tributary under China's world order to an isolationist power, then a colonial power and imperialist military power aligned with the UK.
3) After World War 2, Japan aligned with the US during the Cold War and pursued economic growth, and now engages in bilateral, regional, and multilateral relations as a major independent power.
EAS321 Unit 5 lecture slides
The document discusses Japan's economic relations with the United States from the 1950s to present. It analyzes the relationship using the concepts of structure, agency, and norms. Structure refers to the US-dominated global economic system. Agency includes Japan's economic ministries and big businesses cooperating with pro-US leaders. Norms driving Japan include developmentalism and bilateralism/multilateralism. The document examines trade conflicts, capital flows, and agreements through this framework. It finds Japan has increasingly appealed to multilateral forums like the WTO to balance US pressure in economic disputes.
EAS321 Unit 4 lecture slides
The document discusses Japan's political relationship with the United States through the concepts of structure, agency, and norms. It analyzes key events like Japan's normalization of relations with China and involvement in the War on Terror. Structure includes the international environment and bilateral power dynamics. Agency refers to leading policymakers and factions in Japan. Norms like bilateralism and anti-militarism sometimes conflict. The relationship has endured despite tensions between supporting US interests versus domestic public opinion.
Eas205 unit 9 2015 16
This document discusses concepts of identity and national identity in Japan. It examines how Japanese identity has been constructed historically around the concept of ethnicity, with the Yamato people seen as the ethnic core. While nationality can be acquired, national identity requires communal acceptance. The portrayal of a homogeneous Japanese society obscures minorities like the Ainu, Okinawans, and resident Koreans and Chinese. Heterogeneity exists in various forms despite an emphasis on homogeneity in postwar discourse on Japanese uniqueness.
EAS321 Unit 9 lecture slides
The document discusses Japan's security relations with East Asia. It analyzes how structure, agency, and norms have influenced these relations during the Cold War and post-Cold War eras. During the Cold War, the bipolar structure and anti-militarist norms constrained Japan's security role. Post-Cold War, new threats emerged from North Korea and China's rise, and Japan engaged more in multilateral forums like ASEAN while maintaining its close bilateral ties with the US. Japan faces ongoing challenges in balancing its relations with China and the US, especially over the issues of Taiwan and territorial disputes.
EAS321 Unit 10 lecture slides
This document discusses Japan's primary international challenges, including territorial disputes, the Futenma base issue, and normalization with North Korea.
It analyzes these challenges through the framework of structure, agency, and norms. The post-Cold War power structure has influenced challenges as Japan maintains its alliance with the US. Government agencies and politicians prioritize bilateral ties over other norms. Nationalist sentiments have also grown regarding territorial issues.
The challenges are interrelated, as disputes with China affect Japan's security focus and relationship with the US. The Futenma base issue is also connected to demonstrating the continuing alliance. Resolving any of these long-standing problems will be difficult given the primacy of bilateralism in Japan's
Eas321 unit 2 2015
1) The document discusses the historical development of Japan's international relations from the late 19th century onward under different world orders.
2) Japan shifted from being a subordinate tributary under China's world order to an isolationist power, then a colonial power and imperialist military power aligned with the UK.
3) After World War 2, Japan aligned with the US during the Cold War and pursued economic growth, and now engages in bilateral, regional, and multilateral relations as a major independent power.
Seminar 11
This document provides exam preparation materials for a course on Japanese Studies. It outlines the exam format, which consists of three sections each with three questions, requiring students to answer one question per section. The document reviews the key topics and objectives from each of the 11 units, rephrasing them as potential exam questions. It also lists the relevant seminar questions from each unit. Additional tips are provided on exam expectations, areas for revision, and optional study materials. The overall purpose is to help students identify the essential information covered in the course and focus their revision efforts for the upcoming exam.
Eas321 seminar 5
The document summarizes a seminar discussing Japan's economic relations with the United States. It discusses:
1) The structure, agency, and norms that shape the US-Japan economic relationship, including trade conflicts that illustrate Japan's vulnerability to US pressure.
2) Key case studies of past trade conflicts and how they moved from bilateral to multilateral settings over time.
3) The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and what it could mean for Japan's economic relationship with the US.
Eas321 unit 5 2015
The document discusses Japan's economic relations with the United States from the 1950s to the present. It analyzes the relationship using the concepts of structure, agency, and norms. Structure refers to the dominance of the US economy and increasing trend toward multilateralism. Key agencies that shaped the relationship include economic ministries in both countries and large businesses. Norms that influenced Japan included developmentalism and economism. The document examines topics like trade conflicts, capital flows, and trade agreements, demonstrating how Japan has learned to appeal to multilateral institutions to balance US pressure in bilateral disputes.
Essay preparation
This document provides guidance for students writing an essay on Japan's international relations. It outlines the learning outcomes, which involve demonstrating knowledge of Japan's role in politics, economics, and security in the US and East Asia. It explains the essay requirements, including a 2500-word limit, proper formatting, and submission details. Assessment criteria are detailed, covering introduction, evidence, analysis, structure, style, and referencing. Sample essay questions are provided on topics like Japan's economic and military status, and the influence of structure, agency, and norms on its relations. Students are directed on how to approach the questions by identifying topics and developing arguments supported by evidence.
Eas321 unit 3 lecture slides
This document discusses Japan's historical development and current approach to international relations. It covers Japan's role under Chinese and then imperial world orders, its militarism pre-World War 2, and anti-militarism and bilateralism post-war under the Cold War order. More recently, Japan has pursued normalization and multilateralism but relied heavily on bilateralism. The document proposes analyzing Japan's international relations using the concepts of structure, agency, and norms. It examines how international and domestic structures, key actors and policymakers, and embedded norms have shaped Japan's stances of reactivity, proactivity, and normal modes of policymaking and diplomacy.
EAS321 Unit 3 seminar slides
This seminar discusses key concepts for understanding Japan's international relations, including structure, agency, and norms. Structure refers to the international system of states, institutions, and actors. Agency comprises domestic policymakers and political factors. Norms include bilateralism, Asianism, and anti-militarism, which are embedded internationally and domestically. The seminar questions examine the relevance of these concepts and ask for examples of how structure, agency, and norms influence both proactive and reactive foreign policies. Characterizing Japan as "normal," "reactive," or "immobilist" has advantages and disadvantages, and conceptual tools help explain Japan's shifting approach over time.
EAS321 Unit 4 seminar slides
The document outlines a seminar that will discuss Japan's political relationship with the United States, including examining the role of structure, agency, and norms over time. It provides context on the US occupation after WWII and development of the bilateral relationship during the Cold War. Students will discuss and give examples of Japan's proactive and reactive policies towards the US, and evaluate whether the bilateral relationship has been successful.
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This seminar discusses Japan's political relations with East Asia. It covers key terms like ASEAN and examines how structural factors like colonialism, national division during the Cold War, and economic fragmentation influenced Japan's bilateral ties. Japan developed relationships differently in East Asia, being more successful in Southeast Asia where colonial legacies were less severe. The seminar questions analyze the role of structure, agency, and norms in shaping Japan's regional engagement over time and how Japan has instrumented its ties for different strategic goals in changing historical periods. Next week will provide examples of Japan's proactive vs reactive regional policies.
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The document discusses Japan's economic relations with the United States from the 1950s to present. It analyzes the relationship using the concepts of structure, agency, and norms. Structure refers to the US-dominated global economic system. Agency includes Japan's economic ministries and big businesses cooperating with pro-US leaders. Norms driving Japan include developmentalism and bilateralism/multilateralism. The document examines trade conflicts, capital flows, and agreements through this framework. It finds Japan has increasingly appealed to multilateral forums like the WTO to balance US pressure in economic disputes.
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The document summarizes challenges facing Japan in its international relations, providing context and examples. It discusses Japan balancing its relationships with the US and China regarding security issues like the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands and US bases. Structural factors like the post-occupation security treaty and rise of China create challenges, while agencies like MOFA prioritize maintaining the alliance. Norms of bilateralism have strengthened over Asianism or antimilitarism. Examples provided on how Japan has responded instrumentally include strengthening the US alliance amid China's rising influence.
EAS321 Unit 10 seminar slides
1) Japan faces challenges in balancing its relationships with the US, China, and North Korea due to shifts in regional power structures.
2) These challenges have arisen due to China's rising power challenging Japan's post-war bilateral security ties with the US, and North Korea's nuclear ambitions threatening regional stability.
3) In response, Japan has pursued more proactive diplomacy through initiatives like "values-based diplomacy" while still relying on its alliance with the US for security assurances against China and North Korea.
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This document summarizes the key discussions and conclusions from a conference on Japan's increasing global role. The conference brought together senior Japanese, EU, and US policymakers and business leaders. There was a debate around whether Japan is increasingly looking inward or remains an active global player. While Japan faces challenges like political instability and an aging population, it remains an important economic and political stakeholder internationally. Japan contributes significantly to global challenges like climate change and supports international institutions. However, it needs to better communicate its role and define its relationships with countries like China to overcome a sense of introspection and assume greater leadership.
Wp1063 Japan Report
This document summarizes the key discussions and conclusions from a conference on Japan's increasing global role. The conference brought together senior Japanese, EU, and US policymakers and business leaders. There was a debate around whether Japan is increasingly looking inward or remains an active global player. While Japan faces challenges like political instability and an aging population, it remains an important economic and political stakeholder internationally. Japan contributes significantly to global challenges like climate change and supports international institutions. However, it needs to better communicate its role and define its relationships with countries like China to overcome a sense of introspection and assume greater leadership.
Wp1063 japan report
This document summarizes the key discussions and conclusions from a conference on Japan's increasing global role. The conference brought together Japanese, EU, and US policymakers and business leaders. Key conclusions included that Japan will continue contributing globally but faces challenges taking a greater leadership role due to domestic political instability and an inward focus. Japan remains concerned by regional security issues like China's military growth. The document also discusses Japan's role in global economic prosperity and its bilateral relationships, particularly with the US and China. Japan needs to take bolder steps to define its regional role and overcome challenges to assuming greater international leadership.
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The document discusses Japan's security relations with the United States from 1951 to the present. It analyzes how the structure of international relations, the agency of political leaders, and norms have shaped the relationship over time. During the Cold War, structure constrained Japan but it learned to use institutions to pursue its interests. Post-Cold War, the relationship strengthened with expanded Japanese security roles, though tensions remain over US bases in Okinawa. Conservative leaders have pushed greater cooperation while anti-militarist norms have weakened compared to bilateral and internationalist norms.
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US-Japan Security Relations and its regional implications
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EAS321 Unit 11 lecture slides
- 2. Aim • To review and consolidate our understanding of Japan’s international relations in theoretical, conceptual and empirical terms and to reflect on the role of Japan in the world.
- 3. Objectives • To review the relative importance of structure, agency and norms in explaining Japan’s international relations in the postwar and post-Cold War eras – in terms of politics, economics and security. • To consolidate how structure, agency and norms can be used to explain Japan’s relationship with the US and East Asia. • To revise the primary challenges and constraints faced by Japan in its international relations going forward.
- 4. Introduction • Japan’s international relations charted in relation to the rise and fall of great powers • Challenger, but ultimately sought support of major power of the day (China, UK, US) • Within the bounds of constraints and opportunities dictated by the international system, Japan instrumentalised its foreign relations to catch up with the West.
- 5. Structure, agency and norms • Structure, agency and norms can be used in combination to provide a distinct, eclectic theoretical approach which can explain Japan’s international relations; • Key elements: structure of the international system, agency of leading actors, norms which inform actions; • Changing structure, from bipolar to multipolar and back again(?), increasing agency of the Prime Minister, pre- eminence of bilateralism internationally and antimilitarism domestically
- 6. US-Japan political relationship • Japan’s behaviour within the context of the US-Japan political relationship can be understood through the structure, agency, and norms approach. • Structure can impede/constrain Japan’s behaviour and can also provide opportunities. • Agency is important in accepting the pressures of structure, initiating and negotiating policy. It involves a range of actors. • Norms can constrain as well as provide opportunity for behaviour or policy.
- 7. Japan-US economic relationship • Japan changed from a devastated economy through a second-tier economy, to a challenger to the US economic dominance; • Case studies demonstrate US dominance and pressure in trade disputes (Automobiles, steel, semiconductors); • In the Post-Cold War period, Japan has learned to use the multilateral institutions to seek a solution more favorable to its national interests.
- 8. US-Japan security relationship • The general trend has been for a weakening of the constraints on the Self-Defence Forces; • The US pressure has decreased and Japan has shown greater willingness to boost cooperation with the US military; • A weakening of the anti-militarism norm in shaping the US- Japan bilateral security relationship; • Reaffirmation of bilateralism despite Japan’s increased tendency towards independence.
- 9. East Asia-Japan political relationship • Japan’s behaviour within the context of its relations with East Asia can be understood through the lens of structure, agency and norms • Asianist and Developmental norms have been at the heart of Japan’s post-war attempts to re-connect with East Asia • The bipolar structure of the Cold War defined Japan’s pre- 1990 relations. The US-Japan Security Alliance continues to act as an impediment to deepened relations with ASEAN. • The legacy of colonialism continues to define Japan’s relations with its Northeast Asian neighbours, less so with the ASEAN states.
- 10. East Asia-Japan economic relations • East Asian Economic Crisis damaged Japan’s reputation; • China represents challenge to regional economic leadership; • Difficulty in balancing between Asianism, Economism, and Developmentalism on the one hand, and the bilateral relationship with the US on the other; • But . . . The post-crisis strategy has worked to restore Japan’s position to a large extent; • Pressure from China has given Japan impetus to further integrate with East Asian economies, especially ASEAN.
- 11. East Asia-Japan security relations • Strong commitment to bilateralism constrains Japan’s efforts to developing new security links in East Asia; • New opportunities for Japan to promote multi-lateral security dialogue in the region (e.g. ASEAN Forum), which however is only supplementary to its bilateralism; • Challenges for Japan to developing new security links in the region: a. Structural legacy of war (China; Korea); b. North Korea issues.
- 12. Challenges for Japan • China’s rise and territorial problem • US – military presence and realignment • North Korea
- 13. Conclusion • Strong commitment to bilateralism constrains Japan’s efforts to developing new security links in East Asia; • New opportunities for Japan to promote multi-lateral security dialogue in the region (e.g. ASEAN Forum), which however is only supplementary to its bilateralism; • Challenges for Japan to developing new security links in the region: a. Structural legacy of war (China; Korea); b. North Korea issues.