unit 1 portiorgegegegrgergegergegergn.ppt

Internet of Things: IoT
Enabling Technologies
09/01/25
Dr Pankaj Rangaree ECE
Dept. 1

• 67/70/73/74/77/78/82/85/87/93/98/A2/A4/
A6/B2/B8/19/
09/01/25 IoT Survey 2

Internet of Things (IoT)
• Internet of Things (IoT) is the internetworking of
physical devices, allows objects to be controlled
remotely and exchange information
• 25billion objects connected to the internet by 2020
• IoT is not merely about embedding software into
devices; It's about evaluating data, finding patterns,
and extracting value to make more strategic business
decisions
• Cyber-physical System (CPS) is a mechanism controlled
by software and integrated with internet and users
• Applications: autonomous automobiles, health
monitoring, robotic systems, smart grids, smart homes

IoT Roadway
• Everything will be connected to the Internet:
25B Things by 2020

Why is it Happening now?
• An IoT solution (smart home, factory) 10 years
ago:
– Expensive
– Custom made automation
• Now:
– Affordable hardware
– Smaller and powerful hardware, smart devices
– IoT protocols
– Cloud computing --> business model, cost effective,
mass data, secure, PaaS & SaaS Solutions
– Mass market awareness

What is an IoT device ?
• Not just a sensor! (e.g., a smart home appliance
or a car, may have many sensors or none)
• Your car is your biggest connected IoT device
• IoT devices are connected objects that exchange
information between them (m2m) and the
internet
• Sensing/Actuation: Objects can interfere with the
physical environment either passively, i.e.
performing sensing operations, or actively, i.e.
performing actions

Characteristics of IoT Devices
Anything communicates: smart things have the ability to
wirelessly communicate among themselves, and form ad
hoc networks of interconnected objects.
Some CPU, memory and internet connectivity support
Anything is identified: smart things are identified with a
digital name. Relationships among things can be
specified.
Each thing has a unique identifier (e.g., MAC address, UUID, IP
address but due to limited address space if IPv4 – 32bit address
space, IoT will have to use IPv6 - 128 bit address space)
Anything Interacts: Smart things can interact with their
environment through sensing and actuation capabilities

Device Physical Identifies
• A thing has a Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID), a
128-bit value
• Process:
– “Read’’ object by means of an appropriate device
– An identifier is returned
– Look up identifier in a device knowledge database
– Retrieving the set of features (description) associated to
the device.
• Methods: RFID, QR-Code, NFC etc….
– Cheap in terms of requirements on the
– Electronics embedded in objects,
– A “reader” (RFID,QR code, NFC, etc.) must be used

Examples of IoT Devices
1. Smart Phones 2. Wearable Devices
3. Smart home
appliances

IoT Management
• Device administrators perform tasks:
– Manage: Add new devices, remove devices from
the IoT platform, update firmware, edit device
descriptions, add calibration parameters etc.
– Monitor: Device status (on/off/sleep etc.),
physical location, device’s current actions real-
time
– Control: Set status (e.g. turn on/off), define
device actions and behavior, temporarily
enable/disable devices, define how often device
transmits data etc.

IoT Applications
• Environmental monitoring: take and process measurements from
environment e.g. water, atmosphere, soil conditions, earthquake
and tsunami warning systems
• Infrastructure management: monitor and control infrastructures
e.g. bridges, rail tracks, wind farms, crop farms, …
• Manufacturing for responding to production and supply-chain,
industrial operations and maintenance demands (industry 4.0)
• Energy Management: sensors at buildings optimize energy
production and energy consumption in smart homes, buildings and
cities (e.g. balance power generation)
• Healthcare: remote health monitoring, emergency notification
systems, assisted living for the elderly and chronic patients
• Home automation, Ambient Assisted Living (AAL), transportation
and traffic control and consumer applications (e.g. smart retail)

“Connected” world

The Road to 50 billion IoT Nodes by
2020
09/01/25
IoT Survey – Image from
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/intelligent
-flexible-iot-nodes-diya-soubra
13

IoT Technology Roadmap
09/01/25
IoT Survey – Fig from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_t
hings
14

IoT – Cloud Computing
• IoT will lead to production of large amounts of data
• Cloud computing is the infrastructure that allows
elastic, scalable services to be offered through Internet
(e.g. data storage and data analytics, improved
decision making, optimized monitoring), will enable
users to access applications from anywhere
• Fog computing suggests moving effort closer to
Internet edges for reducing network traffic, cloud
computing loads and costs
• Event-based-architecture for detecting and reacting to
events (changes of state) realized as SOA (independent
services handling / passing messages)

IoT Networks Building blocks
IoT
Node
IoT
Node
IoT
Node
IoT
Node
IoT
Gateway
……
Communication
Protocol
Cloud

IoT Nodes

Sensors, Actuators
• Sensor: device that detects and responds to some type of input
from the environment
– Heat, motion, moisture, pressure …
– The output is a signal that is converted to a value in a human readable
dispalay or can be transmitted to a network location for processing or
storage
• Actuator: system which converts electrical signals to physical
actions (for interacting with envrironment)
– Turn-on/off, sleep, move, transmit on demand
• Microcontroller: small computer on a single board containing
processor, memory and i/o peripherals.
– Embeded, low power consumption, small size
– For pace makers, engine control systems, etc
– Sometimes a smartphone (be aware of battery consumption)

IoT Node Actuators
• A type of motor that is responsible for moving
or controlling a mechanism or system
• Operated by a source of energy and converts
that energy into motion
• Do something depending on
– A threshold sensor value
– Reasoner results
– On demand (decision of the user)
– Beware of the energy consumption

IoT Node Shields
• Integrated solution on a board for secure
connectivity (e.g. AES encryption) along with
programmable board (m2m)
• Turn Arduino/Raspbury boards to a connected
and programmable IoT device
– 3G Shield
– GPS Shield
– Bluetooth
– WiFi

IoT Node Microcontrollers
Programmable boards
Connect with USB and program with Arduino etc.
Developers can create the device logic and add sensors,
connectivity, actuators etc.

IoT Node Microcontrollers
• An Intel 8742, an 8-
bit microcontroller
that includes a CPU
running at 12 MHz,
128 bytes of RAM,
2048 bytes of
EPROM, and I/O in
the same chip

IoT Node Sensors

IoT Node M2M Device
Connectivity

IoT Node Agent
• An embedded program that runs on an IoT
device and reports status of some asset or
environment values
• How it works:
– The agent “reads” status from sensors or local
connectivity to an asset
– Applies some rules or logic about how often to
send, how to aggregate info etc.
– Sends the info to the short-haul or long-haul

IOT Node Operating Systems
• RIOT OS:
– Designed for maximum energy efficiency & hardware
independent development
– Support for 6LoWPAN, IPv6, TCP and UDP protocols
– Low resource requirements: Min RAM (~1.5kB) and Min
ROM (~ 5kB)
– Standard programming in C or C++
• Thingsquare:
– Software platform that product makers use to connect
their products with smartphones
– Runs on hardware with 64-256 kilobytes of flash and 16-32
kilobytes of RAM

Device Privacy, Security Principles
• IoT Privacy issues: too much data and many entry points
– public profile -- > not desirable
– Eavesdropping --> users confidence to technology ?
• IoT Security issues: vulnerability to hacking,
– true IoT security (secure software for devices and network
connections) --> technology readiness ?
• Devices may compete with other devices on resources
and services (e.g. on same board or platform),
– can manage or damage other devices
• Devices should respect the privacy, security and safety of
other devices or people with which they interact

Sensor Model Language (SensorML)
• Provides standard models and an XML encoding
for describing sensors, actuators and
measurement processes
• Approved Open Geospatial Consortium
(OGC) standard

SensorML
• 
• 
• 
• <gml:description> Temperature sensor on my window </gml:description>
• <gml:identifier codeSpace="uid">myCompany.com.63547</gml:identifier>
• 
• 
• 
• <sml:outputs>
• <sml:OutputList>
• <sml:output name="temp">
• <swe:Quantity definition="http://sweet.jpl.nasa.gov/2.2/quanTemperature.owl#Temperature">
• <swe:label>Air Temperature</swe:label>
• <swe:uom code="Cel"/>
• </swe:Quantity>
• </sml:output>
• </sml:OutputList>
• </sml:outputs>
• 
• 
• 
• <sml:position>
• <gml:Point gml:id="stationLocation" srsName="http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326">
• <gml:coordinates>47.8 88.56</gml:coordinates>
• </gml:Point>
• </sml:position>
• </sml:PhysicalComponent>

Or Just XML

IoT Gateway
• Securely connects devices to a centralized control
system
• Must ensure data security, privacy
• Complies with the IoT devices protocol standards.
• Smartphones can act as Gateways!

IoT Gateway agent
• A Program that runs on the GateWay
• Performs Data Aggregation and allows to remotely access and
control IoT devices
• The IoT device management system is Based on the Gateway
agent to gather data for monitoring devices status and
execute commands on devices

Wireless Protocols
• Factors to take into consideration when choosing
a wireless protocol:
– Range: Take in mind the distance between devices
that need to communicate
– Energy consumption
– Topology: Point to point, star or mesh e.g., if we need
all devices to communicate with each other we
cannot choose Bluetooth or Lora
– Privacy: Longer range means less privacy
– Data rate: Data transmition speed limit (e.g., 24mbps)
09/01/25 33

RFID
• Radio-Frequency IDentification (RFID) is the use of radio
waves to read and capture information stored on a tag
attached to an object
• A tag can be read from up to several meters away and does
not need to be within direct line-of-sight of the reader
• Uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to be identified.
• Uses “readers” to send a signal to the tag and read its
response. Readers transmit observations to a computer
system running RFID software
• RFID tags: 1) passive 2) active 3)battery assisted passive (if
tags are self powered they can transmit their data over
greater distances and they reply more quickly to the reader)
– The lower price per tag makes passive RFID systems attractive
09/01/25 34

RFID Characteristics and Examples
• Range: 10cm-200m
• Topology: Point to Point
• Power consumption:
Very Low
• Privacy: Mid
• Example: Road tolls,
Building Access

Near Field Communication (NFC)
• Short-range wireless protocol that enable two electronic
devices (e.g. Smartphones) to communicate by bringing
them close to each other
• Each full NFC device can work in three modes:
– NFC card emulation—enables NFC-enabled devices such as
smartphones to act like smart cards, e.g., payment or ticketing
– NFC reader—enables NFC-enabled devices to read information
stored on inexpensive NFC tags embedded in labels or smart
posters, credit cards
– NFC peer-to-peer—enables two NFC-enabled devices to
communicate with each other to exchange information
• NFC devices can be active (e.g. smartphones) or passive
(e.g. NFC tags on credit cards for contactless transactions)

NFC Characteristics
• Utilizes Electromagnetics
radio fields (WIFI, BLE rely
on radio transmission)
• Topology: Point to Point,
• Power consumption: Very
Low (readers), none (tag)
• Privacy: High
• Security: ?
• Data Rates: 424 kbit/s
• Range: < 10cm

ZigBee
• Low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh network standard
targeted at the wide development of long battery life
devices in wireless control and monitoring applications
• Characteristics:
– Topology: mesh, star, tree (one coordinator device)
– Range: 10-100m (line of sight); routers may extend
communication at network level
– Data Transfer Rate: 250 kbit/s
– Power consumption: Low
– Transmission distance: 10-100 meters
– Privacy: Mid
• Inexpensive, personal networks, Smart Home (home
automation), medical data collection from devices …

Bluetooth
• Wireless standard for exchanging data over short
distances (using UHF radio waves from 2.4-2.485GHz)
• For fixed and mobile devices, building personal
networks (piconets), one coordinator device
– Range: 10m or greater
– Topology: Point to point
– Data Transfer Rate: 2.1 Mbit/s (BLE 1 Mbit/s)
– Power consumption: Mid (normal), low (BLE)
– Transmission distance: depends on device, typically small
– Privacy: Mid

What makes Bluetooth better?
• Bluetooth is everywhere: built into nearly every phone,
laptop, desktop and tablet. Easy to connect a
keyboard, mouse, speakers or fitness band to phone or
computer.
• Bluetooth is low power: with the advent of Bluetooth
Smart (BLE or Bluetooth low energy), developers are
able to create smaller sensors that run off tiny coin-cell
batteries for months, and in some cases, years
Bluetooth is low cost: you can add Bluetooth for a
minimal cost. You will need to buy a module/system
on chip (SoC) and pay an administrative fee to use the
brand and license

Bluetooth Low Energy v4.0 (BLE)
• Developed for IoT: easy mobile application development
and connectivity for cloud computing
• Activity monitoring, health monitoring (heart rate, glucose,
blood saturation level sensors), proximity sensors
• Key features of BLE:
– Industry-standard wireless protocol that allows for multi-vendor
interoperability
– Ultra-low peak, average and idle mode power consumption that
gives the ability to run for month(s) or years on standard coin-
cell batteries
– Standardized application development architecture that leads
to low development and operational costs
– Allows for some of the tightest security in the industry with 128-
bit AES data encryption

BLE GATT – ATT -GAP
• BLE defines GAP mechanism and two protocols (GATT, ATT)
• Generic Access Profile (GAP) defines the mechanism for BLE
devices to communicate with each other
– Makes a device visible and allows other devices to connect with
other
– Controls connections and advertising and discovery process
– Once discovered the peripheral will stop advertising itself, can
be connected to one central device at a time
• Generic Attribute Profile (GATT): defines how data are
formatted and exchanged (two-way communication)
• GATT uses a Generic Attribute Protocol (ATT) that defines
services, their characteristics (e.g. sensed values) and ids
(16-bit ids) in a table

Bluetooth Network Topology
• A peripheral can only be
connected to one central
device (such as a mobile
phone) at a time,
• The central device can be
connected to multiple
peripherals
• Central device: GATT server
• All messages pass through
the central device
• Communication can take
place in two directions

BLE Communication
Data exchange:
GATT transactions are
based on high-level
(nested objects) called
Profiles, Services,
Characteristics

BLE Profiles, Services, Characteristics
• Profile: A pre-defined collection of Services compiled by
either the Bluetooth SIG or by the peripheral designers
– The Heart Rate Profile, combines the Heart Rate Service and the
Device Information Service
• Service: break data up into logic entities, and contain
specific chunks of data called characteristics
– A service can have one or more characteristics,
– Each service distinguishes itself from other services by means of
a unique numeric ID called a UUID
– Heart rate service has a 16-bit UUID of 0x180D, and contains up
to 3 characteristics: Heart Rate Measurement, Body Sensor
Location and Heart Rate Control Point
• Characteristic: specifies data types and formats of values

GATT Profiles List (part)

Wi-Fi
• Allows devices to connect to a wireless LAN (WLAN)
network, mainly using the 2.4 gigahertz UHF and 5
gigahertz SHF radio bands.
• Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet
via a WLAN network and a wireless access point
– Topology: star
– Data Transfer Rate: > 24 Mbit/s
– Power consumption: High
– Range: 30-100m
– Privacy: Low

More Protocols
• Thread IPv6 for home networking
• Z-Wave for home networking
• Cellular for IoT operation in larger distances
• Cellular for IoT operation in larger distances
(GSM 3G/4G)

Low Power Wide Area Network
(LPWA) Protocols
• Target wide area networking (between WiFi and Cellular)
• Operate in License Free bands (Below 1GhZ)
– Range 1-50Km (rural), 1-10 (urban)
– Low transmission rates: 10-10Kbps
– Low Level protocol, Aloha protocol
– Low energy consumption
• Many versions: LoRa, Neul, SigFox, NB-IoT, LTE-M,
Weightless, DASH7, 6LoWPAN
– Different business model
– LoRa is open: Any manufacturer can build a LoRa module or
gateway or run a LoRa network but,
– SemTech is the only company that produces the radio
modulation chip

DASH7
• Ultra Low Power sensor communication
• Bi-directional communication ideal for
objects sending sporadic data (smart
appliances, parking guidance, location-
presence detection)
• Has RF wake up (wake up signal)!
• In sleep mode less energy than BLE!
– Range: 1 km
– Topology: star
– Data Transfer Rate: 200 kbit/s
– Power consumption: Low
– Range: depends on device (e.g. 1Km)
– Privacy: very Low

6LoWPAN
• 6LoWPAN is a low-power wireless mesh network allowing
to connect directly to the Internet using open standards
– IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks
– Every node (a thing) has its own IPv6 address
– Originated from the idea that IP protocols should be applied
even to the smallest low-power devices, so that they can
participate in IoT
– Range: 20m
– Topology: star
– Power consumption: mid
– Privacy: mid

6LoWPAN Topology
• Nodes: Things (e.g. light bulbs, smoke detectors) each node
carries an IPv6 address.
• EDGE Router: gateway + IPv6 header is converted to standard
IPv4 header
• Internet: for connection to Cloud

Weightless
• Proprietary wireless technology standard for
exchanging data between a base station and
thousands of machines around it using White space
(wavelength radio transmissions in unoccupied TV
transmission channels) with high levels of security
– Range: < 10 Km
– Topology: star
– Power consumption: mid
– Privacy: Very High
• Examples: traffic sensors, industrial monitoring

LoRa
• IoTs connect
directly to the
cloud or over a
network (cellular)
• For vendors who
need to deploy
their applications
on their own and
run the network by
themselves, LoRa
is the only option

IoT Connectivity Range

Wireless Protocols

IoT Platforms
• IoT Platforms are the central backbone of the IoT
infrastructure
– Support connectivity of devices with the platform
– Management of IoT Data
– Monitoring of the IoT network
– Data Analytics to make sense of plethora of data
generated by sensors
– Communication with end-user and external
applications
– Security for devices and users
– Facilitate application development
09/01/25 58

IoT Landscape
• IoT technology is far from being standardised
– Different hardware units
– Many different connection protocols
– Many solutions are proprietary
• IoT landscape can be compared to the Internet
in the 90’s
– Browser standardization battle (Explorer, Netscape)
– Search Engine battle (Yahoo, AltaVista, Lycos,
Copernicus)

IoT Platforms as Products
• Mainly industry or domain specific platforms
– Support for specific services,
– Specific connectivity protocols
– Specific data formats
– Specific platform logic, data analytics, storage tailored to industry/domain
– Proprietary technologies
• Requirements:
– Scalability
– Handle heterogeneity of devices, communication protocols
– Easy connectivity of devices to the platform, reduce complexity of application
development
– Privacy, security mechanisms
– Open source technologies
– Portability
– Interoperability

Major Building Blocks
Security

Technological Depth
• Connectivity Platform: Simplest IoT platforms,
act as data collectors and provide simple
messaging bus
• Action Platform: Connectivity platform +
actions to handle events (e.g. water leaks)
• Full-Scale Platform: Connectivity Platform +
Action Platform + Data Analytics, Reasoning,
Mashups, Complex Workflows

Level 1: Connectivity Platform

Level 2: Action Platform

Level 3: Full-Scale Platform

Amazon Web Services (AWS) IoT
• Makes it a lot easier for developers to connect sensors for multiple
applications ranging from automobiles to turbines to smart home
light bulbs
• Main features of AWS IoT platform are:
– Registry for recognizing devices
– Software Development Kit (SDK) for devices*
– Secure Device Gateway
– Rules engine for inbound message evaluation
– Device Shadows
• Device Shadows: JSON document that is used to store and retrieve
current information state for a thing (device, app)
• *Amazon has partnered with hardware manufacturers like Intel,
Texas Instruments, Broadcom and Qualcomm to create starter kits
compatible with their platform.

AWS IoT Architecture

Microsoft Azure IoT
• For processing the massive amount of
information generated by sensors
• Comes with Azure Stream Analytics (similar to
Storm) to process massive amounts of
information in real-time
• Features included in this platform are:
– Device shadowing
– A rules engine
– Identity registry
– Information monitoring

Thing Worx IoT
• Designed for enterprise application
development It offers features like:
– Easy connectivity of devices to the platform
– Remove complexity of IoT application
development
– Sharing platform among developers for rapid
development
– Integrated machine learning for automating
complex big data analytics

More IoT Platforms
• IBM IoT
• Intel IoT Platform
• Cisco IoT Cloud Connect
• Oracle Integrated Cloud
• General Electric Predix
• Xively IoT platform
• Salesforce IoT Cloud (creating sales orders , handling
Services-Request and order repairs automatically, Notifies
customers through texts directly on their devices)
• Carriots
• More information: Top10 IoT platforms
http://internetofthingswiki.com/top-10-iot-platforms/634/

FIWARE IoT Platform (PaaS only)
• IoT Agents: Services to provide device
connectivity with cloud
– IDAS device management
– HTTP ultralight, CoAP, MQTT protocols (is extendible)
– Context Broker: context management
– Interacts with devices and subscribers
– NGSI2 protocol (formely NGSI 9/10)
• Complex Event Processing (CEP): handles events,
rule based management, triggers actions
• Identity Management (Keyrock): user
authentication, authorization

FIWARE IoT Architecture

Challenges and Research 1
• Standardization Issues:
– Uniform Device Identifier & Data structure
– Uniform thing naming scheme (how to name things)
– Web addressable IoTs (support for IPV6)?
• Massive Scaling:
– Architectural model to support the expected
heterogeneity of devices and applications
– How to authenticate access and protect devices, services,
users
– Connectivity (handle different protocols)
– Keeping a historical record of a devices’ actions (use a
repository recording device control actions ?)

• Things or sets of things must be disjoint and
protected from other devices
– Detect devices trying to access another device
– Detect and act due to conflicts / relationships between
interoperating devices
• In some cases, it makes sense to share devices and
information with applications (besides owner)
– e.g. home Health care application detects depression 
turns on all the lights
– Energy management application  turns lights off
because no motion is detected

• Big data Analysis: Data Analysis for reasoning, reaching conclusions
driving actuators or for improving business operations
– statistical, machine learning, data mining
• Correct data association: Ensure that the collected data (and their
inferences) are associated with the correct individual
• Synchronization: may result to application failure (e.g., faulty clock
synchronization)
– Not easy, too many Things in the network !
• Reliability/High Availability: e.g. No Single Point of Failure (SPF)
• Openness/Interoperability: System transparency i.e. access to information
and allow interactions with outside world (applications, devices, users)
– Related to service interoperability and data portability
– Unified communications interfaces will be required to enable efficient
information exchange across diverse systems
– e.g. cars exchanging information to avoid collision
• Balance between access to functionality and security and privacy ?

Challenges and Directions 4
• Heal damages/anomalies due to security attacks:
– Detect the attack (anomaly detection)
– Diagnose the attack, and
– Deploy countermeasures and repairs
• Perform in a lightweight manner due to the types of low
capacity devices involved vs typical security solutions that
require heavyweight computations and large memory
requirements
• Ideally, given the real-time nature of many IoTs, detection,
countermeasures and repairs must run in real-time as part of a
runtime self-healing architecture
– Detection system/components malfunctioning
– Intrusion Detection
– Anomaly Detection

IoT solution examples

Consumer Application
• In a smart shop, products are equipped with sensors or tags
with their id which can be read by application on
smartphones (RFID, NFC, BLE)
• Customer and product info are send to the cloud which is
responsible for pushing notification and product info to
customers
• Customers is informed about prices, where to buy, how to
wear (combine with other products - pre-selected product
combinations) and recommend products of same kind
• Decision matched with customer profile (age, living style)
• The cloud is also responsible for analyzing customers
interests in products and assist sales department to design
promotion strategy (data analytics)

Use Case Scenario

Data Analytics

Industry 4.0
• Project of German Government which promotes
computerization of manufacturing through
automation, data exchange
• Synergy with CPS, IoT and Cloud Computing
• Smart factory: CPS monitor physical processes and
take decentralized decisions, communicate over
Internet with humans and with other processes (e.g. if
failure in one machine notify others to stall)
• Centralized decisions or services (e.g. production
planning or interferences, conflicting goals) are taken
at higher cloud computing level

The 4 Industrial Revolution

• Use real-time data collection and
alerts to let municipal services know
when a bin needs to be emptied
• Reduce the number of pick-ups
required
• Fuel and financial savings
• Predictions through Historical
Analysis
Waste Management

Smart Home
• Sensors at home are connected to
Internet through gateways
• Improve living conditions at home e.g.
control operation of lighting, air
conditioning, window shields,
operation of home appliances (TVs,
ovens etc.)
• Monitoring of Chronic Disease patients
• Improve safety at home e.g. fall
detection
• Energy efficiency by monitoring e.g.
operation of home appliances

Machine Vision Inspection
• Using networked sensors, cameras, and lasers to
analyze manufacturing processes
• Determine if a part is good or bad based on its
physical characteristics
• Identify if it is the right component for the job

Crop Management
• Combines real-time sensor data from soil moisture
levels, weather forecasts, and pesticide usage from
farming sites into a consolidated web dashboard.
• Mashup :
• Farmers can use this data to spot crop issues and
remotely monitor all of the farms assets and
resource usage levels

References
• http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-the-internet-of-things-de
finition-2016-8?IR=T
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things
• http://www.iot-a.eu/public
• http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/internet-of-things/
overview.html
• https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/cloud-platform/internet-of-
things
• http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/high-tech/our-insights/the-
internet-of-things
• http://www.ibm.com/internet-of-things/
• https://www.bcgperspectives.com/content/articles/
engineered_products_project_business_industry_40_future_produ
ctivity_growth_manufacturing_industries/

References
• Making Sense of IoT by Kevin Ashton (Very interesting … ):
http://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/eo/HPE_Aruba_IoT_eBook
.pdf
• IoT Platforms: https://iot-analytics.com/product/iot-platforms-
white-paper/
• IOT Protocols: https://www.rs-online.com/designspark/eleven-
internet-of-things-iot-protocols-you-need-to-know-about
• LoRa Alliance: https://www.lora-alliance.org (read the white
papers: https://www.lora-alliance.org/lorawan-white-papers )
• LoRa Applications (SemTech): http://www.semtech.com/wireless-
rf/internet-of-things/lora-applications/briefs
• Smart Cities Transformed (SemTech):
http://www.semtech.com/wireless-rf/internet-of-things/download
s/Semtech_SmartCitiesTransformed_WhitePaper_FINAL.pdf

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