Undue Influence
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•665 views
Undue influence occurs when one party in a relationship dominates the will of the other party to obtain an unfair advantage. For a contract to be affected by undue influence, there must be a relationship where one party can dominate the other, the dominant party must intend to take unfair advantage, and they must use their position to influence the other's decision. Certain relationships like parent-child or trustee-beneficiary are considered fiduciary and undue influence is presumed, while influence must be proven in other relationships like husband-wife. Undue influence differs from coercion in that it uses moral pressure rather than physical force and requires a relationship where one party can dominate the other. A contract induced by undue influence may be considered voidable
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Free consent/Law of Contract/Business Law
The document discusses the concept of free consent in contracts. It defines key terms like consent, coercion, undue influence, misrepresentation, and fraud.
Free consent is consent that is not caused by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, or mistake. Coercion involves threatening unlawful acts, while undue influence involves exploiting power dynamics in relationships.
Misrepresentation involves innocent factual errors, while fraud requires intentionally deceiving the other party. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts. Threats of suicide can amount to coercion. The document compares coercion and undue influence and outlines the requirements for establishing misrepresentation and fraud.
Essentials of proposals and revocation
This document discusses the essentials of proposals and revocation in contract law. It defines a proposal or offer as signifying a willingness to do or abstain from doing something. A proposal must have clear terms, be communicated, intend to create legal relations, and be possible to accept. A proposal can be revoked through notice, lapse of time, death or insanity of the offeror, counteroffer from the offeree, or subsequent illegality. Revocation refers to canceling or annulling something by authority, such as withdrawing an offer before acceptance.
Coercion
This document discusses the concept of free consent in contracts. It defines free consent as consent given voluntarily without coercion, undue influence, fraud, or mistake. Free consent is one of the essential elements of a valid contract. Coercion is defined as threatening unlawful acts or unlawfully detaining property to force someone to enter a contract against their will. Contracts made under coercion are considered voidable at the option of the coerced party. The burden of proof is on the party claiming coercion to show their consent was not freely given.
Indemnity and guarantee
The slides discuss in detail the concept of Indemnity and Guarantee under the Indian Contract Act, 1878. Useful for Law Students and professionals.
Consideration
Consideration is an essential element of a valid contract. It refers to something of value that is exchanged between parties to a contract in order to make the promise or promises in the contract legally enforceable. Consideration can be in the form of an act, forbearance, or a return promise. It must be something of value that is offered willingly. Common examples of consideration include payment of money, provision of goods or services, a promise to do or refrain from doing something. For a contract to be valid, consideration typically must be present and pass from one party to the other at the time the contract is formed.
Consideration (3)
Consideration is something of value that is exchanged between parties to a contract. It is essential for a valid contract. Consideration can be in the form of an act, abstinence from an act, or a promise. It must be something that moves from the promisee at the desire of the promisor. Consideration does not need to be adequate, but it must be real, lawful, and not something the promisor is already obligated to do. Without consideration, there is no valid contract, though there are some exceptions such as natural love and affection or compensation for voluntary services.
Undue influence
This document discusses the legal concept of undue influence in contracts. It examines undue influence under the Indian Contracts Act of 1872, including relationships that fall under its scope, burden of proof, and rebutting the presumption of undue influence. Key cases related to undue influence are reviewed. A distinction is made between undue influence and coercion in terms of meaning, types of threats involved, penal action, third party involvement, required relationships, and burden of proof. Central issues discussed include actual versus presumed undue influence and similarities to the common law principle of duress.
Contract of Indemnity and Guarantee
This document provides an introduction to contracts of indemnity and guarantee under Indian contract law. It defines a contract of indemnity as one where one party promises to save another from loss caused by the conduct of the promisor or a third party. A contract of guarantee is defined as a promise to perform or discharge the liability of a third party in case of their default. The key parties in each are identified. Essentials and rights under each contract are outlined, along with differences between the two types of contracts.
Recommended
Free consent/Law of Contract/Business Law
The document discusses the concept of free consent in contracts. It defines key terms like consent, coercion, undue influence, misrepresentation, and fraud.
Free consent is consent that is not caused by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, or mistake. Coercion involves threatening unlawful acts, while undue influence involves exploiting power dynamics in relationships.
Misrepresentation involves innocent factual errors, while fraud requires intentionally deceiving the other party. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts. Threats of suicide can amount to coercion. The document compares coercion and undue influence and outlines the requirements for establishing misrepresentation and fraud.
Essentials of proposals and revocation
This document discusses the essentials of proposals and revocation in contract law. It defines a proposal or offer as signifying a willingness to do or abstain from doing something. A proposal must have clear terms, be communicated, intend to create legal relations, and be possible to accept. A proposal can be revoked through notice, lapse of time, death or insanity of the offeror, counteroffer from the offeree, or subsequent illegality. Revocation refers to canceling or annulling something by authority, such as withdrawing an offer before acceptance.
Coercion
This document discusses the concept of free consent in contracts. It defines free consent as consent given voluntarily without coercion, undue influence, fraud, or mistake. Free consent is one of the essential elements of a valid contract. Coercion is defined as threatening unlawful acts or unlawfully detaining property to force someone to enter a contract against their will. Contracts made under coercion are considered voidable at the option of the coerced party. The burden of proof is on the party claiming coercion to show their consent was not freely given.
Indemnity and guarantee
The slides discuss in detail the concept of Indemnity and Guarantee under the Indian Contract Act, 1878. Useful for Law Students and professionals.
Consideration
Consideration is an essential element of a valid contract. It refers to something of value that is exchanged between parties to a contract in order to make the promise or promises in the contract legally enforceable. Consideration can be in the form of an act, forbearance, or a return promise. It must be something of value that is offered willingly. Common examples of consideration include payment of money, provision of goods or services, a promise to do or refrain from doing something. For a contract to be valid, consideration typically must be present and pass from one party to the other at the time the contract is formed.
Consideration (3)
Consideration is something of value that is exchanged between parties to a contract. It is essential for a valid contract. Consideration can be in the form of an act, abstinence from an act, or a promise. It must be something that moves from the promisee at the desire of the promisor. Consideration does not need to be adequate, but it must be real, lawful, and not something the promisor is already obligated to do. Without consideration, there is no valid contract, though there are some exceptions such as natural love and affection or compensation for voluntary services.
Undue influence
This document discusses the legal concept of undue influence in contracts. It examines undue influence under the Indian Contracts Act of 1872, including relationships that fall under its scope, burden of proof, and rebutting the presumption of undue influence. Key cases related to undue influence are reviewed. A distinction is made between undue influence and coercion in terms of meaning, types of threats involved, penal action, third party involvement, required relationships, and burden of proof. Central issues discussed include actual versus presumed undue influence and similarities to the common law principle of duress.
Contract of Indemnity and Guarantee
This document provides an introduction to contracts of indemnity and guarantee under Indian contract law. It defines a contract of indemnity as one where one party promises to save another from loss caused by the conduct of the promisor or a third party. A contract of guarantee is defined as a promise to perform or discharge the liability of a third party in case of their default. The key parties in each are identified. Essentials and rights under each contract are outlined, along with differences between the two types of contracts.
Free consent
The document discusses the concepts of free consent, coercion, undue influence, misrepresentation, fraud, and mistake under Indian contract law. It provides definitions and explanations of these concepts according to various sections of Indian contract law. Specifically, it explains that for consent to be considered free, it cannot be caused by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or mistake. It also discusses the implications and consequences of contracts entered into without free consent due to these vitiating factors.
Contract of guarantee-business law
This document discusses contracts of indemnity and guarantee. It defines a contract of indemnity as one where one party promises to save the other from loss caused by the promisor or a third party. In a contract of guarantee, a surety promises to be liable if a principal debtor defaults. There are three parties in a guarantee - the surety, principal debtor, and creditor. The surety has secondary liability while the principal debtor has primary liability. The document outlines rights and liabilities of parties, types of guarantees, essentials of valid contracts, and circumstances for discharge of liability.
Performance of contract
The document discusses various aspects of performance of contracts and obligations. It covers topics like tender of performance, time and place of performance, reciprocal promises in contracts, application of payments to debts, appropriation of payments by debtor/creditor/law, and discharge of contracts by act of parties or operation of law. The key points are summarized in 3 sentences:
The document outlines the conditions for a valid tender of performance, including that it must be unconditional, made at the proper time and place, and to the proper person. It also discusses the time and place for performance of contracts when specified or not specified by the parties. The document covers topics such as reciprocal promises in contracts, application of payments to multiple debts owed, and
Free consent
The document discusses various types of flaws in consent that can make a contract voidable, including coercion, undue influence, misrepresentation, and mistake. It provides definitions and examples of each flaw. For coercion, it discusses threats to commit suicide being considered coercion and the effect of coercion making a contract voidable. For undue influence, it discusses relationships where influence may occur and a case example. It also compares coercion and undue influence. The document further explores the elements needed to establish fraud and misrepresentation, and the effects they have in making a contract voidable. It concludes with discussing bilateral and unilateral mistakes of fact and law.
Privity of Contract
Privity of contract refers to the principle that a contract can only grant rights and impose obligations on the contracting parties.
Under this principle, a person who is not a party to a contract has no right to sue on that contract or enforce any of its terms. However, there are some exceptions where third parties may gain rights, such as if a contract establishes a trust intended to benefit third parties, or if collateral contracts between one party and a third party exist within the subject matter of the main contract.
While privity of contract is the general rule, third parties can also sometimes pursue claims in tort law, such as with negligence actions. An action may also be based on a collateral contract between one party and a
Free cosent
The document discusses various aspects of consent and free consent as it relates to contracts under Indian law. It defines consent, free consent, and the effects of absence of consent and free consent. It also defines and discusses coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, and mistake in the context of vitiating free consent in contracts. Specifically, it provides definitions from the Indian Contract Act, elements that constitute each concept, presumptions in certain cases, and effects on contracts, such as making them void or voidable.
Indian contract act, 1872
The document discusses key concepts from the Indian Contract Act of 1872, including:
1) It defines agreements, contracts, and the essential elements of a valid contract including offer, acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity and consent.
2) It outlines different types of contracts such as express, implied, quasi-contracts and unilateral contracts.
3) It explains the differences between void, voidable, and illegal agreements. The document provides background information on contracts as defined by Indian law.
Capacity of parties.
The document discusses the capacity of parties to enter into contracts under Indian law. It defines who is competent to contract and notes that agreements with minors are void. A minor is deemed to have attained majority at age 18 except under certain circumstances like where a guardian has been appointed, in which case majority is 21. Agreements with minors are not valid and a minor cannot be estopped from pleading minority to avoid the agreement. However, if a minor fraudulently misrepresented their age, the court may award compensation to the other party. Upon reaching the age of majority, a minor can potentially ratify agreements made as a minor.
Rights and Duties of Bailor and Bailee
This document summarizes the rights and duties of bailors and bailees under Indian contract law. It begins by defining bailment and the parties involved - the bailor delivers goods to the bailee. The bailor has rights like taking back goods, claiming damages or lost profits. The bailee has duties to take reasonable care of goods, not use them in an unauthorized manner, and not mix goods with their own without consent. The document outlines several specific rights of bailors and duties of bailees under various sections of Indian contract law. It provides examples to illustrate legal principles regarding bailment.
Contract of guarantee
This document summarizes key aspects of a contract of guarantee under Indian law. It defines the parties in a contract of guarantee as the principal debtor, surety, and creditor. It outlines essential requirements like consideration and consent. It discusses types of guarantees like bank guarantees and continuing guarantees. It also explains the liabilities of sureties and ways in which sureties can be discharged from liability, such as through release of the principal debtor. Key cases are referenced to illustrate legal principles.
Mistake
The document discusses different types of mistake in contracts, including common mistake, unilateral mistake, and mistake as to identity. For common mistake, a contract may be void if there is a mistaken belief about a fundamental fact like the existence or quality of the subject matter. For unilateral mistake, the contract may be void if one party is aware of the other's mistake regarding a term. Mistake as to identity looks at whether parties intended to contract with each other or someone else. The remedies are different depending on whether the mistake renders the contract void at law or voidable in equity.
Void Agreement
This document discusses void agreements under Indian contract law. It begins by defining an agreement and contract. It then explains that a void agreement is one that is not enforceable by law and does not create any legal obligations from the beginning. Several types of agreements are expressly declared void by the Indian Contract Act, including agreements in restraint of marriage, trade, or legal proceedings, agreements with uncertain meanings, wagering agreements, and agreements contingent on impossible events. Examples of cases related to various void agreements are also provided.
Legality of Object
Definition of Consideration, When Consideration or object is unlawful, effects of illegality, Unlawful & illegal agreements.....
It's useful for law students.
Void agreements
The document discusses void agreements under Indian contract law. It explains that void agreements are those that are not enforceable by law, such as agreements that were void from the beginning (void ab-initio) due to lacking necessary elements, or agreements that were initially valid but later became void. Examples of void ab-initio agreements provided include those restraining marriage or trade, preventing legal recourse, or being too uncertain. The document also discusses the doctrine of frustration which voids agreements when unexpected events make the contractual obligations impossible to perform.
Free consent
The document discusses various aspects of free consent in contracts such as coercion, undue influence, misrepresentation, fraud, and mistake. It defines these terms and explains how and when consent is considered not free due to these factors. Consent obtained through coercion, undue influence, fraud or misrepresentation makes the contract voidable at the option of the aggrieved party who can also claim damages in some cases. Mistakes can also vitiate consent if bilateral but not if unilateral unless induced by misrepresentation.
Discharge of contract - Legal Environment of Business - Business Law - Manu M...
Discharge of contract means termination of the contractual relationship between the parties. A contract is said to be discharged when the parties thereto are freed from the task of performing their respective obligations as arising from the contract.
Maxims of equity
The document discusses several maxims of equity, which are general principles that govern how equity operates and illustrate its qualities of being more flexible than common law and taking into account parties' conduct. The maxims establish that equity can intervene with common law if justice requires, acts on parties' consciences to treat obligations as done, and makes orders directly against individuals. Equity aims to provide remedies for wrongs and ensure fairness between parties.
Rights ,duties and liabilities of partners in partnership
Rights , Duties &Liabilities of partners , of one partner to another partner and partners to a partnership firm under Indian Partnership Act.
Agreement opposed to public policy
Name M.Lenin
Roll number 18UR70
This document lists 18 types of agreements that are considered void as being against public policy under Indian law. These include agreements trading with enemy, interfering with the course of justice, restraining legal proceedings, stifling prosecution, influencing elections, creating monopolies, restraining personal freedom or marriage, defrauding creditors, and interfering with marital duties. Reasons provided include that such agreements aim to circumvent the law, corrupt public processes, or harm individuals or society.
Discharge of contract (Business Law)
The document discusses the various ways in which a contract can be discharged or terminated, including by performance, agreement, impossibility of performance, lapse of time, operation of law, and breach of contract. It provides details on each type of discharge, such as how discharge by performance occurs when both parties fulfill their obligations, while discharge by breach of contract happens when one party fails to meet their contractual duties. Remedies for breach of contract that may be available include rescission, damages, quantum meruit, specific performance, and injunction.
Comparison between coiercion and undue influence
Coercion is defined as unlawfully intimidating or threatening a person to induce them to enter an agreement without independent will. This involves physical pressure or threats of harm. Coercion includes blackmail, threats of violence against a person or their family, torture, or detaining property. In contrast, undue influence involves one person exploiting their position of authority over another through mental pressure or persuasion to enter an agreement, such as between a teacher and student or doctor and patient. While both invalidate consent, coercion involves criminal liability for threats while undue influence does not.
Contractual performance, misrepresentation, undue influence.
This document discusses various aspects of contractual performance and defenses against enforcement of contracts such as misrepresentation, undue influence, and coercion. It defines key terms and concepts:
1) It outlines the essential elements of a valid enforceable contract and defenses that can make consent not freely given such as coercion, undue influence, fraud, or misrepresentation.
2) It explains the concepts of coercion, undue influence, and misrepresentation in contracts - noting how coercion involves unlawful threats while undue influence relies on abusing a position of power.
3) It discusses consequences of defenses like a contract being voidable if consent was not freely given, with the burden of proof on the party trying to avoid the contract
More Related Content
What's hot
Free consent
The document discusses the concepts of free consent, coercion, undue influence, misrepresentation, fraud, and mistake under Indian contract law. It provides definitions and explanations of these concepts according to various sections of Indian contract law. Specifically, it explains that for consent to be considered free, it cannot be caused by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or mistake. It also discusses the implications and consequences of contracts entered into without free consent due to these vitiating factors.
Contract of guarantee-business law
This document discusses contracts of indemnity and guarantee. It defines a contract of indemnity as one where one party promises to save the other from loss caused by the promisor or a third party. In a contract of guarantee, a surety promises to be liable if a principal debtor defaults. There are three parties in a guarantee - the surety, principal debtor, and creditor. The surety has secondary liability while the principal debtor has primary liability. The document outlines rights and liabilities of parties, types of guarantees, essentials of valid contracts, and circumstances for discharge of liability.
Performance of contract
The document discusses various aspects of performance of contracts and obligations. It covers topics like tender of performance, time and place of performance, reciprocal promises in contracts, application of payments to debts, appropriation of payments by debtor/creditor/law, and discharge of contracts by act of parties or operation of law. The key points are summarized in 3 sentences:
The document outlines the conditions for a valid tender of performance, including that it must be unconditional, made at the proper time and place, and to the proper person. It also discusses the time and place for performance of contracts when specified or not specified by the parties. The document covers topics such as reciprocal promises in contracts, application of payments to multiple debts owed, and
Free consent
The document discusses various types of flaws in consent that can make a contract voidable, including coercion, undue influence, misrepresentation, and mistake. It provides definitions and examples of each flaw. For coercion, it discusses threats to commit suicide being considered coercion and the effect of coercion making a contract voidable. For undue influence, it discusses relationships where influence may occur and a case example. It also compares coercion and undue influence. The document further explores the elements needed to establish fraud and misrepresentation, and the effects they have in making a contract voidable. It concludes with discussing bilateral and unilateral mistakes of fact and law.
Privity of Contract
Privity of contract refers to the principle that a contract can only grant rights and impose obligations on the contracting parties.
Under this principle, a person who is not a party to a contract has no right to sue on that contract or enforce any of its terms. However, there are some exceptions where third parties may gain rights, such as if a contract establishes a trust intended to benefit third parties, or if collateral contracts between one party and a third party exist within the subject matter of the main contract.
While privity of contract is the general rule, third parties can also sometimes pursue claims in tort law, such as with negligence actions. An action may also be based on a collateral contract between one party and a
Free cosent
The document discusses various aspects of consent and free consent as it relates to contracts under Indian law. It defines consent, free consent, and the effects of absence of consent and free consent. It also defines and discusses coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, and mistake in the context of vitiating free consent in contracts. Specifically, it provides definitions from the Indian Contract Act, elements that constitute each concept, presumptions in certain cases, and effects on contracts, such as making them void or voidable.
Indian contract act, 1872
The document discusses key concepts from the Indian Contract Act of 1872, including:
1) It defines agreements, contracts, and the essential elements of a valid contract including offer, acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity and consent.
2) It outlines different types of contracts such as express, implied, quasi-contracts and unilateral contracts.
3) It explains the differences between void, voidable, and illegal agreements. The document provides background information on contracts as defined by Indian law.
Capacity of parties.
The document discusses the capacity of parties to enter into contracts under Indian law. It defines who is competent to contract and notes that agreements with minors are void. A minor is deemed to have attained majority at age 18 except under certain circumstances like where a guardian has been appointed, in which case majority is 21. Agreements with minors are not valid and a minor cannot be estopped from pleading minority to avoid the agreement. However, if a minor fraudulently misrepresented their age, the court may award compensation to the other party. Upon reaching the age of majority, a minor can potentially ratify agreements made as a minor.
Rights and Duties of Bailor and Bailee
This document summarizes the rights and duties of bailors and bailees under Indian contract law. It begins by defining bailment and the parties involved - the bailor delivers goods to the bailee. The bailor has rights like taking back goods, claiming damages or lost profits. The bailee has duties to take reasonable care of goods, not use them in an unauthorized manner, and not mix goods with their own without consent. The document outlines several specific rights of bailors and duties of bailees under various sections of Indian contract law. It provides examples to illustrate legal principles regarding bailment.
Contract of guarantee
This document summarizes key aspects of a contract of guarantee under Indian law. It defines the parties in a contract of guarantee as the principal debtor, surety, and creditor. It outlines essential requirements like consideration and consent. It discusses types of guarantees like bank guarantees and continuing guarantees. It also explains the liabilities of sureties and ways in which sureties can be discharged from liability, such as through release of the principal debtor. Key cases are referenced to illustrate legal principles.
Mistake
The document discusses different types of mistake in contracts, including common mistake, unilateral mistake, and mistake as to identity. For common mistake, a contract may be void if there is a mistaken belief about a fundamental fact like the existence or quality of the subject matter. For unilateral mistake, the contract may be void if one party is aware of the other's mistake regarding a term. Mistake as to identity looks at whether parties intended to contract with each other or someone else. The remedies are different depending on whether the mistake renders the contract void at law or voidable in equity.
Void Agreement
This document discusses void agreements under Indian contract law. It begins by defining an agreement and contract. It then explains that a void agreement is one that is not enforceable by law and does not create any legal obligations from the beginning. Several types of agreements are expressly declared void by the Indian Contract Act, including agreements in restraint of marriage, trade, or legal proceedings, agreements with uncertain meanings, wagering agreements, and agreements contingent on impossible events. Examples of cases related to various void agreements are also provided.
Legality of Object
Definition of Consideration, When Consideration or object is unlawful, effects of illegality, Unlawful & illegal agreements.....
It's useful for law students.
Void agreements
The document discusses void agreements under Indian contract law. It explains that void agreements are those that are not enforceable by law, such as agreements that were void from the beginning (void ab-initio) due to lacking necessary elements, or agreements that were initially valid but later became void. Examples of void ab-initio agreements provided include those restraining marriage or trade, preventing legal recourse, or being too uncertain. The document also discusses the doctrine of frustration which voids agreements when unexpected events make the contractual obligations impossible to perform.
Free consent
The document discusses various aspects of free consent in contracts such as coercion, undue influence, misrepresentation, fraud, and mistake. It defines these terms and explains how and when consent is considered not free due to these factors. Consent obtained through coercion, undue influence, fraud or misrepresentation makes the contract voidable at the option of the aggrieved party who can also claim damages in some cases. Mistakes can also vitiate consent if bilateral but not if unilateral unless induced by misrepresentation.
Discharge of contract - Legal Environment of Business - Business Law - Manu M...
Discharge of contract means termination of the contractual relationship between the parties. A contract is said to be discharged when the parties thereto are freed from the task of performing their respective obligations as arising from the contract.
Maxims of equity
The document discusses several maxims of equity, which are general principles that govern how equity operates and illustrate its qualities of being more flexible than common law and taking into account parties' conduct. The maxims establish that equity can intervene with common law if justice requires, acts on parties' consciences to treat obligations as done, and makes orders directly against individuals. Equity aims to provide remedies for wrongs and ensure fairness between parties.
Rights ,duties and liabilities of partners in partnership
Rights , Duties &Liabilities of partners , of one partner to another partner and partners to a partnership firm under Indian Partnership Act.
Agreement opposed to public policy
Name M.Lenin
Roll number 18UR70
This document lists 18 types of agreements that are considered void as being against public policy under Indian law. These include agreements trading with enemy, interfering with the course of justice, restraining legal proceedings, stifling prosecution, influencing elections, creating monopolies, restraining personal freedom or marriage, defrauding creditors, and interfering with marital duties. Reasons provided include that such agreements aim to circumvent the law, corrupt public processes, or harm individuals or society.
Discharge of contract (Business Law)
The document discusses the various ways in which a contract can be discharged or terminated, including by performance, agreement, impossibility of performance, lapse of time, operation of law, and breach of contract. It provides details on each type of discharge, such as how discharge by performance occurs when both parties fulfill their obligations, while discharge by breach of contract happens when one party fails to meet their contractual duties. Remedies for breach of contract that may be available include rescission, damages, quantum meruit, specific performance, and injunction.
What's hot (20)
Discharge of contract - Legal Environment of Business - Business Law - Manu M...
Discharge of contract - Legal Environment of Business - Business Law - Manu M...
Rights ,duties and liabilities of partners in partnership
Rights ,duties and liabilities of partners in partnership
Similar to Undue Influence
Comparison between coiercion and undue influence
Coercion is defined as unlawfully intimidating or threatening a person to induce them to enter an agreement without independent will. This involves physical pressure or threats of harm. Coercion includes blackmail, threats of violence against a person or their family, torture, or detaining property. In contrast, undue influence involves one person exploiting their position of authority over another through mental pressure or persuasion to enter an agreement, such as between a teacher and student or doctor and patient. While both invalidate consent, coercion involves criminal liability for threats while undue influence does not.
Contractual performance, misrepresentation, undue influence.
This document discusses various aspects of contractual performance and defenses against enforcement of contracts such as misrepresentation, undue influence, and coercion. It defines key terms and concepts:
1) It outlines the essential elements of a valid enforceable contract and defenses that can make consent not freely given such as coercion, undue influence, fraud, or misrepresentation.
2) It explains the concepts of coercion, undue influence, and misrepresentation in contracts - noting how coercion involves unlawful threats while undue influence relies on abusing a position of power.
3) It discusses consequences of defenses like a contract being voidable if consent was not freely given, with the burden of proof on the party trying to avoid the contract
Agency and Labor LawThe Principal’s Liability on the Contract.docx
Agency and Labor Law
The Principal’s Liability on the Contract
Assignment
Crash agrees to have Steve represent him in various transactions as an agent to secure him performance contracts and endorsement deals.
Crash writes a letter to Bob that Steve is his agent. Unbeknownst to Bob, Crash specifically instructed Steve to only make endorsement deals with Bob. However, Steve signs a contract for Crash to attend a birthday party performance.
In all other cases, Steve has express authority to enter into any contract on behalf of Crash. So Steve makes a contract with Jimmy for a performance at a bar. Jimmy knows Steve is an agent, but he doesn’t know who Steve is an agent for.
Finally, Steve makes an endorsement contract with Fred.
Fred has no idea whether Steve is representing anyone.
Is Crash liable for any of these contracts?
Is Steve liable for any of these contracts?
The requirements below must be met for your paper to be accepted and graded:
NO PLAGARISM!!!!!!!!!!!
Write between 500 – 750 words (approximately 2 – 3 pages) using Microsoft Word.
Attempt APA style, see example below.
Use font size 12 and 1” margins.
Include cover page and reference page.
At least 60% of your paper must be original content/writing.
No more than 40% of your content/information may come from references.
Use at least two references from outside the course material, preferably from EBSCOhost. Text book, lectures, and other materials in the course may be used, but are not counted toward the two reference requirement.
NOTES
Business Law II
Agency
This lecture will cover the law concerning agency.
In a principal-agent relationship, the parties have agreed that the agent will act on behalf and instead of the principal in doing business with third persons. This has some profound consequences, as this will make the principal liable for contracts entered into by the agent and for misdeeds of the agent in many situations. Nonetheless, principal-agent relationships are very common. For example, the employer-employee relationship is one example of such a relationship as is the employer-independent contractor relationship. The significant distinction between these two relationships is the amount of control the principal exercises over the agent in the course of the agent’s duties. And although these two types of principal-agent relationship seem similar, the consequences stemming from each classification are very significant. These consequences include the principal’s liability for the torts of the agent and the principal’s legal obligations toward the agent. For example, the doctrine of respondeat superior will hold the principal liable for torts committed by the agent in most situations. However, it does not apply in the independent contractor situation.
These relationships can be formed in various ways. However, all these relationships require an affirmative indication that the agent agrees to act for the principal and the principal agrees to have the agent .
Minors and Releases 2009
This document discusses the law surrounding minors and releases from liability. It begins by stating that releases are considered contracts, but minors generally cannot sign contracts. Additionally, parents cannot typically sign away a minor's right to sue for injuries. The document then discusses various court cases that have examined issues like whether a minor can disaffirm a release signed as a minor after turning 18, whether parents can indemnify third parties for injuries to their minor children, and whether third parties like group leaders can sign releases on behalf of minors. It notes that most states do not allow parents to sign away a minor's right to sue, but a few (like California, Ohio, North Dakota, and Massachusetts) have allowed limited parental waivers
COERCION (DURESS)
1. The document discusses the concept of coercion or duress in contract law. Coercion is defined as committing or threatening any act forbidden by the Indian Penal Code or unlawfully detaining property with the intention of causing someone to enter an agreement.
2. Coercion removes a person's freedom of choice and substitutes their aims with those coercing them. It affects the constraints under which a person maximizes their objectives, rather than removing their objectives entirely.
3. Coercion under Indian law is broader than the English law concept of duress, which originally only recognized threats of violence. Duress now includes threats to property or economic interests. However, legitimate commercial pressure to
Free consent
This document discusses the concepts of free consent, coercion, undue influence and fraud under Indian contract law.
It defines free consent as agreement between two parties on the same terms without coercion, undue influence, fraud or mistake. Consent is considered freely given unless it is caused by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation or mistake. Coercion involves threatening unlawful acts while undue influence involves improperly exploiting a position of power over another. The effect is that agreements made under coercion or undue influence are voidable. Fraud involves intentional misrepresentation or concealment with the aim of deceiving another party. Contracts obtained through fraud are also voidable.
Consent 25 aug
The document defines key terms related to consent in contracts. It defines consent as two or more persons agreeing on the same thing in the same sense. Free consent is consent not caused by coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, or mistake. Coercion is committing or threatening forbidden acts to cause a person to enter an agreement. Undue influence is using a position of power to obtain an unfair advantage in a contract. The document distinguishes between coercion, which involves physical pressure, and undue influence, which involves mental or moral pressure through an unequal position between the parties.
Free consent
The document discusses the elements required for free consent in contract law. It explains that consent must not be caused by coercion, undue influence, misrepresentation, fraud, or mistake for it to be considered free. It defines each of these elements and provides examples to illustrate when consent would not be free due to these factors. The document also discusses the implications, such as contracts being voidable, when free consent is compromised.
Legal aspects-of-business
The document discusses various legal aspects of contracts under Indian law. It defines key concepts like valid contracts, void contracts, voidable contracts, and illegal contracts. It explains essential elements for a valid contract like agreement, lawful consideration, lawful object, and intention to create a legal obligation. It also discusses important concepts related to formation of a contract like offer, acceptance, free consent, contractual capacity, and termination of offer. Finally, it elaborates on vitiating factors like coercion, undue influence, fraud, and misrepresentation that can invalidate a contract.
Discharge Of Tort
The document discusses various ways in which a right of action for a tort can end, including by death of parties, waiver, acquiescence, release, accord and satisfaction, and statutes of limitation. It provides examples of cases where the death of a party resulted in the end of a right of action. The rule that a personal cause of action dies with the person was abrogated by the Law Reform Act of 1934, which allows causes of action to survive the death of a person.
Business law
This document discusses void, voidable, and valid contracts. It defines key elements of a contract including agreement, consideration, contractual capacity, and legality. It explains that a void contract cannot be enforced in court, while a voidable contract can be enforced or revoked by one party. For a contract to be valid, it requires free consent from both parties without coercion, fraud, misrepresentation, or undue influence. Factors like age, mental capacity, relationship between parties, and unconscionable terms can impact whether a contract has true free consent and is therefore voidable.
Ad idem
This document contains a student's assignment on the topic of free consent in contract law. It discusses key concepts such as ad idem, consent, free consent, coercion, undue influence, misrepresentation, fraud, and mistake. The assignment was submitted by Anam Amjad for their Introduction to Business Law course, along with their student registration number and the date and details of the assignment.
General Introduction, Defination, And Essentials of Tort.pptx
This document provides an introduction to the law of torts. It defines a tort as a civil wrong or act that results in injury, harm, or loss to another person. The key characteristics of a tort are that it is a civil wrong, a private wrong that infringes on someone's legal rights, and the remedy is unliquidated damages. The document discusses two court cases as examples - one where a lawyer was found to have a duty of care to a client in drafting a will, and another where a bus company was found liable for damages after one of its buses caused a wrongful death. The overall purpose is to explain what a tort is and some of the essential elements and principles of tort law.
Classification of Contracts
Contracts can be classified in three ways: by enforceability, creation, and execution. By enforceability: valid contracts are binding, void contracts cease due to impossibility or illegality, voidable contracts can be canceled by an aggrieved party, and unenforceable contracts have a technical defect. By creation: express contracts have oral/written terms, implied contracts show agreement through actions, and quasi contracts create obligations to prevent unjust enrichment. By execution: executed contracts have been fully performed, executory contracts have outstanding obligations, unilateral contracts require one party to perform, and bilateral contracts require both parties to perform.
Legality in business law
The document discusses several types of contracts that may violate statutes or public policy, including wagers, licensing statutes, usury, restraint of trade, exculpatory clauses, bailment cases, unconscionable contracts, and adhesion contracts. Wagers and unlicensed contracts are generally unenforceable, while usury laws prohibit excessive interest on loans. Non-compete agreements must be reasonable, and exculpatory clauses are generally invalid for public services or intentional torts. Adhesion contracts can be ruled unconscionable if parties have unequal bargaining power. The document stresses the importance of ensuring contracts are lawful.
Legality in business law
The document discusses several types of contracts that may violate statutes or public policy, including wagers, licensing statutes, usury, restraint of trade, exculpatory clauses, bailment cases, unconscionable contracts, and adhesion contracts. Wagers and unlicensed contracts are generally unenforceable, while usury laws prohibit excessive interest on loans. Non-compete agreements must be reasonable, and exculpatory clauses are generally invalid for public services or intentional torts. Adhesion contracts can be ruled unconscionable if parties have unequal bargaining power. The document stresses the importance of ensuring contracts are lawful.
Free consent
Kindly go through the same and share your valauable feedbacks on the same.Important slides for BCOM, BBACA and CS students.
Chapter 8
This document discusses several key concepts regarding contract capacity and validity, including:
1) Minors can disaffirm (void) contracts, with exceptions for necessities and misrepresentation of age. Intoxicated persons may lack capacity depending on impairment level.
2) Contracts must be legal and not require illegal, tortious or against public policy acts. Illegal contracts are void.
3) Fraud, mistake, duress or undue influence can make contracts voidable or invalid. The statute of frauds requires certain long-term or high-value contracts to be written.
Contract act part 1
This document discusses the key elements and nature of contracts under Indian law. It provides definitions of contracts from various legal scholars and the Indian Contract Act. The main points are:
1. A contract is an agreement that is enforceable by law, containing an offer, acceptance, and consideration. It requires lawful consent between two or more parties.
2. There are several essential elements for a valid contract including offer/acceptance, lawful object and consideration, capacity of parties, free consent, certainty and possibility of performance.
3. Not all agreements are contracts as they must satisfy the requirements of intent to create legal obligations, lawful consideration, and enforceability under law. Certain types of agreements are specifically prohibited or regulated by
Tort introduction
This document provides an introduction and overview of the law of torts according to Dr. Khakare Vikas. It defines torts, outlines their key characteristics which include being a civil wrong that arises from a breach of duty and is remedied through unliquidated damages. It also discusses the objectives of tort law in providing compensation and protecting rights. The document notes that Indian tort law is based on English law and traces its development. It concludes by examining the three elements of torts - the requirement of a wrongful act, legal injury, and available legal remedy.
Similar to Undue Influence (20)
Contractual performance, misrepresentation, undue influence.
Contractual performance, misrepresentation, undue influence.
Agency and Labor LawThe Principal’s Liability on the Contract.docx
Agency and Labor LawThe Principal’s Liability on the Contract.docx
General Introduction, Defination, And Essentials of Tort.pptx
General Introduction, Defination, And Essentials of Tort.pptx
More from Goldyn Abric Sam
Remedies for Breach of Contracts
The document discusses remedies for breach of contract. It defines a breach of contract as the violation of an agreement when one party fails to fulfill their promises. There are three types of breaches: material, partial, and anticipatory. The main remedies for a breach include rescinding the contract, suing for damages, suing for specific performance of the contract, obtaining an injunction, or claiming quantum meruit for partial work completed. Damages can be liquidated or unliquidated amounts. Specific performance requires the breaching party to actually fulfill their contractual duties. An injunction prohibits a party from an action they promised not to do in the contract.
Discharge of Contracts
This document discusses the various modes of discharge of contracts under business law. There are six main modes of discharge: 1) by performance, when both parties fulfill their contractual obligations; 2) by consent or agreement, when parties mutually agree to alter or cancel the contract; 3) by lapse of time, if a legal action is not taken within the limitation period; 4) by operation of law, due to events like insolvency, death or court judgment; 5) by impossibility of performance, if the contract becomes impossible or unlawful to perform; and 6) by breach, if a party fails to perform without a valid excuse. Each mode is explained with examples of how a contract can be discharged through that particular means
Performance of contracts
The document discusses performance of contracts under business law. It defines performance as parties fulfilling their promises under a contract unless excused. There are two types of performance: actual performance when a party completely fulfills their obligation, and attempted performance or tender when a party offers to perform even if the other party refuses. For a valid tender, performance must be unconditional, at the proper time, place, to the proper person, and with the exact amount owed. Parties responsible for performance include the promisor, joint promisors, agents, legal representatives, and in some cases third parties.
Mistake
The document discusses different types of mistakes in business law. There are two main types of mistakes: mistakes of law and mistakes of fact. Mistakes of law can occur regarding the laws of one's own country or the laws of a foreign nation. Mistakes of fact can be either bilateral, involving misunderstandings between both parties, or unilateral, involving a mistake by only one party. Bilateral mistakes of fact regarding essential elements of a contract, such as the subject matter or possibility of performance, will void the contract due to lack of consent.
Mis-representation
This document discusses misrepresentation in business law. It defines misrepresentation as an untrue statement of a material fact that affects a party's decision to enter a contract. There are three types of misrepresentation: fraudulent, negligent, and innocent. For a misrepresentation to occur, there must be a representation of a material fact made without intent to deceive the other party. If misrepresentation is found, an aggrieved party can rescind the contract and/or seek damages. Rescission cancels the contract and returns the parties to their pre-contract positions.
Fraud
The document discusses fraud in business law and contracts. It defines fraud as a willful misrepresentation made with the intent to deceive or induce another party to enter a contract. Specifically, fraud involves a false statement, concealment of facts, a promise made without intent to perform, or other deceitful acts according to Section 17 of the Indian Contract Act of 1872. The elements of fraud are that it must be committed by a party to the contract with the intent to deceive and actually deceive the other party. If fraud occurs, the aggrieved party has remedies like rescinding the contract, demanding performance, suing for damages or restitution.
Capacity of Parties
The document discusses the capacity of parties to form a valid contract under business law. It outlines three types of parties that are considered incapable: minors under 18 years old, persons of unsound mind unable to understand contracts, and disqualified persons such as alien enemies or convicts. Minors can be promisees or agents but cannot be partners, company members, or adjudged insolvent. A person's soundness of mind is determined by their ability to understand and rationally judge a contract.
Consideration
This document discusses the concept of consideration in business law. It defines consideration as an act, abstinence, or promise given in exchange for a promise. Consideration provides evidence of an agreement between parties and makes a promise enforceable. Consideration can be executory, executed, or past. It must be real, lawful, and move at the desire of the promisor but need not be adequate. Without consideration, an agreement is merely a gratuity and unenforceable. The document outlines the essential elements of a valid consideration and provides examples to illustrate different types.
Acceptance
The document discusses the concepts of offer, acceptance, and termination of an offer in business law. It states that an offer becomes a proposal when one party indicates a willingness to another party to do or abstain from an act to obtain the other's consent. Acceptance occurs when the party to whom the proposal is made agrees to it, creating a promise. For an acceptance to be valid, it must be absolute, communicated to the offeror within a reasonable time period, and not a counteroffer. An offer can end through lapsing of time, failure to meet conditions, revocation, rejection, or improper acceptance.
Offer / Proposal
The document discusses the concept of an offer in business law. It defines an offer as when one person indicates their willingness to another to do or abstain from doing something with the goal of obtaining the other's consent. An offer can be made expressly through words in writing or orally, or implied through conduct. For an offer to be legally valid, it must be communicated to the other party, made with the intent of gaining consent, have definite terms, be capable of creating a legal agreement, and not merely state an intention. A tender is a type of offer made in response to an invitation to bid. An offer can be revoked any time before it is accepted by providing notice or allowing the time frame to lapse.
Elements of a Contract
The document discusses the essential elements of a valid contract, including: offer and acceptance, lawful consideration, capacity and consent of the parties, legality of the contract terms, certainty, and possibility of performance. It provides definitions and examples for each element. Key requirements for a valid contract are an offer and acceptance, consideration between the parties that creates a legal obligation, lawful capacity and consent without coercion, a legal purpose, and terms that are clear and possible to fulfill.
Formation of a Contract
The document discusses the Indian Contract Act 1872 and key concepts in contract law. It provides an overview of the sources of Indian mercantile law, the scope covered by the Contract Act, and what the Act aims to do. Key definitions from the Act are presented, such as proposal, promise, consideration and agreement. The essential elements for forming a valid contract - proposal, acceptance, consideration and enforceability - are outlined.
Goal Setting
Goal setting is an important process for achieving success and focusing one's efforts. It involves identifying both lifetime goals and smaller intermediate goals to work towards the larger goals. The document outlines steps for effective goal setting, including setting specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and time-bound (SMART) goals. It also discusses maintaining and updating goals over time as priorities change. An example is provided of breaking down lifetime career and artistic goals into 5-year, 1-year, 6-month, 1-month and 1-week intermediate goals.
SWOT Analysis
SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool that can be used on a personal level to identify areas of strength, weakness, opportunity, and threats. It involves examining your situation in these four areas. To perform a personal SWOT analysis, you write down answers to questions about your strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The simple format makes it easy to apply without support as part of career planning or discussions.
Self Awareness
Self-awareness is the ability to see yourself clearly through reflection and understand your personality, strengths, weaknesses, emotions, and how others perceive you. Developing self-awareness can make you more confident, creative, and effective in relationships and leadership. Techniques for improving self-awareness include meditating, asking yourself questions, keeping a journal, seeking honest feedback from friends and family, and living in the present moment to analyze your emotions. For example, a woman struggling with low self-esteem was able to accept opportunities by developing self-awareness to recognize how her fears were holding her back.
Theories of personality-III - Self Theory & Social learning theory
The document discusses Carl Rogers' self theory of personality. According to Rogers, a fully functioning person is open to experience, lives in the present moment, trusts their feelings, is creative, and feels fulfilled in life. The self theory proposes that our self-concept and self-worth are influenced by childhood experiences and others' evaluations. It also discusses the concepts of self-image, ideal self, looking glass self, true self, and congruence between our ideal and actual selves.
Theories of Personality-II - Trait Theories
The document outlines several theories of personality, including psychoanalytical theories proposed by Freud, Sheldon, and Jung. It also discusses trait theories proposed by Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell, and Hans Eysenck. Allport proposed that traits exist in cardinal, central, and secondary levels. Cattell narrowed Allport's list of 4000 traits down to 16 factors. Eysenck proposed three dimensions of personality: introversion-extraversion, neuroticism-emotional stability, and psychoticism.
Theories of Personality-I - Psycho-Analytical Theories
The document discusses several theories of personality, including Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, William Sheldon's physiognomy theory, and Carl Jung's extroversion/introversion theory. Freud's psychoanalytic theory proposes that personality is shaped by two basic drives: eros, representing love and survival instincts, and thanatos, representing aggression and death instincts. Sheldon's theory identified three personality types - endomorph, ectomorph, and mesomorph - based on physical characteristics. Jung's theory distinguishes between extroversion, where one is energized by external experiences, and introversion, where one is energized by internal thoughts and feelings.
Personality Traits
This document discusses personality and its development. It defines personality as the unique way a person reacts and interacts with others according to their psychological systems and environment, as described by Gordon Allport and Stephen Robbins. Personality is determined by factors such as heredity, biology, culture, religion, personal experiences, environment, and situations. It also examines Cattell's 16 personality factors and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as ways to understand personality traits.
More from Goldyn Abric Sam (20)
Theories of personality-III - Self Theory & Social learning theory
Theories of personality-III - Self Theory & Social learning theory
Theories of Personality-I - Psycho-Analytical Theories
Theories of Personality-I - Psycho-Analytical Theories
Recently uploaded
一比一原版新加坡南洋理工大学毕业证(本硕）ntu学位证书如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【新加坡南洋理工大学毕业证(本硕）ntu学位证书成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理新加坡南洋理工大学毕业证(本硕）ntu学位证书【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理新加坡南洋理工大学毕业证(本硕）ntu学位证书【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理新加坡南洋理工大学毕业证(本硕）ntu学位证书【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理新加坡南洋理工大学毕业证(本硕）ntu学位证书【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(ua毕业证书)加拿大阿尔伯塔大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Corporate Governance : Scope and Legal Framework
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
MEANING
Corporate Governance refers to the way in which companies are governed and to what purpose. It identifies who has power and accountability, and who makes decisions. It is, in essence, a toolkit that enables management and the board to deal more effectively with the challenges of running a company.
一比一原版(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uwgb毕业证书)美国威斯康星大学绿湾分校毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
原版定做(sheffield学位证书)英国谢菲尔德大学毕业证文凭证书原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(sheffield学位证书)英国谢菲尔德大学毕业证文凭证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
一比一原版英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理英国伦敦商学院毕业证（lbs毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理伯恩茅斯大学毕业证（bu毕业证）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版林肯大学毕业证（lincoln毕业证）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【林肯大学毕业证（lincoln毕业证）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理林肯大学毕业证（lincoln毕业证）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理林肯大学毕业证（lincoln毕业证）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理林肯大学毕业证（lincoln毕业证）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理林肯大学毕业证（lincoln毕业证）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Capital Punishment by Saif Javed (LLM)ppt.pptx
This PowerPoint presentation, titled "Capital Punishment in India: Constitutionality and Rarest of Rare Principle," is a comprehensive exploration of the death penalty within the Indian criminal justice system. Authored by Saif Javed, an LL.M student specializing in Criminal Law and Criminology at Kazi Nazrul University, the presentation delves into the constitutional aspects and ethical debates surrounding capital punishment. It examines key legal provisions, significant case laws, and the specific categories of offenders excluded from the death penalty. The presentation also discusses recent recommendations by the Law Commission of India regarding the gradual abolishment of capital punishment, except for terrorism-related offenses. This detailed analysis aims to foster informed discussions on the future of the death penalty in India.
Safeguarding Against Financial Crime: AML Compliance Regulations Demystified
Safeguarding Against Financial Crime: AML Compliance Regulations DemystifiedPROF. PAUL ALLIEU KAMARA
To ensure the integrity of financial systems and combat illicit financial activities, understanding AML (Anti-Money Laundering) compliance regulations is crucial for financial institutions and businesses. AML compliance regulations are designed to prevent money laundering and the financing of terrorist activities by imposing specific requirements on financial institutions, including customer due diligence, monitoring, and reporting of suspicious activities (GitHub Docs).一比一原版加拿大多伦多大学毕业证（uoft毕业证书）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【加拿大多伦多大学毕业证（uoft毕业证书）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理加拿大多伦多大学毕业证（uoft毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理加拿大多伦多大学毕业证（uoft毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理加拿大多伦多大学毕业证（uoft毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理加拿大多伦多大学毕业证（uoft毕业证书）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版朴次茅斯大学毕业证（uop毕业证）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【朴次茅斯大学毕业证（uop毕业证）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理朴次茅斯大学毕业证（uop毕业证）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理朴次茅斯大学毕业证（uop毕业证）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理朴次茅斯大学毕业证（uop毕业证）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理朴次茅斯大学毕业证（uop毕业证）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(glasgow毕业证书)格拉斯哥大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
THE CONCEPT OF RIGHT TO DEFAULT BAIL.pptx
The presentation deals with the concept of Right to Default Bail laid down under Section 167 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 and Section 187 of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita 2023.
一比一原版牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证（牛布毕业证）【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Indonesian Manpower Regulation on Severance Pay for Retiring Private Sector E...
Law Number 13 of 2003 on Manpower has been partially revoked and amended several times, with the latest amendment made through Law Number 6 of 2023. Attention is drawn to a specific part of the Manpower Law concerning severance pay. This aspect is undoubtedly one of the most crucial parts regulated by the Manpower Law. It is essential for both employers and employees to abide by the law, fulfill their obligations, and retain their rights regarding this matter.
A Critical Study of ICC Prosecutor's Move on GAZA War
ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan's proposal to its judges seeking permission to prosecute Israeli leaders and Hamas commanders for crimes against the law of war has serious ramifications and calls deep scrutiny.
San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea
Presentation by Justin Ordoyo
University of the Philippines College of Law
Recently uploaded (20)
Safeguarding Against Financial Crime: AML Compliance Regulations Demystified
Safeguarding Against Financial Crime: AML Compliance Regulations Demystified
Indonesian Manpower Regulation on Severance Pay for Retiring Private Sector E...
Indonesian Manpower Regulation on Severance Pay for Retiring Private Sector E...
A Critical Study of ICC Prosecutor's Move on GAZA War
A Critical Study of ICC Prosecutor's Move on GAZA War
San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea
San Remo Manual on International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea
Undue Influence
- 1. UNDUE INFLUENCE BUSINESS LAW S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASST. PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM
- 2. UNDUE INFLUENCE - DEFINITION Sec. 16 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 provides that a contract is said to be induced by undue influence when the relations subsisting between the parties are such that one of the parties is in a position to dominate the will of the other, and uses that position to obtain an unfair advantage over the other. Undue influence is basically a moral coercion as opposed to physical coercion. It includes coercion, compulsion, menace or persuasion. S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASST. PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM
- 3. ESSENTIALS OF UNDUE INFLUENCE 1) The relation subsisting between the parties should be such that one of the parties is in a position to dominate the will of the other 2) The object must be to take undue advantage. 3) The dominant party uses his dominant position to obtain that unfair advantage. A PERSON IS IN A POSITION TO DOMINATE THE WILL OF ANOTHER 1) Where he holds a real or apparent authority over the other. 2) Where he stands in a fiduciary relationship to the other 3) Where he makes a contract with a person who’s mental capacity is temporarily or permanently affected by reason of age, illness, mental or bodily distress. S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASST. PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM
- 4. FIDUCIARY RELATIONSHIPS Domination (undue influence) is presumed in the following relationships. 1. Parent and child 2. Trustee and beneficiary 3. Guardian and ward 4. Spiritual master and disciple 5. Lawyer and client 6. Doctor and patient Undue Influence has to be proved in the following relationships. 1. Husband and wife 2. Landlord and tenant 3. Creditor and debtor S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASST. PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM
- 5. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COERCION AND UNDUE INFLUENCE Sl. No. Coercion Undue Influence 1. Use of physical force Use of moral pressure 2. Coercion need not proceed from the promise nor need it be directed against the promisor. There must be a certain relationship between the parties where one party may dominate the other. 3. Contract may become voidable Contract may either become voidable or the court may set it aside. S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASST. PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM
- 6. EFFECT OF UNDUE INFLUENCE Contract may either become voidable or the court may set it aside. SUSPECTED IN THE FOLLOWING CASES Inadequate consideration Inequality between the parties regarding age, intelligence, social status, etc. Fiduciary relationship between the parties Pardanashin women Unconscionable bargains S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASST. PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM
- 7. S.M. GOLDYN ABRIC SAM, ASST. PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, NMCC, MARTHANDAM