3. Capacity – Χωρητικοτητα
BATTERRY CHARACTERISTICS 2
• The coulometric capacity, the total Amp-hours available when the battery is
discharged at a certain discharge Current (specified as a C-rate) from 100
percent state-of-charge to the cut-off voltage .
• Capacity is calculated by multiplying the discharge current (in Amps) by the
discharge time (in hours) and decreases with increasing C-rate
4. The terminal EMF provided by a battery is known as it’s voltage.
The Voltage of a battery depends upon various other characteristics of the
batteries like cell-chemistry , internal impedance etc.
The average Voltage of a lead acid cell is 2.0 V
Βut it depends on various other factors like , temperature, time between
the measurement and last charge etc.
Voltage – Ονοματικη ταση
BATTERRY CHARACTERISTICS 1
5. Efficiency of a battery is the ratio of the energy provided by the battery/cell
or output energy while in use over the energy used by the battery/cell to
get charged or input energy expressed in percentage.
Efficiency - Αποδοση
BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS 3
6. • The minimum allowable voltage .It is this voltage that generally defines the
“empty” state of the battery
Cut-off Voltage, Ελαχιστη ταση λειτουργειας
BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS 4
7. • The number of discharge- charge cycles the battery can experience before it
fails to meet specific performance criteria.
• Cycle life is estimated for specific charge and discharge conditions. The
actual operating life of the battery is affected by the rate and depth of cycles
and by other conditions such as temperature and humidity.
Cycle Life (number for a specific DOD)
BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS 5
8. The energy density of a battery is generally expressed in two ways
The gravimetric energy density of a battery is a measure of how much energy a
battery contains in comparison to its weight, and is typically expressed in Watt-
hours/kilogram(W-hr/kg).
The volumetric energy density of a battery is a measure of how much energy a
battery contains in comparison to its volume, and is typically expressed in Watt-
hours/liter(W-hr/l).
BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS 7
Energy Density (By Weight and Volume) – Πυκνοτητα Ενεργειας
9. The maximum current at which the battery
can be discharged Continuously.
This limit is usually Defined by the battery
manufacturer in order to prevent excessive
discharge rates that would damage the
battery or reduce its capacit y.
Along with the maximum continuous power
of the motor, this defines the top
sustainable speed and accelerat ion of the
vehicle
Maximum Continuous Discharge- Μεγιστο συνεχομενο
επιτρεπτο ρευμα
BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS 6
10. The voltage that the battery is charged to when charged to full capacity.
Charging schemes generally consist of a constant current charging until the
battery voltage
Reaching the charge voltage, then constant voltage charging, Allowing the
charge current to taper until it is very small
Charge Voltage – Ταση φορτισης
BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS 8
11. BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS 9
The ideal current at which the battery is initially charged (to roughly 70 percent
SOC) under constant Charging scheme before transitioning into constant
Voltage charging.
(Recommended) Charge Current - Ρευμα φορτισης
12. BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS 10
• Batteries are acutely sensitive to operating temperature with respect to
their charging characteristics and A-hr capacity.
• Most well-designed chargers have temperature sensors to assure that the
battery temperature is within the allowable "window" for charging (if not,
the charger will not turn on the current source)
Operating Temperature- Θερμοκρασια λειτουργιας
Temperature vs. Capacity -
Flooded Lead Acid Batteries
13. BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS 11
• Self-discharge (which occurs in all batteries) determines the "shelf life" of a
battery.
• It is important to note that self-discharge is highly dependent on
temperature, increasing as the battery temperature is increased
Self Discharge < Χρονος αυτοεκφορτισης
15. BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS 12
• The amount of time that the typical consumer finds acceptable for battery
recharging is highly variable, and depends on the item being powered..
Recharge Time > Χρονος φορτισης
16. BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS 13
• It should be no surprise that the Ni-Cd cell offers the best cost/performance
value of any rechargeable battery: it is a mature technology that is being
produced in large volumes by many different manufacturers.
Cost- Κοστος
17. BATTERY CHARACTERISTICS 14
• A 1C discharge rate would deliver the battery's rated capacity in 1 hour. A
2C discharge rate means it will discharge twice as fast (30 minutes). .
C rate
18. Battery Condition 1
Battery Condition 1
Depth of Discharge (DOD) (%)
The percentage of battery capacity
that has been discharged
expressed as a percentage of
maximum capacity. A discharge to
at least 80 % DOD is referred to
as a deep discharge
20. The voltage between the battery terminals with load applied.
Terminal voltage varies with SOC and discharge/charge current.
Terminal Voltage (V)
Battery Condition 2
Battery Condition 2
21. The voltage between the battery terminals with no load applied.
The open-circuit voltage depends on the battery state of charge,
increasing with state of charge.
Open-circuit voltage (V)
Battery Condition 3
Battery Condition 3
23. BATTERY TYPES
These are the most common types of batteries
powering devices you use everyday.
•Some are rechargeable, you can plug them in to
charge and get multiple uses before the battery needs
to be replaced.
•Some are non-rechargeable or single-use, once they
are fully discharged, they should be recycled.
Household Batteries
25. BATTERY TYPES
Rechargeable
Household Batteries
Lead Acid Gel
• Description: Small to medium, dry-cell batteries, sealed, rechargeable
Formats: Rectangular, custom sizes in hard plastic case
• Common Uses: Wheel chairs, scooters, golf carts, ride-on electric toys,
boats, military aircraft, portable tools and instruments
• Safety: Non-spillable , lead is a toxic heavy metal, can cause fire if short-
circuited
26. BATTERY TYPES
Rechargeable
Household Batteries
Description: Small dry-cell batteries, sealed, rechargeable
Formats: Custom sizes in hard plastic case, small-cylinder, button cells
Common Uses: Cell phones, laptop computers, power tools, hybrid
automobiles (see Hybrid Automobile section also), video cameras, handheld
electronics
Safety: Non-spillable, non-toxic
Lithium-ion (Li-ion)
28. BATTERY TYPES
Rechargeable
Household Batteries
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) Advantages
High energy density
Does not need prolonged priming when new. One regular charge is all that's needed.
Relatively low self-discharge - self-discharge is less than half that of nickel-based
batteries.
Low Maintenance - no periodic discharge is needed; there is no memory.
Specialty cells can provide very high current to applications such as power tools.
29. BATTERY TYPES
Rechargeable
Household Batteries
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) Limitations
Requires protection circuit to maintain voltage and current within safe limits.
Subject to aging, even if not in use - storage in a cool place at 40% charge reduces the
aging effect.
Transportation restrictions - shipment of larger quantities may be subject to regulatory
control. This restriction does not apply to personal carry-on batteries.
Expensive to manufacture - about 40 percent higher in cost than nickel-cadmium.
30. BATTERY TYPES
Rechargeable
Household Batteries
• Description: Small dry-cell batteries,
sealed, rechargeable
• Formats: AAA, AA, C, D, small-cylinder,
poly-wrapped cell packs, custom sizes in
hard plastic case
•
Common Uses: Cell phones, laptop
computers, power tools, handheld
electronics, toys, medical equipment
•
Safety: Non-spillable, cadmium is a toxic
heavy metal, never incinerate - produces
toxic cadmium vapors
Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd)
31. BATTERY TYPES
Rechargeable
Household Batteries
Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Advantages / Disadvantages:
NiCd batteries are often lower cost than NiMh batteries or lithium-based
batteries. They can have a memory if not charged properly.
When to use:
If a low-cost rechargeable battery is needed.
If a long lifespace is needed. NiCds typically can be charged and
discharged a large amount of times. If done properly, these batteries can
be charged more times than other rechargeable chemistries.
When not to use:
If the conditions of use are not known. NiCd require a specific charging
procedure for best longevity.
For applications where this procedure might not be kept, other batteries
may be best suited.
32. BATTERY TYPES
Rechargeable
Household Batteries
• Description: Small dry-cell batteries, sealed, rechargeable
• Formats: AAA, AA, C, D, 9 volt, 12 volt, poly-wrapped cell packs, small-
cylinder, custom sizes
• Common Uses: Cell phones, laptop computers, PDAs, power tools,
hybrid automobiles (see Hybrid Automobile section also), cameras,
handheld electronics
• Safety: Non-spillable, non-toxic
Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)
33. BATTERY TYPES
rechargeable
Household Batteries
These batteries often contain more energy, more resilience, and offer a lower
number of cycles than NiCd batteries.
When to use:
If a high discharge current is needed, such as in cordless power tools.
If the charging procedure is not known. For example, if the battery may be
charged when it is at half capacity, this would be detrimental for NiCd batteries
but would be fine for NiMh batteries.
When not to use:
•If long life span is needed. The advertised life of NiMh batteries are typically
fewer than 1000 cycles.
•If a product is going to be recharged daily, the life of a battery may not last
longer than a few years.
Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Advantages / Disadvantages
34. BATTERY TYPES
While the everyday battery user may never run into these batteries, they exist
to power the heavy duty applications like machinery, railroad and backup
power for data centers, utilities, or telecommunications , solar panel.
These are the kind of batteries you would be afraid of running into in a dark
alley. Kidding, they won’t hurt you if you don’t instigate them.
Industrial Batteries
37. BATTERY TYPES
Lead Acid charging
The constant-current charge applies the bulk of the charge and takes
roughly half the required charge time
The topping charge uses a lower charge current and provides saturation.
The float charge compensates for loss caused by self-discharge.
For optimal charging, lead-acid batteries should be charged in three stages.
38. BATTERY TYPES
Lead Acid Advantages
Low cost.
Reliable. Over 140 years of development.
Robust. Tolerant to abuse.
Tolerant to overcharging.
Can deliver very high currents.
Indefinite shelf life if stored without electrolyte.
Can be left on trickle or float charge for prolonged periods.
Wide range of sizes and capacities available.
Many suppliers world wide.
The world's most recycled product.
39. BATTERY TYPES
Lead Acid / Disadvantages:
Very heavy and bulky.
Typical coulombic charge efficiency only 70% but can be as high as 85% to
90% for special designs.
Danger of overheating during charging
Not suitable for fast charging
Typical cycle life 300 to 500 cycles .
Must be stored in a charged state once the electrolyte has been introduced
to avoid deterioration of the active chemicals.
40. EYΧΑΡΙΣΤΩ ΓΙΑ ΤΗΝ ΠΡΟΣΟΧΗ ΣΑΣ
• ΝΙΚΟΛΑΙΔΗΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΣ Π.Ε 17.08
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