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1. EGINO M. SANTOS
Realizing Realities
Unpacking literary texts to understand
individual and communal values.

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Table of Contents
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Introduction
Elements of a plot
Types of Plot
Types of Conflict
Character and
Characterization

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4. Appreciate the importance
of organization and
structure in stories and
connect this to the need
for order and clarity in real-
life situations.
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Analyze Literary Texts
Identify Meaning & Purpose
Collaborate Effectively
• Identify and
describe the five
elements of plot in a
short story.
LESSON 1
Learning Objectives
• Arrange sequenced
events of a story to
demonstrate
understanding of plot
structure

5. Elements of a story
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- The sequence of events that make up a
story, including exposition, rising action,
climax, falling action, and resolution.

6. The exposition
introduces the
characters, setting,
and initial situation,
providing necessary
context.
Introduction
Characters: Who are
the main players?
Setting: Where and
when does the story
take place? Initial
Situation: What is the
background or status
quo?
Key Components
In "Cinderella," the
exposition introduces
Cinderella, her cruel
stepfamily, and her life
of servitude.
Example
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Exposition: Setting the Stage

7. Rising Action: Building Tension
The rising action is where conflicts arise and
tension builds, pushing the story towards the
climax.
Definition of Rising Action
Series of events: A sequence of actions that
escalate the stakes; Increasing conflict:
Challenges and obstacles faced by the
characters; Suspense: Keeping the audience
engaged and wondering what will happen next.
Characteristics
In "Cinderella," the rising action includes the
announcement of the royal ball and Cinderella’s
desire to attend.
Example

8. The climax is the peak of
tension, where the central
conflict is confronted
directly.
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Nature of the Climax
High tension: The most
exciting or intense
moment; Turning point: A
decisive moment where
the protagonist faces
their biggest challenge;
Revelation: Often involves
a significant discovery or
realization.
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Characteristics Example
In "Cinderella," the climax
is when Cinderella attends
the ball, the Prince falls in
love with her, and she
must flee before the spell
breaks.
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Climax: The Turning Point

9. About Falling
Action
The falling action
includes events that
occur after the
climax, leading to the
resolution.
Key Aspects
Consequences: The
immediate aftermath
of the climax; Loose
ends: Tying up
subplots or
unresolved issues;
Decreasing tension:
Moving towards a
sense of closure.
Example
In "Cinderella," the
falling action is the
Prince searching for
the mysterious girl
who fits the glass
slipper.
Falling Action: Winding Down

10. The resolution is the end
of the story, where
conflicts are resolved
and the narrative
concludes.
Definition of Resolution
Conflict resolution: The main
problem is solved or
addressed; Character
outcomes: What happens to
the main characters? Theme
reinforcement: The underlying
message of the story is clarified.
Elements of Resolution
In "Cinderella," the
resolution is when
Cinderella is found to fit the
slipper, marries the Prince,
and lives happily ever after.
Example
Resolution: Finding Closure

11. The sequence of events that make up a story, including exposition,
rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.
Linear Plot
• Events unfold chronologically from
beginning to end.
• Follows traditional story structure.
• Easy to follow cause-and-effect
relationships.
Non-linear Plots
• Events presented out of chronological order.
• May include flashbacks, flash-forwards,
or parallel timelines.
• Requires active reader engagement to
piece together the story.
Types of plot
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12. Linear Plot: Chronological Order
Definition of Linear Plot Characteristics Example
A linear plot presents events
in chronological order, from
beginning to end.
Sequential: Events follow a
clear timeline; Easy to follow:
Straightforward and simple to
understand; Cause-and-effect:
Each event leads logically to
the next.
Most fairy tales, like "Little
Red Riding Hood," follow a
linear plot structure.

13. Non-Linear Plot: Out of Order
Definition of Non-Linear Plot
A non-linear plot presents events out of chronological
order, often using flashbacks or flash-forwards.
Characteristics
Flashbacks: Returning to past events to provide context; Flash-
forwards: Previewing future events; Complex structure:
Requires the audience to piece together the timeline.
Example
AVENGERS, is an example of a non-linear plot, the
concept of multiverse, time skip, and lots of parts.

14. Types of Conflict
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- The struggle or tension that drives the narrative forward.
Internal Conflict
• Character vs. Self (psychological, moral, emotional struggles).
External Conflict
• Character vs. Character (interpersonal conflicts).
• Character vs. Society (social, cultural, or political struggles).
• Character vs. Nature (environmental challenges).
• Character vs. Technology/Supernatural
(modern or fantastical elements).

15. Internal conflict
involves a character’s
struggle with their
own thoughts,
emotions, or beliefs.
Understanding Internal
Conflict
Moral dilemmas: Making
difficult choices between
right and wrong;
Psychological battles:
Overcoming fears, doubts,
or mental health issues;
Self-acceptance: Coming
to terms with one's
identity or past.
Key Aspects
Internal Conflict: Character vs. Self

16. Conflict between two or more
characters, often involving
opposing goals or values.
Conflict between a character
and the norms, laws, or
expectations of society.
Conflict between a character
and natural elements, such as
weather, geography, or
wildlife.
Conflict between a character
and technological
advancements or machines.
Conflict between a character
and supernatural forces, such
as ghosts, deities, or magic.
Character vs. Character Character vs. Society Character vs. Nature
Character vs. Technology Character vs. Supernatural
External Conflicts

17. Character and Characterization
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- The individuals who populate the story.
Characterization: Methods authors use to develop and
reveal character traits.

18. The main character who drives
the plot forward; they often
undergo significant change.
Protagonist
The character or force that opposes the
protagonist, creating conflict.
Antagonist
Characters who aid or hinder the
protagonist, adding depth and
complexity to the story.
Supporting Characters
Character Types

19. Characterization Methods
Indirect
Characterization
Character traits are
revealed through
actions, dialogue,
thoughts,
appearance, and
others’ reactions.
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Direct
Characterizatio
n
The author directly
describes a
character’s traits,
personality, and
background.
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20. Thank you.