Typesofelectronmicroscope
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This document describes two types of electron microscopes: transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) which pass an electron beam through a specimen to form an image based on electron deflection, and scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) which record electrons reflected off a specimen's surface to produce 3D images without requiring thin specimens.
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Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is guided through an ultra thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through.An image is formed from the fundamental interaction of the electrons transmitted through the specimen; the image is magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, on a layer of photographic film, or to be observed by a sensor such as a CCD camera.
Energy filtered transmission electron microscope
The Energy-Filtered Transmission Electron Microscope (EFTEM) is a technique used in transmission electron microscopy that allows only electrons of particular kinetic energies to form an image. It consists of a magnetic prism and optical column that disperses electrons by energy, and an adjustable slit selects a narrow energy range. This enables elemental mapping by imaging with electrons that have undergone an element-specific energy loss.
Transmission electron microscopy (1) (1)
Beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra thin specimen,
An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons transmitted through the specimen,
The image is magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, on a layer of photographic film, or to be detected by a sensor such as a CCD camera
Scanning transmission electron microscope (2)
This document provides an overview of specimen preparation and imaging methods for scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). It discusses how specimens are thinned to around 100nm thickness through techniques like ion milling, electrolytic thinning, and ultramicrotomy. It also explains how STEM works by scanning a small probe across the sample to form images based on transmitted and diffracted beams detected by different types of detectors, providing better contrast than conventional TEM though with lower resolution due to the larger probe size.
Tem
TEM provides high resolution imaging of materials through transmission of electrons. It can form images of microstructure features and also collect diffraction data from specimen areas. Different imaging modes like bright field and dark field are used depending on whether the main beam or diffracted beams are selected. Precise specimen preparation and instrument alignment are needed for high resolution lattice imaging. TEM allows visualization and characterization of microstructure features at nanometer scales.
Electron microscope
The document discusses different types of microscopes used to view very small objects. It compares light microscopes and electron microscopes. Electron microscopes use beams of electrons instead of light to form higher magnification and resolution images. There are two main types - scanning electron microscopes, which view surface features, and transmission electron microscopes, which can view inside thin specimens at up to 500,000x magnification. Electron microscopes require specimens to be prepared differently and have more complex components than light microscopes to generate and control the electron beam.
Principle & Applications of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) & High Res...
The document discusses transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). It provides an overview of these techniques, including their working principles and applications. TEM uses electron beams to image thin samples at high magnifications. HRTEM provides higher resolution imaging at the atomic scale through interference between transmitted and scattered electron beams. Examples are given of using TEM and HRTEM to characterize materials such as metal oxide nanocomposites and semiconductor quantum structures.
As mechanics of breathing
During inspiration, contraction of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm causes the rib cage to move upwards and outwards, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity and decreasing pressure inside. This lower pressure allows oxygen to move from the higher pressure atmosphere into the lungs. Expiration is usually a passive process where relaxation of these muscles causes the rib cage and diaphragm to move back to their original positions, decreasing thoracic cavity size, increasing pressure, and allowing gases to move out of the lungs into the lower pressure atmosphere.
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Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is guided through an ultra thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through.An image is formed from the fundamental interaction of the electrons transmitted through the specimen; the image is magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, on a layer of photographic film, or to be observed by a sensor such as a CCD camera.
Energy filtered transmission electron microscope
The Energy-Filtered Transmission Electron Microscope (EFTEM) is a technique used in transmission electron microscopy that allows only electrons of particular kinetic energies to form an image. It consists of a magnetic prism and optical column that disperses electrons by energy, and an adjustable slit selects a narrow energy range. This enables elemental mapping by imaging with electrons that have undergone an element-specific energy loss.
Transmission electron microscopy (1) (1)
Beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra thin specimen,
An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons transmitted through the specimen,
The image is magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, on a layer of photographic film, or to be detected by a sensor such as a CCD camera
Scanning transmission electron microscope (2)
This document provides an overview of specimen preparation and imaging methods for scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). It discusses how specimens are thinned to around 100nm thickness through techniques like ion milling, electrolytic thinning, and ultramicrotomy. It also explains how STEM works by scanning a small probe across the sample to form images based on transmitted and diffracted beams detected by different types of detectors, providing better contrast than conventional TEM though with lower resolution due to the larger probe size.
Tem
TEM provides high resolution imaging of materials through transmission of electrons. It can form images of microstructure features and also collect diffraction data from specimen areas. Different imaging modes like bright field and dark field are used depending on whether the main beam or diffracted beams are selected. Precise specimen preparation and instrument alignment are needed for high resolution lattice imaging. TEM allows visualization and characterization of microstructure features at nanometer scales.
Electron microscope
The document discusses different types of microscopes used to view very small objects. It compares light microscopes and electron microscopes. Electron microscopes use beams of electrons instead of light to form higher magnification and resolution images. There are two main types - scanning electron microscopes, which view surface features, and transmission electron microscopes, which can view inside thin specimens at up to 500,000x magnification. Electron microscopes require specimens to be prepared differently and have more complex components than light microscopes to generate and control the electron beam.
Principle & Applications of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) & High Res...
The document discusses transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). It provides an overview of these techniques, including their working principles and applications. TEM uses electron beams to image thin samples at high magnifications. HRTEM provides higher resolution imaging at the atomic scale through interference between transmitted and scattered electron beams. Examples are given of using TEM and HRTEM to characterize materials such as metal oxide nanocomposites and semiconductor quantum structures.
As mechanics of breathing
During inspiration, contraction of the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm causes the rib cage to move upwards and outwards, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity and decreasing pressure inside. This lower pressure allows oxygen to move from the higher pressure atmosphere into the lungs. Expiration is usually a passive process where relaxation of these muscles causes the rib cage and diaphragm to move back to their original positions, decreasing thoracic cavity size, increasing pressure, and allowing gases to move out of the lungs into the lower pressure atmosphere.
types of WBC
This document summarizes the different types of white blood cells (WBCs). It discusses granulocytes which contain granules, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes do not contain granules and include lymphocytes and monocytes. Neutrophils are the most common type of WBC and function through phagocytosis. Eosinophils contain a bi-lobed nucleus and increase during allergic conditions. Basophils contain granules that release histamine and cause inflammation. Monocytes are single kidney shaped cells that phagocytose after becoming macrophages. Lymphocytes include B and T cells which carry out immune functions. B cells mature in bone marrow and
Seed dispersal
The document describes several plants and their seed dispersal mechanisms, including dandelion seeds that are carried by wind until moisture causes them to fall, burdock seeds that stick to animal fur to be transported, poppy heads that scatter seeds through small openings when shaken by wind, lupin pods that split open and catapult seeds away from the parent plant, and coconut husks and sycamore wings that help seeds float or spin farther on wind currents.
Flowerparts
The document discusses the main parts of a flower - the sepals, petals, stamen, and pistil. The sepals are the outermost ring that protect the developing bud. Inside are the petals, which attract pollinators with their color. The stamen are the male reproductive organs that produce pollen. In the center is the pistil, which contains the female reproductive organs including the stigma, style, and ovary that produce seeds.
Types of-asexual-reproduction
Types of asexual reproduction include binary fission, spore formation, and tuber formation. Binary fission involves a parent cell dividing into two equal daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent. Spore formation occurs when fungal hyphae grow vertically and produce spores that are released. Tuber formation takes place as underground stems of certain plants like potatoes swell into storage organs called tubers.
asexual and-sexual_reproduction
This document compares asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent producing offspring that are identical to itself. It occurs in plants, bacteria, protists and some invertebrates. The offspring have no variation and less chance of survival. Sexual reproduction involves two parents producing offspring that are a combination of both parents, making them unique. This provides variation and ability to adapt to environmental changes, but requires finding a mate and takes longer.
Nutrition
Autotrophic nutrition refers to organisms that can produce their own organic compounds from inorganic sources. There are two main types: photoautotrophs like plants use light as an energy source through photosynthesis, while chemoautotrophs like deep sea bacteria use chemical energy through chemosynthesis to produce food without relying on sunlight. Both photosynthesis and chemosynthesis allow autotrophs to make their own organic compounds from inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water.
types of RNA
There are three main types of RNA: transfer RNA (tRNA) which transfers amino acids to ribosomes for protein assembly, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which forms ribosomes along with proteins, and messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm where proteins are made. mRNA is single stranded and made of 1000 nucleotides.
Adrenaline
Adrenaline causes several effects on the body including increasing the pulse rate and blood glucose levels to provide more energy to muscles, as well as increasing breathing rate to deliver more oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. It also causes physical reactions like sweating, goosebumps, hair standing on end, dilated pupils, and pale skin as blood is redirected away from the skin.
The eyeshaveit
The document describes the main parts of the eye including the cornea, iris, pupil, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina, and optic nerve. It explains that the cornea focuses light like a camera lens, the iris controls the pupil size to regulate light, and the lens bends light to enable vision. Rods and cones in the retina detect light and color. Protection features of the eye include eyebrows that prevent sweat from entering, eyelashes that collect particles, and tears that keep the eye clean and moist.
04 implantation (1)
The zygote undergoes rapid cell division over the first 30 hours after fertilization, dividing into 2, then 4, then 8 and 16 cells. The trophoblast layer develops into the chorion and amnion membranes, with the chorion growing finger-like villi to increase nutrient absorption and secreting HCG to sustain the corpus luteum, and the villi later forming part of the placenta. The amnion forms a sac around the fetus containing amniotic fluid to protect and provide room for movement of the fetus.
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The menstrual cycle consists of four stages: the follicle stage where FSH stimulates follicle development; ovulation where the LH surge triggers egg release; the corpus luteum stage where the follicle forms the progesterone-producing corpus luteum; and menstruation where the corpus luteum breaks down in the absence of pregnancy, dropping estrogen and progesterone levels and causing shedding of the uterine lining.
gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes over 65-70 days. It begins with spermatogonia that undergo mitosis and meiosis to form haploid spermatids from diploid spermatocytes. Sertoli cells secrete fluid to nourish spermatids and protect them, while interstitial cells secrete testosterone. Oogenesis similarly occurs in the ovaries, forming oocytes or eggs over a woman's lifetime from primary oocytes present at birth that undergo meiosis to become haploid secondary oocytes if fertilized.
Gametogenesis
- The document appears to be exam instructions and questions for a biology diploma exam. It provides exam rules and guidelines, as well as two sample exam questions.
- The first question is multiple choice, asking students to shade the correct answer for questions about respiratory and circulatory systems. It contains 14 questions.
- The second question asks students to analyze a graph showing lung pressure changes during breathing and calculate the difference between minimum inspiration and maximum expiration pressures. It is worth 14 marks.
- The document provides instructions for how students should answer multiple choice and graph analysis questions on the exam.
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system functions to produce sex hormones, eggs, and support embryo development. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus, catching eggs with cilia and transporting them. The uterus is a muscular organ that supports pregnancy, expanding significantly, with an inner lining that thickens each menstrual cycle to potentially allow embryo implantation.
Male reproductive system
The male reproductive system consists of both external and internal structures. Externally, it includes the testes which produce sperm and testosterone, the scrotum which holds the testes, and the penis. Internally, each testis contains seminiferous tubules that produce sperm and merge to form the epididymis and vas deferens, leading to the urethra which carries sperm and urine. Along the urethra are glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate that secrete fluids to nourish and protect sperm.
The stages-of-fertilisation-in-a-flowering-plant
The key structures in a flower include the stigma, anther, style, ovary, and ovule. The stages of pollination begin when a pollen grain lands on the stigma and stimulates the formation of a pollen tube. The pollen tube grows down the style and carries the pollen grain nucleus and two male gametes. It continues growing until it reaches the micropyle opening of the ovary, where the male gametes are released. One male gamete fuses with the female gamete to form a zygote, while the other fuses with the diploid nucleus to form triploid endosperm.
Inheritance terms to learn
Inheritance is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next. Chromosomes are structures in cells that contain genes, which are segments of DNA that code for particular traits. Alleles are variations of a gene that can cause differences in a characteristic. A dominant allele will be expressed over a recessive allele. An individual's genotype refers to their genetic makeup, while their phenotype describes their observable physical traits.
Glycolysis
The document discusses glycolysis, which is the first stage of respiration. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells and involves splitting a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. It has two stages - phosphorylation and oxidation. In phosphorylation, glucose is phosphorylated using ATP to form glucose phosphate, which then splits to form two triose phosphates. In oxidation, the triose phosphates are oxidized to form two pyruvate molecules while collecting hydrogen ions to form NADH, and producing a net gain of two ATP molecules.
Need for energy
This document discusses several biological processes that require energy: movement through cilia, flagella, and muscle contraction; maintaining a constant body temperature in endotherms; anabolic processes that form complex molecules; active transport moving molecules against concentration gradients; bioluminescence converting chemical energy to light; and secretion involving packaging and transport of secretory products into vesicles.
Pollination - types
The document discusses three types of pollination: self-pollination where pollen is transferred within the same plant, cross-pollination where pollen is transferred between different plants, and wind or insect pollination which can occur across plants. Wind-pollinated flowers have adaptations like small dull colors, no scent or nectar, very light pollen, and dangling anthers and feathery stigmas to catch drifting pollen. Insect-pollinated flowers evolve traits including bright colors, sweet scents, nectar, sticky pollen, and positioned anthers and stigmas to attract insects and ensure pollen transfer.
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types of WBC
This document summarizes the different types of white blood cells (WBCs). It discusses granulocytes which contain granules, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Agranulocytes do not contain granules and include lymphocytes and monocytes. Neutrophils are the most common type of WBC and function through phagocytosis. Eosinophils contain a bi-lobed nucleus and increase during allergic conditions. Basophils contain granules that release histamine and cause inflammation. Monocytes are single kidney shaped cells that phagocytose after becoming macrophages. Lymphocytes include B and T cells which carry out immune functions. B cells mature in bone marrow and
Seed dispersal
The document describes several plants and their seed dispersal mechanisms, including dandelion seeds that are carried by wind until moisture causes them to fall, burdock seeds that stick to animal fur to be transported, poppy heads that scatter seeds through small openings when shaken by wind, lupin pods that split open and catapult seeds away from the parent plant, and coconut husks and sycamore wings that help seeds float or spin farther on wind currents.
Flowerparts
The document discusses the main parts of a flower - the sepals, petals, stamen, and pistil. The sepals are the outermost ring that protect the developing bud. Inside are the petals, which attract pollinators with their color. The stamen are the male reproductive organs that produce pollen. In the center is the pistil, which contains the female reproductive organs including the stigma, style, and ovary that produce seeds.
Types of-asexual-reproduction
Types of asexual reproduction include binary fission, spore formation, and tuber formation. Binary fission involves a parent cell dividing into two equal daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent. Spore formation occurs when fungal hyphae grow vertically and produce spores that are released. Tuber formation takes place as underground stems of certain plants like potatoes swell into storage organs called tubers.
asexual and-sexual_reproduction
This document compares asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves one parent producing offspring that are identical to itself. It occurs in plants, bacteria, protists and some invertebrates. The offspring have no variation and less chance of survival. Sexual reproduction involves two parents producing offspring that are a combination of both parents, making them unique. This provides variation and ability to adapt to environmental changes, but requires finding a mate and takes longer.
Nutrition
Autotrophic nutrition refers to organisms that can produce their own organic compounds from inorganic sources. There are two main types: photoautotrophs like plants use light as an energy source through photosynthesis, while chemoautotrophs like deep sea bacteria use chemical energy through chemosynthesis to produce food without relying on sunlight. Both photosynthesis and chemosynthesis allow autotrophs to make their own organic compounds from inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water.
types of RNA
There are three main types of RNA: transfer RNA (tRNA) which transfers amino acids to ribosomes for protein assembly, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which forms ribosomes along with proteins, and messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm where proteins are made. mRNA is single stranded and made of 1000 nucleotides.
Adrenaline
Adrenaline causes several effects on the body including increasing the pulse rate and blood glucose levels to provide more energy to muscles, as well as increasing breathing rate to deliver more oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. It also causes physical reactions like sweating, goosebumps, hair standing on end, dilated pupils, and pale skin as blood is redirected away from the skin.
The eyeshaveit
The document describes the main parts of the eye including the cornea, iris, pupil, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina, and optic nerve. It explains that the cornea focuses light like a camera lens, the iris controls the pupil size to regulate light, and the lens bends light to enable vision. Rods and cones in the retina detect light and color. Protection features of the eye include eyebrows that prevent sweat from entering, eyelashes that collect particles, and tears that keep the eye clean and moist.
04 implantation (1)
The zygote undergoes rapid cell division over the first 30 hours after fertilization, dividing into 2, then 4, then 8 and 16 cells. The trophoblast layer develops into the chorion and amnion membranes, with the chorion growing finger-like villi to increase nutrient absorption and secreting HCG to sustain the corpus luteum, and the villi later forming part of the placenta. The amnion forms a sac around the fetus containing amniotic fluid to protect and provide room for movement of the fetus.
Menstruation
The menstrual cycle consists of four stages: the follicle stage where FSH stimulates follicle development; ovulation where the LH surge triggers egg release; the corpus luteum stage where the follicle forms the progesterone-producing corpus luteum; and menstruation where the corpus luteum breaks down in the absence of pregnancy, dropping estrogen and progesterone levels and causing shedding of the uterine lining.
gametogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes over 65-70 days. It begins with spermatogonia that undergo mitosis and meiosis to form haploid spermatids from diploid spermatocytes. Sertoli cells secrete fluid to nourish spermatids and protect them, while interstitial cells secrete testosterone. Oogenesis similarly occurs in the ovaries, forming oocytes or eggs over a woman's lifetime from primary oocytes present at birth that undergo meiosis to become haploid secondary oocytes if fertilized.
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- The document appears to be exam instructions and questions for a biology diploma exam. It provides exam rules and guidelines, as well as two sample exam questions.
- The first question is multiple choice, asking students to shade the correct answer for questions about respiratory and circulatory systems. It contains 14 questions.
- The second question asks students to analyze a graph showing lung pressure changes during breathing and calculate the difference between minimum inspiration and maximum expiration pressures. It is worth 14 marks.
- The document provides instructions for how students should answer multiple choice and graph analysis questions on the exam.
Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system functions to produce sex hormones, eggs, and support embryo development. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone. The fallopian tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus, catching eggs with cilia and transporting them. The uterus is a muscular organ that supports pregnancy, expanding significantly, with an inner lining that thickens each menstrual cycle to potentially allow embryo implantation.
Male reproductive system
The male reproductive system consists of both external and internal structures. Externally, it includes the testes which produce sperm and testosterone, the scrotum which holds the testes, and the penis. Internally, each testis contains seminiferous tubules that produce sperm and merge to form the epididymis and vas deferens, leading to the urethra which carries sperm and urine. Along the urethra are glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate that secrete fluids to nourish and protect sperm.
The stages-of-fertilisation-in-a-flowering-plant
The key structures in a flower include the stigma, anther, style, ovary, and ovule. The stages of pollination begin when a pollen grain lands on the stigma and stimulates the formation of a pollen tube. The pollen tube grows down the style and carries the pollen grain nucleus and two male gametes. It continues growing until it reaches the micropyle opening of the ovary, where the male gametes are released. One male gamete fuses with the female gamete to form a zygote, while the other fuses with the diploid nucleus to form triploid endosperm.
Inheritance terms to learn
Inheritance is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next. Chromosomes are structures in cells that contain genes, which are segments of DNA that code for particular traits. Alleles are variations of a gene that can cause differences in a characteristic. A dominant allele will be expressed over a recessive allele. An individual's genotype refers to their genetic makeup, while their phenotype describes their observable physical traits.
Glycolysis
The document discusses glycolysis, which is the first stage of respiration. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells and involves splitting a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. It has two stages - phosphorylation and oxidation. In phosphorylation, glucose is phosphorylated using ATP to form glucose phosphate, which then splits to form two triose phosphates. In oxidation, the triose phosphates are oxidized to form two pyruvate molecules while collecting hydrogen ions to form NADH, and producing a net gain of two ATP molecules.
Need for energy
This document discusses several biological processes that require energy: movement through cilia, flagella, and muscle contraction; maintaining a constant body temperature in endotherms; anabolic processes that form complex molecules; active transport moving molecules against concentration gradients; bioluminescence converting chemical energy to light; and secretion involving packaging and transport of secretory products into vesicles.
Pollination - types
The document discusses three types of pollination: self-pollination where pollen is transferred within the same plant, cross-pollination where pollen is transferred between different plants, and wind or insect pollination which can occur across plants. Wind-pollinated flowers have adaptations like small dull colors, no scent or nectar, very light pollen, and dangling anthers and feathery stigmas to catch drifting pollen. Insect-pollinated flowers evolve traits including bright colors, sweet scents, nectar, sticky pollen, and positioned anthers and stigmas to attract insects and ensure pollen transfer.
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Chapter 2
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Typesofelectronmicroscope
- 1. Types of Electron Microscope Transmission Electron Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope
- 2. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEMs) The electron beam passes through the specimen. Electrons are deflected as they pass through the material and the pattern is converted into an image
- 3. Scanning Electron Microscope ( SEMs) SEM record the electrons that are reflected off the surface of a specimen. Thin specimens are not needed and 3-D images are produced