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1. Lecture 1: Introduction to
Research
Research Design &
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2. INDEX
Objectives of the Lecture:
1. Explain what is research, and what is not
research.
2. Objectives of research.
3. Motivation in research.
4. Introduce the different types of research.

3. INDEX • What is
Research?
• What is Not
Research?
• Research
Methdology
• Objectives of
Research
• Motivation in
research
• Types f
research
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4. Introduction to Research
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5. What is Research ??
• Research is often viewed as the corner stone of scientific progress. It is a systematic
process based on scientific method that consists of testing hypotheses, careful
observation and measurement, systematic evaluation of data, and drawing valid conclusions.
• •According to C.C. Crawdford, research is simply a systematic and refined
technique of thinking, employing specialized tools, instruments, and procedures
in order to obtain a more adequate solution of a problem that would be possible under
ordinary means.
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@Sinaiunieg
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6. What is Not Research ??
• Research isn’t information gathering:
• Gathering information from resources such books or
magazines
• isn’t research.
• No contribution to new knowledge.
• Research isn’t the transportation of facts:
• Merely transporting facts from one resource to another doesn’t
constitute research.
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7. • The ways one collects and analyzes data.
• Methods developed for acquiring trustworthy
knowledge via reliable and valid procedures.
Research Methodology
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8. www.su.edu.eg
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Reliability: Is the degree to which research methods
produces stable and consistent results.
V
alidity: How well the results among the study participants
represent true findings among similar individuals outside
the study.

9. • Add to scientific knowledge.
• Improve the medical and health practice.
• Benefit the patients and community.
• Study new phenomenon for establishing the facts.
• Help in planning the medical and health programs.
• Support managerial aspects of health development.
• Improve diagnostic techniques by newer, cheaper and accurate
tests.
• Help in effective patient care management.
Objectives of Research
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@Sinaiunieg
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10. 1. Desire to get a research
benefits.
degree along with its consequential
2.Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e.,
concern over practical problems initiates research.
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work.
4. Desire to be of service to society.
5. Desire to get respectability.
Motivation in Research
info@su.edu.eg
@Sinaiunieg
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11. A- According to the purpose of application:
I.Basic/fundamental/pure research: It is entirely theoretical and
aimed at improving the knowledge base of a particular field of study.
II.Applied research: It seeks the specific knowledge necessary to TTT
of a particular diseases. So, it provides practical solution to a specific
problem.
III- Clinical trials: It addresses important question of normal function
and disease using human subjects.
Types of Research
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@Sinaiunieg
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12. B. According to the type of data used:
I.Quantitative research: It generates numerical data or information
that can be converted into numbers.
II. Qualitative research: It generates non-numerical data that provides
a complete description of the research topic.
Follow: Types of Research
info@su.edu.eg
@Sinaiunieg
www.su.edu.eg

13. C. According to depth of Research scope:
I- Descriptive research: is used to define the
characteristics of a particular phenomenon without
necessarily investigating the causes that produce it. Tts
major purpose is description of the state of affairs as it exists
at present.
II- Analytical research: the researcher has to use facts or
information already available, and analyze these to make a
critical evaluation of the material.
Follow: Types of Research
info@su.edu.eg
@Sinaiunieg
www.su.edu.eg

14. C. According to depth of Research scope:
III.Exploratory research: is used for the preliminary investigation
of a subject that is not yet well understood or sufficiently
researched.
IV.Explanatory research: is responsible for establishing cause-
and- effect relationships that allow generalizations to be
extended to similar realities.
V.Correlation research: used is to identify the relationship
between two or more variables.
Follow: Types of Research
info@su.edu.eg
@Sinaiunieg
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15. D- According to the degree of manipulation of
variables:
I.Experimental Research
II.Non Experimental (Observational)
Research III- Quasi Experimental Research
Follow: Types of Research
info@su.edu.eg
@Sinaiunieg
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16. E- According to time:
I. Longitudinal Study: It is the monitoring of the same event,
individual or group over a defined period of time. It aims to track
changes in a number of variables and see how they evolve over
time. It is often used in medical, psychological and social areas.
II. Crosssectionalstudy: It is used to observe phenomena, an
individual or a group of research subjects at a given time.
Follow: Types of Research
info@su.edu.eg
@Sinaiunieg
www.su.edu.eg