Aortic insufficiency (AI), also known as aortic regurgitation (AR), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle. As a consequence, the cardiac muscle is forced to work harder than normal.

1. Twelve Eponymous
Signs of Aortic
Regurgitation
Alphabetical

2. Austin Flint
murmur
• Mid-diastolic murmur not due to
organic mitral stenosis

3. Corrigan
pulse
• Collapsing pulse or water-hammer
pulse

4. de Musset sign
Head bobbing
with each heart
beat

5. Duroziez sign
• To-and-fro femoral arterial sounds
under compression

6. Gerhard sign
• Pulsatile spleen

7. Hill sign
• Higher systolic blood pressure in legs than arms

8. Mayne sign
• Drop in diastolic pressure 15 mm
Hg on arm elevation

9. Mueller sign
• Pulsatile uvula

10. Quincke sign
Exaggerated capillary pulsation of nail bed

11. Rosenbach sign
Pulsatile liver

12. Traube sign
• Booming systolic and diastolic
sounds (“pistol shot”) heard over
femoral artery under light
compression

13. Wish You a
Happy New
Year