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1. ◦ The Purpose of Professional Codes of Conduct and Practice
 A code of ethics is a guide of principles designed to help professionals
conduct business honestly and with integrity. A code of ethics, also referred
to as an "ethical code," may encompass areas such as business ethics, a
code of professional practice, and an employee code of conduct. A well-
written code of conduct clarifies an organization's mission, values and
principles, linking them with standards of professional conduct. The code
articulates the values the organization wishes to foster in leaders and
employees and, in doing so, defines desired behavior

2. ◦ Types of Codes of Ethics
 A code of ethics can take a variety of forms, but the general goal is to ensure that a
business and its employees are following the laws, conducting themselves with an
ideal that can be exemplary, and ensuring that the business being conducted is
beneficial for all stakeholders. The following are three types of codes of ethics found
in business.
 Compliance-Based Code of Ethics
 For all businesses, laws regulate issues such as hiring and safety standards.
Compliance-based codes of ethics not only set guidelines for conduct but also
determine penalties for violations. In some industries, including banking, specific
laws govern business conduct. These industries formulate compliance-based codes of
ethics to enforce laws and regulations. Employees usually undergo formal training to
learn the rules of conduct.
 Value-Based Code of Ethics
 A value-based code of ethics addresses a company's core value system. It may outline
standards of responsible conduct as they relate to the larger public good and the
environment. Value-based ethical codes may require a greater degree of self-regulation
than compliance-based codes.

3.  Some codes of conduct contain language that addresses both compliance and
values. For example, a grocery store chain might create a code of conduct that
espouses the company's commitment to health and safety regulations above
financial gain. That grocery chain might also include a statement about refusing
to contract with suppliers that feed hormones to livestock or raise animals in
inhumane living conditions.
 Because noncompliance can create legal issues for the company as a whole,
individual workers within a firm may face penalties for failing to follow
guidelines. To ensure that the aims and principles of the code of ethics are
followed, some companies appoint a compliance officer. This individual is tasked
with keeping up to date on changes in regulation codes and monitoring employee
conduct to encourage conformity.
 This type of code of ethics is based on clear-cut rules and well-defined
consequences rather than individual monitoring of personal behavior. Despite
strict adherence to the law, some compliance-based codes of conduct do not thus
promote a climate of moral responsibility within the company.

4. ◦ Code of Ethics among Professionals
 Advisers must be registered and certified or state regulators are bound by a code
of ethics. This is a legal requirement and also a code of loyalty that requires them
to act in the best interest of their clients. Certified public accountants, who are
not typically considered fiduciaries to their clients, still are expected to follow
similar ethical standards, such as integrity, objectivity, truthfulness, and
avoidance of conflicts of interest. Professionals should obey by:
 Act with integrity, competence, diligence, respect, and in an ethical manner with
the public, clients, prospective clients, employers, employees, colleagues in the
investment profession, and other participants in the global capital markets.
 Place the integrity of the investment profession and the interests of clients above
their own personal interests.

5.  Use reasonable care and exercise independent professional judgment when
conducting investment analysis, making investment recommendations, taking
investment actions, and engaging in other professional activities.
 Practice and encourage others to practice professionally and ethically that will
reflect credit on themselves and the profession.
 Promote the integrity and viability of the global capital markets for the ultimate
benefit of society improve Maintain and improve their professional competence
and strive to maintain and the competence of other investment professionals.
 All companies will have a different code of ethics with different areas of interest,
based on the industry they are involved in, but the areas that companies typically
focus on include: integrity, objectivity, professional competence, confidentiality,
and professional behavior.
 A code of ethics in business is a set of guiding principles intended to ensure a
business and its employees act with honesty and integrity in all facets of its day-
to-day operations and to only engage in acts that promote a benefit to society.

6. ◦ The Difference between a Code of Ethics and a Code of Conduct
 A code of ethics is broader in its nature, outlining what is acceptable for the company in
terms of integrity and how it operates. A code of conduct is more focused in nature and
instructs how a business' employees should act daily and in specific situations. A code of
ethics is a guiding set of principles intended to instruct professionals to act in a manner
that is honest and that is beneficial to all stakeholders involved. A code of ethics is
drafted by a business and tailored to the specific industry at hand, requiring all
employees of that business to adhere to the code.
◦ Applying Code of Conduct
 A code of conduct applies to everyone within an organization, with each company
having their own code of conduct that employees need to follow. A code of conduct is
created by the employer to let their staff members know what is expected of them in
terms of behavior in the workplace. A code of conduct is the most common policy
within an organization. This policy lays out the company's principles, standards, and the
moral and ethical expectations that employees and third parties are held to as they
interact with the organization.

7.  Some Codes of Conduct sets the values and principles that we as employees follow
in our interactions with each other and with our stakeholders such as customers and
other business partners, our shareholders and the regulatory authorities. It forms the
basis for our behavior and for the public image.
Standards of
 The Standards of Professional Practice are an agreed upon set of ethical and
professional standards. Members the professions use these standards in developing
their own codes and guide them daily as they continue their work. These include
the following:
Professional Services
 Members of the profession fulfill the responsibilities of their position by supporting
the educational interests, rights, and of clients in accordance with the mission of the
employing institution.

8. Professional Practice
Agreement with Institutional Mission and Goals
 Members who accept employment with an educational institution subscribe to the
general mission and goals of the institution.
Management of Institutional Resources
 Members of the profession seek to advance the welfare of the employing institution
through accountability for the proper use of institutional funds, personnel,
equipment, and other resources. Members inform appropriate officials of conditions
which may be potentially disruptive or damaging to the institution's mission,
personnel, and property.
Employment Relationship
 Members honor employment relationships. Members do not commence new duties
or obligations at another institution under a new contractual agreement until
termination of an existing contract, unless otherwise agreed to by the member and
the member's current and new supervisors. Members adhere to professional practices
in securing positions and employment relationships.

9. Conflict of Interest
 Members recognize their obligation to the employing institution and seek to avoid private
interests, obligations, and transactions which are in conflict of interest or give the
appearance of impropriety. Members clearly distinguish between statements and actions
which represent their own personal views and those which represent their employing
institution when important to do so.
Legal Authority. Members respect and acknowledge all lawful authority. Members refrain
from conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, and misrepresentation or unlawful
discrimination.
 Members demonstrate concern for the legal, social codes and moral expectations of the
communities in which they live and work even when the dictates of one's conscience may
require behavior as a private citizen which is not in keeping with these codes/expectations.
Equal Consideration and Treatment of Others
 Members execute professional responsibilities with fairness and impartiality and show
equal consideration to individuals regardless of status or position. Members respect
individuality and promote an appreciation of human diversity in higher education.

10.  In keeping with the mission of their respective institution and remaining cognizant
of federal, state, and local laws, they do not discriminate on the basis of race, color,
national origin, religion, age, sex, affection or disability. Members do not engage in
or tolerate harassment in any form and should exercise professional judgment in
entering into intimate relationships with those for whom they have any supervisory,
evaluative, or instructional responsibility.
Professionals Behavior
 Members demonstrate and promote responsible behavior and support actions that
enhance personal growth and development of workers. Members foster conditions
designed to ensure a workers’ acceptance of responsibility for his/her own behavior.
Members inform and educate workers’ as to sanctions or constraints on worker
behavior which may result from violations of law or institutional policies.
Integrity of Information and Research
 Members ensure that all information conveyed to others is accurate and in
appropriate context. In their research and publications, members conduct and report
research studies to assure accurate interpretation of findings, and they adhere to
accepted professional standards of academic integrity

11. Confidentiality
 Members ensure that confidentiality is maintained with respect to all privileged
communications and to educational and professional records considered confidential.
They inform all parties of the nature and/or limits of confidentiality. Members share
information only in accordance with institutional policies and relevant statutes when
given the informed consent or when required to prevent personal harm to themselves or
others.
Research Involving Human Subjects
 Members are aware of and take responsibility for all pertinent ethical principles and
institutional requirements when planning any research activity dealing with human
subjects.
Representation of Professional Competence
 Members at all times represent accurately their professional credentials, competencies,
and limitations and act to correct any misrepresentations of these qualifications by
others. Members make proper referrals to appropriate professionals when the member's
professional competence does not meet the task or issue in question.

12.  Selection and Promotion Practices
Members support nondiscriminatory, fair employment practices by appropriately
publicizing staff vacancies, selection criteria, deadlines, and promotion criteria in
accordance with the spirit and intent of equal opportunity policies and established legal
guidelines and institutional policies.
 References
Members, when serving as a reference, provide accurate and complete information about
candidates, including both relevant strengths and limitations of a professional and personal
nature.
 Job Description and Performance Evaluation
Members clearly define with subordinates and supervisors job responsibilities and decision-
making procedures, mutual expectations, accountability procedures, and evaluation criteria.
 Campus Community
Members promote a sense of community among all areas of the campus by working
cooperatively with staff, and others outside the institution to address the common goals.

13.  Professional Development
 Members have an obligation to continue personal professional growth
and to contribute to the development of the profession by enhancing
personal knowledge and skills, sharing ideas and information,
improving professional practices, conducting and reporting research,
and participating in association activities. Members promote and
facilitate the professional growth of staff and they emphasize ethical
standards in professional preparation and development programs.
 Assessment
 Members regularly and systematically assess organizational structures,
programs, and services to determine whether the developmental goals
and needs of workers are being met and to assure conformity to
published standards and guidelines.

14. ◦ Ethical Decision Making
 An ethical decision is one that engenders trust, and thus indicates responsibility,
fairness and caring to an individual. Ethical decision-making requires a review of
different options, eliminating those with an unethical standpoint, and then
choosing the best ethical alternative. Ethical decisions generate and sustain trust;
demonstrate respect, responsibility, fairness and caring; and are consistent with
good citizenship. These behaviors provide a foundation for making better
decisions by setting the ground rules for our behavior.
 Decision-Making is necessary in order to deal with conflicting duties, loyalties or
interests create moral dilemmas requiring decisions to be made and ethical
decision-making involves the ability to distinguish right from wrong along with
the commitment to do what is right. Workers are expected to make ethical and
sound decisions in the workplace. Decisions should be made on the basis of
established rules, regulations, procedures and practices.

15.  Ethical decision making is first based on the distinction between statements that are factual
and those that are value-based. Suggested information may be divided into two (true and
untrue). It is wise to base decisions on truth and morally accepted facts. Ethical decisions
making is the process of identifying a problem, generating alternatives, and choosing among
them maximizing ethical values while also achieving the intended goal. In short, ethical
decision should be fully informed, aware of laws, principles and rules, consciously and
reflectively deliberated, intelligently, justifiable, and effectively implemented.
 Everything we do, or don’t do, is a choice that can affect our lives and the lives of others.
Ethical choices are based on principled decisions, not on self-interest or easy-returns. Such
principles are based on universal values that have been held across time, culture, politics,
religion and ethnicity. Any decision can be evaluated in terms of these universal values or core
ethical principles trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and citizenship
before making any decision the responsible person should consider the following points.
 There should be accurate and comprehensive information. As in any other decision-making
process, facts and evidences must be organized beforehand.
 Relevant policy and legislation have to be considered.

16. In making ethical decision, it is necessary to:
 Notice and eliminate unethical options -right vs. wrong. Ethical thinking requires a
sensitivity to perceive the ethical implications of decisions.
 Evaluate complex, ambiguous and incomplete facts. It is often difficult to obtain all
necessary information.
 Select the best ethical alternative. Resolve any ethical dilemmas-right vs. wrong. Not all
ethical responses to a situation are equal.
 Have ethical commitment, ethical consciousness, and ethical competency. Ethical thinking
and decision making takes practice.
Rationalization
 Studying ethics, involves attempting to find valid reasons for the moral arguments that we
make. Most people already have general ideas – or what philosophers call intuitions ‘or
Presumptions– about what they think is ‗right ‘or ‗wrong ‘. But a philosophical approach
to ethics requires people to think critically about the moral ideas that they hold, to support or
refute those ideas with convincing arguments, and to be able to articulate and explain the
reasons and assumptions on which those arguments are based.

17. The real value of discussing and debating ethical questions is not to win the argument 'or
to ‗score points 'against the other person! It is more important to provide carefully
considered arguments to support our ideas, and to allow for rational – and deeper –
understanding of the reasons underlying our beliefs, ideas and attitudes. Crucially, this
requires careful listening to, analysis of and learning from the arguments that others make.
Three forms of critical reasoning that individuals can use to justify their arguments are
outlined below.
 Reasoning by analogy /comparison/ explains one thing by comparing it to something else
that is similar, although different.
 Deductive reasoning applies a principle to a situation. For instance, if every person has
human rights, and you are a person, then you have human rights like every person.
 Inductive reasoning involves providing evidence to support a hypothesis.
◦ Some Steps to Ethical Thinking and Ethical Behaving
 Steps in ethical thinking and behaving include the following:
 Clarify/ identify the relevant facts of the case/: Determine precisely what must be decided.
What are the alternatives? Eliminate any impractical, illegal or improper alternatives.

18.  Assess/ identify the relevant ethical principles /- Separate facts from beliefs,
desires, theories and opinions. Assess the influence of personal and/or
collective world views on assumptions about 'fact'. Assess the credibility of the
sources of information and the motivations of the stakeholders.
 Decide/. Identify other relevant ethical principles and resolve conflicts between
them /- Are there some right vs. wrong choices? Classify any ethical dilemmas
involving right vs. right choices and evaluate the viable alternatives by
prioritizing the ethical values so that you can choose which values to favor.
 Implement/ Decide on ethical principles and standards which are relevant to
the case at hand - Develop a plan to implement your decision in a way that
maximizes the benefits and minimizes the costs and risks. Involve as many
stakeholders as possible during implementation.

19.  Monitor/ Reconsider any remaining conflicts between the case and ethical
principles and standards. /- Monitor the effects of decisions and be prepared
to take alternative action based on new information.
 Reflect/ identify whether the decision would withstand public security, and
finally make decisions/ - Review you decision making process. Will do it
differently next time? Were you fully aware of your own values and
worldview during the process? What feedback should you seek?
◦ Important principles for making Ethical decision:
 Empathize with another. Put yourself in the other person's shoes and
understand how they are feeling. Treat other people the way you would like
to be treated.
 Demonstrate selflessness. Do not be selfish and put yourself before others.
Do

20.  the right thing even when it might not be what you really want to do.
 Be fair. Ethical people are compassionate and caring. They are always honest
and fair when dealing with others.
 Respect another's opinions and choices even when you disagree with them.
 Value nature. Do not view it as only a resource for sustaining life, but as a life
force in and of itself.
 Act responsibly. Be a trustworthy and responsible person that others can rely on.
The code of Factors that affect Professional and Ethical Decision
 ethics usually includes the six universal moral values that state
 you expect employees to be:
◦ Trustworthy: Worthy of confidence specifically: being or deriving from a
source worthy of belief or consideration for evidentiary purposes a trustworthy
informant. Other Words from trustworthy. trustworthiness noun

21.  Respectful: Respect for persons may perhaps be the most fundamental principle in all of
ethics. Respect (full)calls on each and every one of us to respect the intrinsic dignity of all
other people. If something is intrinsic to us, it is essential to our being and cannot be
earned. It is a property of being a person.
 Responsible: Responsibility is an ethical concept that refers to the fact that individuals
and groups have morally based obligations and duties to others and to larger ethical and
moral codes, standards and traditions.
 Fair: Fairness is concerned with actions, processes, and consequences, which are morally
right honorable, and equitable. In essence, the virtue of fairness establishes moral
standards for decisions that affect others. Fair decisions are made in an appropriate
manner based on appropriate criteria.
 Caring: The ethics of care is a normative ethical theory that holds that moral action
centers on interpersonal relationships and care or benevolence as a virtue.
 Good citizens: Celebrating diversity and differences; go to local ethnic festivals and
introduce your child to friends who represent a variety of lifestyles, cultures and religions.

22. Dress codes:
 A dress code is a set of rules, often written, with regards to what clothing groups of
people must wear. Dress codes are created out of social perceptions.
Code of conduct:
 A code of conduct is a set of rules outlining the norms, rules, and responsibilities or
proper practices of an individual party or an organization. The code of conduct may
include
Mission statement and values.
 The mission statement communicates the purpose of the organization. The vision
statement provides insight into what the company hopes to achieve or become in the
future. The values statement reflects the organization's core principles and ethics.
Values are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another. They serve
as a guide for human behavior. Some values have intrinsic worth, such as love, truth,
and freedom. Other values, such as ambition, responsibility, and courage, describe traits
or behaviors that are instrumental as means to an end

23. ◦ Workplace policies and procedures.
 Code of conduct.Recruitment policy.Internet and email policy.Mobile phone policy.Non-smoking policy.
 Drug and alcohol policy.
 Health and safety policy.
 Anti-discrimination harassment policy
◦ Industry Compliance and Regulations
 Disciplinary actions
 Professional practice standards means the set of documents that specify the legal and ethical
requirements for professional practice that include the standards of practice and essential
competencies for code of ethics, practice guidelines, regulations and bylaws.
 There are three important factors that can influence ethical decision making, which are
individual, organizational, and opportunity factors. All three of these factors can weigh heavily
on a person during the decision-making process, especially in the work place. Many people
look to friends or associates for guidance when making questionable decisions. Sometimes a
person may make a decision based on the opportunity they are put into. Some people make
decisions based on their own moral beliefs and the way they were raised. No matter how a
person comes to make a decision, there are usually three factors that influence a person’s
ethical decision-making process.

24.  The first factor in the ethical decision-making process is called the individual.
Individual factors can affect a person greatly when making ethical or unethical
decisions. Every person will have a slightly different belief when it comes to
individual factors. It is always best to talk with an employee or consult the code of
ethics before making individual decisions.
 The next factor is the organizational factor. The organizational factor can be defined
as a set of values or norms that is shared by members or employees of an organization.
Organizational factors can affect decision making if all of the employees or associates
have negative views and make unethical decisions. Organizational factors can be
affected by the people closest to the decision maker. If the organization and all of the
employees believe in a code of ethics, then most likely the decision will be ethical.
 The last factor is the opportunity factor. This can be defined as a situation that
encourages or discourages a person. Opportunity factors are based on whether there
are opportunities to make ethical or unethical decisions. If the company promotes the
do whatever it takes.

25. Information Sheet 7 Promoting Ethical Standards and Practice with
clients, Colleagues and others
◦ Promoting Ethical Standards and Practice
 In order to promote Ethical standards and practice with clients, colleagues and others the
following behaviours should be considered:
 Be a Role Model and Be Visible
 Employees look at top managers to understand what behaviour is acceptable. Senior
management sets the tone for ethics in the workplace.
 Communicate Ethical Expectations
 An organizational code of ethics can reduce ethical ambiguities. The code of ethics should
state the organization’s primary values and the ethical rules that employees are expected to
follow. Managers should remember that a code of ethics is worthless if leaders fail to model
ethical behaviours.
 Offer Ethics Training
 Managers should set up seminars, workshops and similar programs to promote ethics
in the workplace. Training sessions reinforce the organization’s standards of conduct,
to clarify what practices are and are not permissible, and to address possible ethical
dilemmas.

26.  Visibly Reward Ethical Acts and Punish Unethical Ones
 Performance appraisals of managers should include evaluations of how actions
measure up against the organization’s code of ethics. Appraisals need to include how
managers achieve these goals, as well as the goals themselves
 Provide Protective Mechanisms
 The organization provision of formal mechanisms that allow employees to discuss
ethical dilemmas and report unethical behaviour without fear of reprimand that could
include developing roles for ethical counsellors, ombudsmen or ethical officers.
 Enhancing the Workplace Model Behaviour
 A better workplace requires leaders to model behaviour in every aspect of their role.
In your career, the ability to demonstrate leadership with a sound ethical basis is
essential to your success for any role.

27. ◦ Ways to Improve an Organization's Ethical Climate
 Empowerment of Employees
 One way to improve the ethical climate of your organization is to give employees
more power over their work. If employees have an ethical code and more control over
their work outcomes, they are likely to justify your trust in them to make the right
decision. Empowerment also can produce better results from employees, such as
more creative solutions to business problems, when implemented effectively. Give
employees a reason to act more ethically and to be more innovative – such as to keep
their autonomy over their work – and you will also increase your company's
efficiency.
 Communication Policies and Procedures
 Improve your communication policies and procedures so that information will flow
more smoothly and frequently between employees and managers. For example,
assign a manager, HR specialist or ad-hoc team to create a series of training scenarios
that teach employees the right thing to do in common situations faced in your
company.

28.  Discipline and Consequences
 You can't expect all employees to comply with the ethics policy without some kind of
discipline. Enforce your consequences for violations of the ethics policy evenly,
regardless of the offender's high or low status. If you don't have the time to do this,
delegate the job to a manager or HR director. Be sure to maintain careful
documentation of employee violations in case you get sued over disciplining or
terminating an employee for an ethical violation.
 Changing Bad Patterns
 As you look at employee behaviours and enforce your ethics policy, you might see
patterns of unethical behaviour. This might indicate that some rules and procedures
need to be changed in the organization, even it affects ways of doing things that save
time or money or increase profits.From a business standpoint, the short-term losses
should be outweighed by the resulting improvement in the long-term reputation of
your business.