Ganesh Chaturthi began as a public celebration in India during the rule of Shivaji in the 17th century to encourage nationalist sentiment among his subjects fighting the Mughals. In the late 19th century, it was revived by Indian nationalist leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak to use as a rallying point against British rule banning political assemblies. Today the festival celebrating the elephant-headed Hindu god Ganesh is observed worldwide, especially in Maharashtra and western India.