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Different properties of Nanoparticle, its application in agriculture and future prospectus
- 2. Traversing through different properties of Nanoparticles
- 3. INTRODUCTION • In ancient Egypt, dyeing hair in black was common. Hair was dyed with paste from lime, lead oxide and water. In this dyeing process, galenite (lead sulfide, PbS) nanoparticles are formed, which provided even and steady dyeing of hair. • 1000 yrs ago, Chinese used Gold Nanoparticles as an inorganic dye to introduce red colour into ceramic porcelains
- 4. 1857 - Michael faraday was the first to provide a scientific description of the optical properties of nanometric metal particles Lycurgus cup is one of the class of roman(4th century) vessels known as cage cups or diatreta.
- 6. “A particle of any shape with dimensions in 1 × 10−9 and 1 × 10−7 m (100nm) range“. Unique properties • Smaller size • Increased surface area to volume ratio • Nanoparticles can even pass through the plant and animal cell • Slow release • Specific release IUPAC Definition
- 7. CLASSIFICATION OF NANOMATERIALS BASED ON DIMENSION 0 D 1 D 2 D 3 D QUANTUM DOTS CARBON NANOTUBE GRAPHENE SHEETS LIPOSOMES
- 8. CLASSIFICATION OF NANOPARTICLES Based on composition: organic, carbon-based and inorganic 1. ORGANIC NANOPARTICLES Made of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, polymers. They are Non- toxic, bio-degradable. Organic NPs are mostly used in the biomedical field in targeted drug delivery. Pan et al. (2016)
- 9. 2. CARBON BASED NANOPARTICLES This class comprises NPs that are made solely from carbon atoms. Due to their unique electrical conductivity, high strength, they are used in drug delivery, photovoltaic devices, and environmental sensing applications to monitor microbial ecology or to detect microbial pathogens. Pan et al. (2016)
- 10. 3. INORGANIC NANOPARTICLES They are not made of carbon or organic materials. The typical examples of this class are metalic, ceramic, and semiconductor NPs. A. METALIC NPs – are purely made of metal precursors. Due to surface plasmon resonance, they possess unique optical and electrical properties. GOLD NPs Pan et al. (2016)
- 11. B. SEMICONDUCTOR NPs Semiconductor NPs are made of semiconductor materials, which possess properties between metals and non-metals. These NPs are important materials in photocatalysis, optic, and electronic devices. C. CERAMIC NPs Ceramic NPs are inorganic solids made of carbonates, carbides, phosphates and oxides of metals and metalloids such as titanium and calcium. They are used in biomedical applications due to their high stability and high loading capacity Pan et al. (2016)
- 13. Properties of Nanomaterial 1. Physical properties 2. Chemical properties 3. Optical properties 4. Electrical properties 5. Magnetic properties
- 14. High Surface to Mass Ratio – Unique Property of Nano • NPs have greater surface area than volume • Hence high surface area to mass ratio Physical properties
- 15. Hardness is a measure of material's resistance to permanent deformation. High resistance to bending & Compression. H0 -materials constant K is the strengthening coefficient d is the average grain diameter Hardness: Smaller grain size is stronger and stiffer
- 16. Fracture Toughness is a measure of how much deformation a solid material can undergo before fracturing. UT = Area underneath the stress–strain (σ–ε) curve = σ × ε 𝑯𝒂𝒓𝒅𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 ∝ 𝟏 𝑻𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔
- 17. • Toughness and Hardness • Materials are brittle • Due to increased grain boundaries density and less dislocations density Grain boundary Dislocation
- 18. • Melting point of Bulk gold 1064◦ C • But, at nanoscale gold melts at 300◦ C……why? • Surface atoms bind in the solid phase with less cohesive energy because they have fewer neighboring atoms in close proximity compared to atoms in the bulk of the solid. According to Lindemann’s criterion MP Cohesive energy Less Cohesive energy More Cohesive energy Chemical Properties
- 19. Change in Surface to Volume ratio Size Melting point
- 20. Reactivity & Stability • Nanomaterials are extensively unstable • When we break the bond to make nanosize, it gets high surface energy BULK NANOPARTICLES
- 21. Magnetic Properties • Magnetic nanoparticles display a phenomenon known as “superparamagnetism” • Selectively attaching magnetic nanoparticles to functional molecules enables their transportation to a specific site in the presence of an external magnetic field from an electromagnet or permanent magnet. • Superparamagnetism is one of the most important properties of nanoparticles used for biomagnetic separation.
- 22. when an external magnetic field is applied, they become magnetized to the point of saturation. When the magnetic field is removed, they cease to exhibit any residual magnetic interaction.
- 23. • Conductivity or Resistivity come under category of electrical properties. • Conductivity of a bulk or large material does not depend upon dimensions like diameter or area of cross section and twist in the conducting wire etc. • But conductivity of carbon nanotubes changes with change in area of cross section. Electrical Properties
- 24. • It is also observed that conductivity also changes when some shear force (in simple terms twist) is given to nanotube. • The carbon nanotubes can act as conductor or semiconductor in behaviour. Electrical Properties
- 25. • Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon. • They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties. • Structurally, the nanotube systems consist of graphitic layers seamlessly wrapped into cylinders Armchair metallic chiral semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes ELECTRICAL PROPERTY
- 26. Quantum Dots • When the quantum dots are illuminated by UV light, an electron in the quantum dot can be excited to a state of higher energy.. The excited electron can drop back into the valence band releasing its energy as light. This light emission (photoluminescence). • The color of that light depends on the energy difference between the conductance band and the valence band.
- 27. Optical Properties Different sizes of nanoparticles possess different colour for the particles due to the quantum size effects. Opaque(bulk) > transparent(nano) Gold (bulk) yellow > NPs-(20nm) red
- 28. Quantum size effect As the size becomes larger, the energy gap become smaller, results in colour change
- 29. What is the origin of colour….?
- 30. The ‘colour’ of a material is a function of the interaction between the light and the object
- 31. Surface plasmon resonance Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is the collective oscillation of conduction band electrons that are in resonance with the oscillating electric field of incident light, which will produce energetic plasmonic electrons.
- 32. 4th century Roman Glassware Appears RED in transmitted light Appears GREEN in reflected light Au & Ag present gives rise to scattering phenomena- DICHROISM
- 33. CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOPARTICLES TECHNIQUE SPECIFIC PURPOSE Zeta sizer • Determine the stability and surface charge. • The nature of the materials encapsulated inside the nanoparticle or coated on its surface. Scanning Electron Microscope • Particle size, morphology by direct visualization. Energy dispersive X- ray spectra • Identify the elemental composition of the nanoparticles.
- 34. UV-Visible Spectrophoto meter • Provide information regarding the aggregation of nanoparticles. Particle size analyser • Characterize the size distribution of particles in a powder or liquid sample based on light diffraction. X-Ray Diffraction analysis • Monochromatic X-Rays which gives the crystalline nature of the sample. Patra and Baek, 2014
- 35. Application Quantum dots can promote faster growth CNTs can penetrate the thick seed coat ,rapid seed germination (mariya et.al…2009) CONTROL CNT s Graphene oxide is used in Soil moisture sensors (Vinay et.al…) Antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs
- 37. Case study-1
- 38. 1. Preparation of green tea extract 50 g green tea powder was extracted with 500 mL of 80% methanol by maceration method. Experimental Section
- 39. 2. Biosynthesis of MnO NPs Green tea extract (10 mL) were mixed with 100 mL of 0.1 M MnSO4 stock solution. The mixture was stirred with a magnetic stirrer at 65 °C for 6 h. The solution's colour changed from green to dark brown, which indicates the biosynthesis of MnO NPs.
- 40. 3. Bacterial samples Bacterial isolates were collected and grown on MacConkey culture media, blood agar media and eosin methylene blue agar and incubated at 37 °C for 18–24 h.
- 41. 4. Antimicrobial susceptibility test • Well diffusion method used to test the antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the green tea MnO NPs. • The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized MnO NPs was observed against E.coli, K.pneumoniae and P.aeruginosa by well diffusion assay.
- 42. Result and discussion UV–Vis spectral analysis The UV–Vis spectrum of the MnO NPs solution shows a peak in the visible region at 410 nm. Theoretically, MnO NPs possess an absorption peak in the range of 350–410 nm.
- 43. SEM Morphology of the MnO thin film with regularly distribution like-nano algae with high spread of atoms on the substrate, thus increases of coulomb repulsion force which may be utilized for antibacterial activity toward bacteria. There are smaller size distributions around 18 nm.
- 44. The antibiotic discs treated with MnO NPs showed a remarkable increase in inhibition zone compared with the antibiotic discs that were not treated with MnO MPs Antibacterial activity of green tea MnO NPs
- 45. Conclusion The MnO NPs synthesized by green tea inhibited the development of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. Combining the MnO NPs with antibiotics increase the efficiency of the antibiotics against bacteria.
- 46. Case study 2
- 47. C4H10O6 Zn Dissolved in Stirred (16.7 mmol) 50 ml ethanol for 2 hr at 780C zinc acetate KOH (23.4 mmol) dissolved in 13.5 mL ethanol Sonication Dropped into zinc acetate dihydrate Stirring colorless and transparent APTES (800 μL) poured into the above mentioned ZnO QD solution + deionized water (2 ml) white precipitate centrifuged (washed 3 times with ethanol) Precipitated ZnO QD powder obtained by heating in an oven at 60 °C for 12 h. Synthesis of ZnO Quantum Dots Experimental Section (3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane)
- 48. Plant Growth and Treatment Lettuce seeds were seeded in sponge blocks of hydroponics and after 3rd true leaf of the seedling, transferred to planting cups. After 2 weeks, different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, 500 mg·L−1 ) of ZnO QD water solutions were sprayed by foliar spraying once every 3 days until harvesting.
- 49. Effect of lettuce biomass & chlorophyll content
- 50. High concentrations (500 mg·L−1 ), reduces antioxidant activity thereby induces oxidative stress Analysis of Oxidative stress
- 51. ROS production in lettuce leaves Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence was used to characterize the formation of ROS in the lettuce leaves. Control 50mg·L–1 100mg·L–1 200mg·L–1 500mg·L–1 Lettuce Root
- 52. Effects on the Absorption of Nutrient Elements
- 53. Conclusion When the concentrations range from 50 to 200 mg·L−1 , the antioxidant enzyme systems of lettuce were triggered to counteract the damage caused by excessive ROS, thereby increasing chlorophyll content and biomass.
- 54. Summary
- 55. Infuse nanotechnology concepts and principles in agricultural sciences to evolve processes and products that precisely deliver inputs in production systems that ensure food security and environmental safety Future prospectus
Editor's Notes
- Long before the era of nanotechnology, people were unknowingly coming across various nanosized objects and using nano-level processes. In ancient Egypt, dyeing hair in black was common and was for a long time believed to be based on plant products such as henna . However, recent research on hair samples from ancient Egyptian burial sites showed that hair was dyed with paste from lime, lead oxide, and water [6]. In this dyeing process, galenite (lead sulfde, PbS) nanoparticles are formed. Te ancient Egyptians were able to make the dyeing paste react with sulfur (part of hair keratin) and produce small PbS nanoparticles which provided even and steady dyeing.
- Modulus is the stiffness of material when force is applied Hardness is a measure of a material's resistance to permanent deformation Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of permanent shape change when a compressive force is applied.
- These cylindrical carbon molecules have interesting properties that make them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science, as well as potential uses in architectural fields If the nanotube structure is armchair then the electrical properties are metallic. metallic nanotubes can carry an electrical current density of 4×109 A/cm2 which is more than 1,000 times greater than metals such as copper If the nanotube structure is chiral then the electrical properties can be either semiconducting with a very small band gap, otherwise the nanotube is a moderate semiconductor
- The ‘colour’ of a material is a function of the interaction between the light and the object. If a material absorbs light of certain wavelengths, an observer will not see these colours in the reflected light. Only reflected wavelengths reach our eyes and this makes an object appear a certain colour. For example, leaves appear green because chlorophyll, which is a pigment, absorbs the blue and red colours of the spectrum and reflects the green
- If the electric field is oscillating (like a photon), then the sea of electrons will oscillate too. These oscillations are quantized and resonate at a specific frequency. Such oscillations are called plasmons
- It appears green in reflected light, but appears red when light is shone from inside, and is transmitted through the glass.
- It has been noted that CNTs can penetrate the thick seed coat and activate the water uptake process, which might be responsible for rapid seed germination and early growth graphene can enhance the soil and water conservation capacity of plants and improve water use efficiency. Graphene can prevent soil water from evaporating due to its hydrophilic oxygen-containing functional groups The sensor detects small changes in soil moisture and is not affected by changes in the temperature and salt content of the soil. The binding of specific root chemical signals (yellow) with a nanobiosensor (red) housed in a thin polymer film (blue) coating ZnO fertilizer nanoparticles (dark grey). The selective signal-biosensor binding process results in the release, dissolution, and aggregation of ZnO NPs (white spheres) with their plant uptake from the soil solution
- ). The optical properties of the MnO NPs were estimated using an UV–visible spectroscopy
- Morphology of the MnO thin film with regularly distribution like-nano algae with high spread of atoms on the substrate, and this may be led to disappear of defect from the surface, on other hand, this may be due to the number of deposited atoms increases and thus increases of coulomb repulsion force which may be utilized for antibacterial activity toward gram-negative pathogenic bacteria alone and in combination with many antibiotics. There are smaller size distributions around 18 nm.
- Compared to the control plants, the total fresh weights of treated groups increased by 13.95, 24.44, and 8.9% under 50, 100, and 200 mg·L–1 ZnO QD exposure (Figure 3A), while the total dry weights of them increased by 10.4, 19.3, and 22.1%, respectively (Figure 3B). However, when exposed to 500 mg·L–1 ZnO QDs, the total fresh weight and total dry weight of treated lettuce significantly decreased by 21.47 and 33.5%, compared to those of the control, respectively, which indicated the negative effect of ZnO QDs at a high concentration of 500 mg·L–1. In response to this phenomenon, the chlorophyll contents were measured. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll were increased by 18.23, 42.82, and 18.22% only under 50 mg·L–1 group. Groups of 100 and 200 mg·L–1 treatments did not significantly alter the chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents, while 500 mg·L–1 ZnO QDs decreased the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents by 17.37, 31.25, and 17.38%, compared to those of the control, respectively (Figures 3C and S3). Wang et al. (33) found that 300 mg·L–1 ZnO nanoparticles could reduce the chlorophyll content and biomass of A. thaliana
- To explore the effect of ZnO QDs on plant nutrient absorption, we measured the content of macronutrients (Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn, B). Compared to the control group, 50–200 mg·L–1 ZnO QD exposure significantly increased the accumulation of Ca, Fe, and Mn from root and shoot. As for the lettuce shoot (Figure 8A), compared to the control group, at the exposure of 500 mg·L–1 in the shoot, Ca and Mn contents were decreased by 12.06 and 11.69%, respectively. Mg contents were increased by 14.32 and 15.24% at 100 and 200 mg·L–1, respectively. The Zn content in the shoot increased with an increase of ZnO concentration and reached the maximum at 500 mg·L–1, demonstrating the absorption of ZnO QDs. In the lettuce root (Figure 8B), relative to the control group, the content of Mg, Mn, and B in the root decreased significantly when the concentration was 500 mg·L–1. Exposure of 200 and 500 mg·L–1 significantly increased the contents of Zn by 34.56 and 47.22%, respectively.