Write a two to three-page paper (excluding APA title page and refe.docxodiliagilby
Write a two to three-page paper (excluding APA title page and reference pages), comparing Freud, Mahler, and Adler. Compare and contrast the developmental models of Freud and Mahler; then, contrast these two developmental theories to Adler’s theory. Be sure to also address the following:
1. A brief description of each theory. Which perspective appeals to you more, and why?
2. What are some ways that the Adlerian approach can be applied to group counseling? What are some advantages of using a group format with this approach?
3. What concepts from these psychoanalytic approaches do you see as being potentially useful in your work as a nurse psychotherapist? Describe.
Adier's Need to Belong as the Key for Mental Health
Rachel Shifron
Abstract
According to Adier's (1932) Individual Psychology the inability to belong or to
connect with others results in pathology. In this essay the author presents several
case studies that highlight the need to belong as a primary issue in therapy. The case
descriptions include therapy with an individual, a couple, a client with addiction
issues, a cross-cultural couple, and a mother and daughter-in-law. The case materi-
als presented in this article reveal that individuals with psychological disorders can
lessen their psychopathology by learning more effective methods to promote belong-
ing. Adlerian methods and interventions to promote belonging are discussed.
In Adier's (1932, 1991) Individual Psychology every child is born with
the need to belong and with the ability to connect with others. Acquiring
the methods of connecting involves a learning process. This kind of learning
is the key for well-being. It is essential that one belongs and is connected
to three significant groups in one's circle of life. I expand Adier's descrip-
tion of the life tasks (Dreikurs, 1950) to refer to these significant groups as
being family, friends, and work associates. Feeling a sense of belonging to
these groups is the primary universal issue of mental health. Individuals with
psychological disorders can lessen their psychopathology by learning more
effective methods to belong.
This article reflects my many years of counseling and therapy from an
Individual Psychology perspective (Shifron, 2006, 2008). My clinical experi-
ences have shown me the universality of the need to belong, and I believe
this paper offers an exceptional opportunity for clinicians from different
theoretical approaches to learn more about Adier's optimistic and brilliant
perspective. Adier's Individual Psychology is based on the conceptualization
that psychopathology results from the lack of feeling belonging. This is an
optimistic view, because the absence of feeling belonging is a curable situ-
ation. According to Adier's theory (Ferguson, 2006), every individual makes
choices. In this paper I focus on the belief that every individual is capable
and creative and that by making different kinds of choices, each person can
learn how to feel belongi ...
Essay on The History of Psychology
Essay about Definition of Psychology
A Career as a Psychologist Essay
Psychology Interview Essay
Essay on Clinical Psychology
Essay on Educational Psychology
Essay on Psychologists
Four Goals of Psychology Essay
Introduction to Psychology Essay examples
Essay on Psychology Class Reflection
The Science of Psychology Essay
Essay on Motivation in Psychology
Write a two to three-page paper (excluding APA title page and refe.docxodiliagilby
Write a two to three-page paper (excluding APA title page and reference pages), comparing Freud, Mahler, and Adler. Compare and contrast the developmental models of Freud and Mahler; then, contrast these two developmental theories to Adler’s theory. Be sure to also address the following:
1. A brief description of each theory. Which perspective appeals to you more, and why?
2. What are some ways that the Adlerian approach can be applied to group counseling? What are some advantages of using a group format with this approach?
3. What concepts from these psychoanalytic approaches do you see as being potentially useful in your work as a nurse psychotherapist? Describe.
Adier's Need to Belong as the Key for Mental Health
Rachel Shifron
Abstract
According to Adier's (1932) Individual Psychology the inability to belong or to
connect with others results in pathology. In this essay the author presents several
case studies that highlight the need to belong as a primary issue in therapy. The case
descriptions include therapy with an individual, a couple, a client with addiction
issues, a cross-cultural couple, and a mother and daughter-in-law. The case materi-
als presented in this article reveal that individuals with psychological disorders can
lessen their psychopathology by learning more effective methods to promote belong-
ing. Adlerian methods and interventions to promote belonging are discussed.
In Adier's (1932, 1991) Individual Psychology every child is born with
the need to belong and with the ability to connect with others. Acquiring
the methods of connecting involves a learning process. This kind of learning
is the key for well-being. It is essential that one belongs and is connected
to three significant groups in one's circle of life. I expand Adier's descrip-
tion of the life tasks (Dreikurs, 1950) to refer to these significant groups as
being family, friends, and work associates. Feeling a sense of belonging to
these groups is the primary universal issue of mental health. Individuals with
psychological disorders can lessen their psychopathology by learning more
effective methods to belong.
This article reflects my many years of counseling and therapy from an
Individual Psychology perspective (Shifron, 2006, 2008). My clinical experi-
ences have shown me the universality of the need to belong, and I believe
this paper offers an exceptional opportunity for clinicians from different
theoretical approaches to learn more about Adier's optimistic and brilliant
perspective. Adier's Individual Psychology is based on the conceptualization
that psychopathology results from the lack of feeling belonging. This is an
optimistic view, because the absence of feeling belonging is a curable situ-
ation. According to Adier's theory (Ferguson, 2006), every individual makes
choices. In this paper I focus on the belief that every individual is capable
and creative and that by making different kinds of choices, each person can
learn how to feel belongi ...
Essay on The History of Psychology
Essay about Definition of Psychology
A Career as a Psychologist Essay
Psychology Interview Essay
Essay on Clinical Psychology
Essay on Educational Psychology
Essay on Psychologists
Four Goals of Psychology Essay
Introduction to Psychology Essay examples
Essay on Psychology Class Reflection
The Science of Psychology Essay
Essay on Motivation in Psychology
A presentation on mastering key management concepts across projects, products, programs, and portfolios. Whether you're an aspiring manager or looking to enhance your skills, this session will provide you with the knowledge and tools to succeed in various management roles. Learn about the distinct lifecycles, methodologies, and essential skillsets needed to thrive in today's dynamic business environment.
Public Speaking Tips to Help You Be A Strong Leader.pdfPinta Partners
In the realm of effective leadership, a multitude of skills come into play, but one stands out as both crucial and challenging: public speaking.
Public speaking transcends mere eloquence; it serves as the medium through which leaders articulate their vision, inspire action, and foster engagement. For leaders, refining public speaking skills is essential, elevating their ability to influence, persuade, and lead with resolute conviction. Here are some key tips to consider: https://joellandau.com/the-public-speaking-tips-to-help-you-be-a-stronger-leader/
Enriching engagement with ethical review processesstrikingabalance
New ethics review processes at the University of Bath. Presented at the 8th World Conference on Research Integrity by Filipa Vance, Head of Research Governance and Compliance at the University of Bath. June 2024, Athens
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational CorporationsRoopaTemkar
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational Corporations
Strategic decision making within MNCs constrained or determined by the implementation of laws and codes of practice and by pressure from political actors. Managers in MNCs have to make choices that are shaped by gvmt. intervention and the local economy.
Org Design is a core skill to be mastered by management for any successful org change.
Org Topologies™ in its essence is a two-dimensional space with 16 distinctive boxes - atomic organizational archetypes. That space helps you to plot your current operating model by positioning individuals, departments, and teams on the map. This will give a profound understanding of the performance of your value-creating organizational ecosystem.
Specific ServPoints should be tailored for restaurants in all food service segments. Your ServPoints should be the centerpiece of brand delivery training (guest service) and align with your brand position and marketing initiatives, especially in high-labor-cost conditions.
408-784-7371
Foodservice Consulting + Design
Senior Project and Engineering Leader Jim Smith.pdfJim Smith
I am a Project and Engineering Leader with extensive experience as a Business Operations Leader, Technical Project Manager, Engineering Manager and Operations Experience for Domestic and International companies such as Electrolux, Carrier, and Deutz. I have developed new products using Stage Gate development/MS Project/JIRA, for the pro-duction of Medical Equipment, Large Commercial Refrigeration Systems, Appliances, HVAC, and Diesel engines.
My experience includes:
Managed customized engineered refrigeration system projects with high voltage power panels from quote to ship, coordinating actions between electrical engineering, mechanical design and application engineering, purchasing, production, test, quality assurance and field installation. Managed projects $25k to $1M per project; 4-8 per month. (Hussmann refrigeration)
Successfully developed the $15-20M yearly corporate capital strategy for manufacturing, with the Executive Team and key stakeholders. Created project scope and specifications, business case, ROI, managed project plans with key personnel for nine consumer product manufacturing and distribution sites; to support the company’s strategic sales plan.
Over 15 years of experience managing and developing cost improvement projects with key Stakeholders, site Manufacturing Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Maintenance, and facility support personnel to optimize pro-duction operations, safety, EHS, and new product development. (BioLab, Deutz, Caire)
Experience working as a Technical Manager developing new products with chemical engineers and packaging engineers to enhance and reduce the cost of retail products. I have led the activities of multiple engineering groups with diverse backgrounds.
Great experience managing the product development of products which utilize complex electrical controls, high voltage power panels, product testing, and commissioning.
Created project scope, business case, ROI for multiple capital projects to support electrotechnical assembly and CPG goods. Identified project cost, risk, success criteria, and performed equipment qualifications. (Carrier, Electrolux, Biolab, Price, Hussmann)
Created detailed projects plans using MS Project, Gant charts in excel, and updated new product development in Jira for stakeholders and project team members including critical path.
Great knowledge of ISO9001, NFPA, OSHA regulations.
User level knowledge of MRP/SAP, MS Project, Powerpoint, Visio, Mastercontrol, JIRA, Power BI and Tableau.
I appreciate your consideration, and look forward to discussing this role with you, and how I can lead your company’s growth and profitability. I can be contacted via LinkedIn via phone or E Mail.
Jim Smith
678-993-7195
jimsmith30024@gmail.com
The case study discusses the potential of drone delivery and the challenges that need to be addressed before it becomes widespread.
Key takeaways:
Drone delivery is in its early stages: Amazon's trial in the UK demonstrates the potential for faster deliveries, but it's still limited by regulations and technology.
Regulations are a major hurdle: Safety concerns around drone collisions with airplanes and people have led to restrictions on flight height and location.
Other challenges exist: Who will use drone delivery the most? Is it cost-effective compared to traditional delivery trucks?
Discussion questions:
Managerial challenges: Integrating drones requires planning for new infrastructure, training staff, and navigating regulations. There are also marketing and recruitment considerations specific to this technology.
External forces vary by country: Regulations, consumer acceptance, and infrastructure all differ between countries.
Demographics matter: Younger generations might be more receptive to drone delivery, while older populations might have concerns.
Stakeholders for Amazon: Customers, regulators, aviation authorities, and competitors are all stakeholders. Regulators likely hold the greatest influence as they determine the feasibility of drone delivery.
Comparing Stability and Sustainability in Agile SystemsRob Healy
Copy of the presentation given at XP2024 based on a research paper.
In this paper we explain wat overwork is and the physical and mental health risks associated with it.
We then explore how overwork relates to system stability and inventory.
Finally there is a call to action for Team Leads / Scrum Masters / Managers to measure and monitor excess work for individual teams.
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words an...Ram V Chary
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words and actions, making leaders reliable and credible. It also ensures ethical decision-making, which fosters a positive organizational culture and promotes long-term success. #RamVChary
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
A presentation on mastering key management concepts across projects, products, programs, and portfolios. Whether you're an aspiring manager or looking to enhance your skills, this session will provide you with the knowledge and tools to succeed in various management roles. Learn about the distinct lifecycles, methodologies, and essential skillsets needed to thrive in today's dynamic business environment.
Public Speaking Tips to Help You Be A Strong Leader.pdfPinta Partners
In the realm of effective leadership, a multitude of skills come into play, but one stands out as both crucial and challenging: public speaking.
Public speaking transcends mere eloquence; it serves as the medium through which leaders articulate their vision, inspire action, and foster engagement. For leaders, refining public speaking skills is essential, elevating their ability to influence, persuade, and lead with resolute conviction. Here are some key tips to consider: https://joellandau.com/the-public-speaking-tips-to-help-you-be-a-stronger-leader/
Enriching engagement with ethical review processesstrikingabalance
New ethics review processes at the University of Bath. Presented at the 8th World Conference on Research Integrity by Filipa Vance, Head of Research Governance and Compliance at the University of Bath. June 2024, Athens
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational CorporationsRoopaTemkar
Employment PracticesRegulation and Multinational Corporations
Strategic decision making within MNCs constrained or determined by the implementation of laws and codes of practice and by pressure from political actors. Managers in MNCs have to make choices that are shaped by gvmt. intervention and the local economy.
Org Design is a core skill to be mastered by management for any successful org change.
Org Topologies™ in its essence is a two-dimensional space with 16 distinctive boxes - atomic organizational archetypes. That space helps you to plot your current operating model by positioning individuals, departments, and teams on the map. This will give a profound understanding of the performance of your value-creating organizational ecosystem.
Specific ServPoints should be tailored for restaurants in all food service segments. Your ServPoints should be the centerpiece of brand delivery training (guest service) and align with your brand position and marketing initiatives, especially in high-labor-cost conditions.
408-784-7371
Foodservice Consulting + Design
Senior Project and Engineering Leader Jim Smith.pdfJim Smith
I am a Project and Engineering Leader with extensive experience as a Business Operations Leader, Technical Project Manager, Engineering Manager and Operations Experience for Domestic and International companies such as Electrolux, Carrier, and Deutz. I have developed new products using Stage Gate development/MS Project/JIRA, for the pro-duction of Medical Equipment, Large Commercial Refrigeration Systems, Appliances, HVAC, and Diesel engines.
My experience includes:
Managed customized engineered refrigeration system projects with high voltage power panels from quote to ship, coordinating actions between electrical engineering, mechanical design and application engineering, purchasing, production, test, quality assurance and field installation. Managed projects $25k to $1M per project; 4-8 per month. (Hussmann refrigeration)
Successfully developed the $15-20M yearly corporate capital strategy for manufacturing, with the Executive Team and key stakeholders. Created project scope and specifications, business case, ROI, managed project plans with key personnel for nine consumer product manufacturing and distribution sites; to support the company’s strategic sales plan.
Over 15 years of experience managing and developing cost improvement projects with key Stakeholders, site Manufacturing Engineers, Mechanical Engineers, Maintenance, and facility support personnel to optimize pro-duction operations, safety, EHS, and new product development. (BioLab, Deutz, Caire)
Experience working as a Technical Manager developing new products with chemical engineers and packaging engineers to enhance and reduce the cost of retail products. I have led the activities of multiple engineering groups with diverse backgrounds.
Great experience managing the product development of products which utilize complex electrical controls, high voltage power panels, product testing, and commissioning.
Created project scope, business case, ROI for multiple capital projects to support electrotechnical assembly and CPG goods. Identified project cost, risk, success criteria, and performed equipment qualifications. (Carrier, Electrolux, Biolab, Price, Hussmann)
Created detailed projects plans using MS Project, Gant charts in excel, and updated new product development in Jira for stakeholders and project team members including critical path.
Great knowledge of ISO9001, NFPA, OSHA regulations.
User level knowledge of MRP/SAP, MS Project, Powerpoint, Visio, Mastercontrol, JIRA, Power BI and Tableau.
I appreciate your consideration, and look forward to discussing this role with you, and how I can lead your company’s growth and profitability. I can be contacted via LinkedIn via phone or E Mail.
Jim Smith
678-993-7195
jimsmith30024@gmail.com
The case study discusses the potential of drone delivery and the challenges that need to be addressed before it becomes widespread.
Key takeaways:
Drone delivery is in its early stages: Amazon's trial in the UK demonstrates the potential for faster deliveries, but it's still limited by regulations and technology.
Regulations are a major hurdle: Safety concerns around drone collisions with airplanes and people have led to restrictions on flight height and location.
Other challenges exist: Who will use drone delivery the most? Is it cost-effective compared to traditional delivery trucks?
Discussion questions:
Managerial challenges: Integrating drones requires planning for new infrastructure, training staff, and navigating regulations. There are also marketing and recruitment considerations specific to this technology.
External forces vary by country: Regulations, consumer acceptance, and infrastructure all differ between countries.
Demographics matter: Younger generations might be more receptive to drone delivery, while older populations might have concerns.
Stakeholders for Amazon: Customers, regulators, aviation authorities, and competitors are all stakeholders. Regulators likely hold the greatest influence as they determine the feasibility of drone delivery.
Comparing Stability and Sustainability in Agile SystemsRob Healy
Copy of the presentation given at XP2024 based on a research paper.
In this paper we explain wat overwork is and the physical and mental health risks associated with it.
We then explore how overwork relates to system stability and inventory.
Finally there is a call to action for Team Leads / Scrum Masters / Managers to measure and monitor excess work for individual teams.
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words an...Ram V Chary
Integrity in leadership builds trust by ensuring consistency between words and actions, making leaders reliable and credible. It also ensures ethical decision-making, which fosters a positive organizational culture and promotes long-term success. #RamVChary
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Transactional analysis main article.pdf
1. HISTORY / PHILOSOPHY / APPROACHES OF TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
Transactional Analysis is a theory of personality and a systematic psychotherapy for
growth and personal change.
The goals of TA can be described as two fold:
To reach autonomy including the use of all the ego states in awareness; Ego states
are described full later, however one simple way of thinking about ego states is to
think of them as different states of the self.
Developing intimacy which in TA. Is described as the free exchange of strokes
without ulterior transactions and allowing for spontaneity.
Eric Berne, borne in 1910, in Montreal, Canada, was a pioneer and a radical in the field
of psychiatry. Berne died on the 15th July 1970 aged only 60 years of age. He left behind
him a profound and systematic theory of personality and a range of tools which have
been used throughout the world to promote health and growth. (For an easy to read
and effective summary of the life and work of Berne see Ian Stewarts book... Eric Berne,
form the Key figures in Counseling series.. sage publications 1992)
Berne's best known work is Games People Play (1964), an international best seller which
has altered the way every day people think and how they understand relationships. The
idea of the inner Child, of Games, and of Strokes and Life Scripts are now widely used
terms far outside of the TA community, and have entered everyday language.
Another terrific book was published after his death... "What do you say After you say
Hello" This summarizes much of his theory and his latest developments of TA theory. The
book opens with 4 questions:
1. What do you say after you say Hello?
2. How do you say hello?
3. What do you say after others say hello?
4. Why do we and others spend so much of our time not saying hello?
These questions are answered in an enjoyable and profound way throughout his work.
The contrast between autonomy... and independence is often used to illustrate the way
that transactional analysts think. Autonomy is where an individual is in tune with them
selves, others and their environment and is acting freely, may be described as being
Script free. This is in contrast to individualism or independence in which the person is
acting within their dysfunctional life script, maintaining a belief that others are not Ok.
2. Berne was trained in psychoanalysis, and he developed Transactional Analysis. First
writing about TA in the 1950's and continue to develop his theory and practice till his
death.
TA. uses a cognitive approach in teaching clients the concepts being used. TA. is
interactional in analyzing the transactions within their social context.
TA. works with the affect, helping people let go of their ‘old’ feelings and expressing their
emotions in the here and now.
TA. is contractual in its approach. This contractual approach which Berne emphasised is
one of the differentiating markers which defines TA from other psychotherapy
approaches.
Berne describes people as basically being OK.
However, in their early life they make decisions, which leads them to the not OK position
or a position of believing others are not OK (or both). He talked of the OK ‘PRINCE’ and
the not OK ‘FROG’. "OKness" can be described as having intrinsic worth and value.
Berne believed that every person:
Can change.
That people are responsible for their own lives.
That everyone is born OK.
These can be seen as the first principles of TA and profoundly effect the way
Transactional Analysts operate in their practice.
Berne started in analysis with Paul Federn in 1947, later he became the analysand of Erik
Erikson. Both of these analysts influenced Berne’s theoretical development of ego states.
Berne first mentioned TA. in writing in 1957, later that year he started a seminar in San
Francisco, and thus started the growth of Transactional Analysis. San Francisco is still the
headquarters of the International Transactional Association.
There are now regulating organizations which control training standards, and ethics as
well as being the focus for practitioners throughout the world.
In Britain there is the Institute of Transactional Analysis, (ITA).
In Europe, the European Association of Transactional Analysis, (EATA).
Internationally the International Transactional Analysis Association, (ITAA).
The ITA is a member of the United Kingdom Council for Psychotherapy. (UKCP)
There are primarily four areas where TA. is used:
3. Psychotherapy, Counseling, Organizations and Education with separate interest groups
and training for each area.
The breadth of application of TA. along with it’s simple and at the same time profound
ideas is its main strength.
Three Schools of TA:
The classic School, The Re-decision School, and the Cathexis School.
These three schools were named after their originators, today practioners of TA use an
integration of the three schools.
FOLKS NEED STROKES
Berne 1971: “A stroke is a unit of recognition”.
Woollams and Brown: (Transactional Analysis 1978)
“A stroke is a unit of attention which provides stimulation to an individual”.
Physical stimulation is a basic human need (This is supported by research (Spitz 1945) in
this research it was noted that children deprived of physical stimulation may sink into
decline and become prone to death.) Berne described this as stimulus hunger:
As we grow and develop our stimulus hunger develops and is partially transferred to a
psychological version which Berne describes as recognition hunger.
Therefore a working definition of a stroke is a transaction which provides a
person with either recognition or stimulation.
It appears that it matters little whether this recognition or stimulation is positive or
negative. E.g. the child who is naughty in order to ‘gain attention’ rather than being
ignored.
It should be noted therefore that ‘attention seeking behaviors’ have value for those who
are behaving in that way. It is important to give them attention.
THE STROKE ECONOMY
In the book “Scripts People Live” (1974) Claude Steiner a close friend of Berne develops
this theme.
4. The stroke economy describes how society has developed a system to control and
compete in the giving and receiving of strokes.
Steiner writes the wonderful story of “The Warm Fuzzy Tale”. In this story he tells how a
happy family freely gave warm "fuzzies" until a wicked witch who deceived them by
telling them that their warm fuzzies will run out.
The family started to hold back from giving warm fuzzies, and as this spreads through their
community people’s backs start to shrivel up, and people start to die. As the witch wishes
to sell her salves and potions she doesn’t actually wish people to die, she invents cold
pricklies, and plastic fuzzies which keep people alive and unhappy so that they carry on
buying her potions and salves from her.
However, the children eventually learn that they won’t run out of the warm fuzzies, and
so start giving them away freely again inviting the adults to join them, will you?
TYPES OF STROKES
INTERNAL: fantasies, self praise, and other forms of self stimulation.
EXTERNAL: strokes from others are important for healthy living.
CONDITIONAL: the stroke is for something - “I like your coat”.
UNCONDITIONAL: the stroke is for being you - “I love you” (POSITIVE: “I love
you” NEGATIVE: “I hate you”.)
STROKE VALUE: “I love you” will carry more energy say 10, whereas “Hi” may only carry
say a value of 2.
FILTERED STROKES: “I see you have a new coat” can be changed / filtered to negative or
positive strokes with the person saying to himself “He likes / doesn’t like my coat” The
person maintains his own internal life position by using his filter.
STROKING PROFILE
The stroking profile helps to measure how a person gives and receives strokes in 4
categories. This can be an effective therapeutic tool as a person can then decide to
change any part of his/her stroking profile. E.g. a person may decide to stop discounting
positive strokes and to ask for more of them.
GIVING STROKES IS OK
SAYING NO IS OK
TAKING STROKES IS OK
5. ASKING FOR STROKES IS OK
Using the stroking profile:
1. Rate yourself in each of the categories above as to how often you do these things.
2. Do above for both positive strokes and negative strokes.
3. NB that all transactions are strokes.
Once you have completed this you could then consider how you wish to change and in
which direction.
The aim is to develop the areas in which you have a low score rather than reducing the
areas in which you have a high score.
The stroking profile was first developed by Jim McKenna and was described in the
Transactional Analysis Journal, October 1974.
THE STROKE ECONOMY
A simple way of rating how many strokes you exchange with significant others in your life.
List the people / situations in which you spend most time and rate the exchange of
strokes. What you are checking here is the balance of positive and negative strokes and
ask your self “With whom do I want to spend most of my time?” This is a good exercise for
families and teams, also looking for burnout scenarios.
TIME STRUCTURE
Berne described how we structure our time in order to gain strokes and to meet our need
for structure... we all have a drive or need to structure our lives.
As you move through the different ways of spending time from 1-6 the level of strokes
exchanged increases.
Awareness of time-structure can give people extra options in choosing how they will use
their time in order to gain the strokes they need.
E.g. the married couple who spend all evening together watching TV and then move
into a game to avoid going to bed together. They gain strokes through the fight rather
than through the more demanding intimacy.
They may decide to engage in some activity (e.g. talk and walk together!) in order to
‘stroke’ each other more during the evenings and so avoid the need for a game,
opening the way possibly for intimacy.
6. 6 WAYS OF STRUCTURING TIME
l. WITHDRAWAL:
Entering into their own private world, only internal fantasy strokes are available.
2. RITUALS:
“Hi there” “How are you”
3. PASTIMES:
“Ain’t it awful” “Have you seen?”
4. ACTIVITIES:
Often group activity such as playing football and strokes are frequently given
according
to performance.
5. GAMES AND RACKETEERING:
Transactions with ulterior messages. (See separate handouts.)
6. INTIMACY:
Strokes are freely given and spontaneous with material from all three ego states being
available. There are no ulterior transactions or motivations.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS 2
EGO STATES
Ego states are a consistent pattern of thinking, feeling and behavior.
It is the concept that each person has the potential for three fully functioning
ego states that separates TA. from other approaches.
There are two basic models of ego states, these are the STRUCTURAL MODEL
and the FUNCTIONAL MODEL.
There has been and still continues to be much debate regarding the relative merits of
these two models and much of this debate has been of the nature “What did Berne
really mean?” The functional model is the one widely known in a simplified form and is
often used as an explanation of what TA. is. These simplistic explanations are often
misleading, but it is worth mentioning however that both models have value.
In order to differentiate between the two, remember the following:
7. STRUCTURE ..... Refers to the building, i.e. what is in the ego states, what are they? And
how are they made up?
STRUCTURE = CONTENT
FUNCTION ..... This is a description of their function and of their respective ways of
behaving.
FUNCTION = PROCESS
Also remember that both these models are often talked about as if they are real entities,
whereas they are both models used in order to explain and to facilitate our
understanding of people.
THE STRUCTURAL MODEL
DIAGNOSING EGO STATES
Berne described four ways of diagnosing which ego state a person is in:
Behaviorally: words, posture, tones, gestures and facial expressions will all give
clues as to which ego state the person is in.
Social: in interactions the other person will respond from an invited complementary
ego state giving a clue to the first person’s ego state.
Historically: how things actually were confirms the diagnosis. Were you like this
when you were ....?
Phenomenological: Berne describes this as the times when, in the here and now, a
person actually re-experiences exactly a past event.
8. ADULT EGO STATES
Your Adult ego state is you thinking, feeling and behaving in the here and now
appropriately to any stimulus.
E.g.: Feeling angry with a person who deliberately is blocking your view of a film, then
assertively asking him to move, and if he refuses asking the steward to deal with the
matter.
When we are in our Adult ego state we are in full contact with and are responding to the
here and now. For example happily and excitedly creating new ways of enjoying being
with our partner.
Berne called this state of the self the neo-psyche, the new self... however he also used
the simple term of Adult!
This diagram shows the second order structure of the Adult, called by Berne the
Integrated Adult... this is sometimes used to describe the functional model...
When I am responding in the here and now, and it is appropriate to be parent like or
child like or grown up like then it can be seen that we may behave from one of the three
ego states in the here and now.
When we do this it might well be that we are deliberately drawing on material we have
within our archaic Parent or Child ego states.
CHILD EGO STATES
Whenever we are in a situation we may re-experience feelings or thinking and behave in
ways which are similar to how we have responded in the past to similar situations.
By responding in this way to the here and now we are using archaic internal experiences
to determine our current thinking, feeling and behaviors, this is a Child ego state.
It is as if we are being an echo of ourselves form an early period of time.
9. This diagram shows the second order structure of the Child ego state, in which the early
echo of ourselves already has an early version of an introjected Parent, (P1), and also an
echo of an even earlier version of the self (C1). The early Child also had an Adult ego
state... this often gets referred to as the little professor!
Berne (Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy - 1961) describes each day as an ego
state unit and that we build a series of Child ego states. He described a stack of pennies
to illustrate how these can build up.
I prefer to think of the rings of a tree, each day a new ego state is developed and
tomorrow that ego state will be the latest child ego state to have been developed.
Transactional Analysts therefore analyze people’s Child ego states by the way a person
responds to the here and now as if it were an event from the past. E.g: A man becomes
fearful when his wife is late home from work and after ten minutes is feeling scared, just
like he did when he was a child of four and his mother failed to arrive on time to pick him
up from school. The man is not aware of the connection unless it is pointed out to him.
Berne called the Child ego state the archeo - psyche.
PARENT EGO STATES
These are borrowed archaic relics from our past, however these are not internal
experiences as the Child ego states are. These are introjected relics.
When we were little we introjected (swallowed whole an image of our parent figures.
Now in some situations we may respond as if we were the parent figure rather than
responding directly to the situation. E.g.
The mother of the man in the above example shouted at him and told him he was silly,
she was frequently late. He now has a child at school and he frequently turns up late to
pick the child up from school telling him he is silly if he is worried. When we are responding
as if we were one of our parent figures then we are in a Parent ego state we are
borrowing their old way of being.
10. This picture shows the second order structure of the parent ego state.
Within our Parent ego states there remains the Parent, Adult, and Child of our introjected
parents... These are represented as three ego states within the Parent ego state.
Contaminated Adult...
This is a popular model, and yet does not really fit accurately with the structural model of
TA... the ego states are drawn overlapping, and the person believes they are functioning
in their Adult, whereas they are acting out of their Child or Parent.... Usually there is a
double contamination... with both Parent and Child beliefs distorting the reality.
FUNCTIONAL MODEL = ‘Behaving like a...’
Nurturing Parent warm, loving, comforting, caring, and stroking giving permissions.
This is the OK Nurturing Parent. CAN BE: over protective, rescuing, and smothering. i.e.;
the not-OK Nurturing Parent.
Critical or Controlling Parent: protective, setting limits, defining values and reality. (The OK
Controlling Parent.) CAN BE: critical, punishing, discounting and persecutory. (The not-OK
Controlling Parent.)
CHILD: Functionally the child is split between the Adapted and Free Child or Natural
Child.
The Free Child is the source of energy for creativity, spontaneity, and intuition. The Free
Child is being as I want to be. This can be both OK and in some situations not OK.
The Adapted Child is the learned adapted ways of surviving, the best the child could
develop in order to survive. Adapting either by conforming or by rebelling against the
Parent rules and expectations. Adapted Child can also be OK or not OK, e.g. saying
thank you for a present is an OK Adapted Child response.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS 3
TRANSFERENCE
Reacting in the here and now as if to archaic events. This is an attempt to resolve the
uncompleted business from the past and so heal the hurt child, not a simple desire to
replay old events in order to get kicked yet again.
11. One of the great things Berne did for psychotherapy is make it simple to understand and
analyse transference relationships in the here and now.
If a client responds to a therapist from either a Child ego state or from a Parent ego
state then you know that the client is inviting a transferential relationship with the
therapist.
If the therapist is coming from Parent or Child then this is therapist transference or
counter transference.
The process is:
As a child, the child introjected his/her parent figures, in there here and now those
introjects are projected out onto a screen in front of the transferential object (in therapy
the therapist or other group member) and the client then responds as if this projected
image is the reality.
Berne clearly states that scripts are a transference phenomena and also games are as
the pay off is script reinforcing. (See the pages on scripts and games).
TYPES OF TRANSFERENCE:
CONCORDANT: in which the therapist feels how the client feels.
COMPLIMENTARY: in which the therapist responds in a complimentary way to the
client’s transference.
Transference can be client or therapist in origin and so can counter transference ...
E.g.:
The client is agitating and feeling scared the therapist is seen as an angry Parent
figure. (Client transference).
Complimentary counter transference might be demonstrated by the therapist either
getting angry with the client, for agitating or by deliberately using the transferential
invitation but giving a corrective response “Do you want to be taken care of"
Alternatively the therapist may analyze the transaction by inviting the client to
consider which ego state they are in, thus inviting the client into Adult and so clarifying
what is here and now reality.
EGO GRAMS
12. An Ego gram depicts the amount of energy spent in each of the functional ego states.
Jack Dusay hypothesized that there was always a consistent amount of energy available
to an individual, and if you increased the amount of energy used in one ego state then
the amount of energy used in the other ego states was reduced. He uses the functional
model of ego states to draw this in chart form in ego grams.
1 ) Look at the whole of your life.
2) This will demonstrate are as which need to be worked on during therapy. This
can be done with a group of people who know you well and then their Ego
gram of you can be compared with your own.
Transactions.... TA Proper
The analysis of transactions between two people forms theory in practice.... once the
concept of ego states is understood, what follows on is the understanding of
transactions...
Which ego states are people using when transacting with each other.
There are three types of transactions and many variations within each of the three types.
Complementary transactions.
Where the ego state responding is complimentary to the ego state offering the
stimulus... when drawn the vectors indicating the transaction are parallel.
Communication first rule is ... communication will continue if the transactions are
complementary!
Adult : Adult complimentary transaction.
Crossed Transactions.
Where the vectors crossed.
When the ego state addressed is different for the one responding the communication
ceases. This is the second rule of communication.
13. The Parent to Child stimulus is crossed with an Adult response.
Ulterior Transactions.
There is a social and an ulterior level transaction.
The social level is the socially acceptable stimulus... for example, do you know what
time it is?
The ulterior level can be either:
Parent > Child ... "You stupid boy, you are late!"
Child > Parent... "Please don't be cross, I did my best to get it finished on time"
The meaning will be made clear to the receiver by the use of non-verbal language
clues... a wagging finger for example along with a stern look will usually mean a
Parent > Child ulterior.
The meaning of the communication will always be at the ulterior level, this is the third
rule of communication.
Ulterior transactions can be crossed or complimentary...
The ulterior transaction is shown as a broken line in the transactional diagram.
Ulterior transactions are by definition out of the persons awareness... it is an
unconscious process.
Transference....
14. All transactions which include a Parent or Child are transferential transactions!
Discounts
Discounts are an internal mechanism by which people minimize or maximize an aspect of
reality, themselves or others. In other words they are not accounting for the reality of
themselves or others or the situation.
The king and his friends were discounting when in reality “The King really was in the
altogether!"
Discounting involves thinking which is inconsistent or distorts reality.
In structural terms the ego states involved will be either Parent or Child
NB: Disturbed / psychotic people are discounting more severely... over 80% of
transactions being discounted may well mean that the person involved is psychotic!
MANIFESTATIONS OF DISCOUNTING
As discounts are an internal process, they can only be ‘seen’ as it were by their external
manifestations.
These are:
Ulterior transactions.
Redefining transactions where the reply does not match the stimulus. What time is it?..
It is snowing!
Behavior in a position within the Drama Triangle.
Passive behaviors. These may have much energy involved, but they are passive in the
sense that they will never solve the problem!
1. Doing nothing
2. Agitation
3. Over adaptation.
4. Violence: towards self or others.
Whereas strokes are essential to life, discounts are life destructive. Games and Rackets
start with and are maintained by discounts, therefore if you stop the discount, you stop
the Game or the Racket.
15. LEVELS OF DISCOUNTING
1) The EXISTENCE of a problem, e.g. a baby cries and the parents go to sleep.
2) The SIGNIFICANCE or a problem “Oh the baby always cries at this time”.
3) The CHANGE POSSIBILITIES “The baby will never be satisfied”.
4) The PERSONAL ABILITY to actually carry out the change “You could but I can’t
change the nappy”.
At each level the discount can be of three types:
1) The STIMULUS can be discounted.
2) The PROBLEM can be discounted.
3) The OPTIONS can be discounted.
Using the levels and types of discount the Discount Matrix was developed. by Mellor and
Schiff... TAJ July 1975.
This is useful for diagnosing where the person is stuck and also can be used to help in
problem solving.
You start at the top left hand corner the existence of a stimulus.... is there a stimulus etc...
Yes there is a baby crying.
Does that mean there is a problem?
Does that mean the stimulus is significant?
16. Yes>
Are there any options?
Is the problem significant?
Is it possible to change the stimulus?
Yes>
Can you react differently?
is it possible to change the problem?
Are the options significant?
Yes>
Can you solve the problem?
Are the options viable?
Yes>
Will you act to solve the problem?
Yes> there is no discount....
wherever the answer is no... is the area in which the discount is occurring, and that area
needs addressing in therapy.
Clearly the earlier the no occurs the more serious the discount... if they don't even here
the baby crying then there is a very serious denial of reality!
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS 4
The Life Script
A script is a personal life plan which an individual decides early in life and is based upon
his or her interpretation of the external and internal events which affect them.
The script is a decisional model - this is very important - if I chose my own script then at
any time given the right circumstances I can choose to make a change in my script.
(When this change takes place in therapy the client is said to have made a Re-decision.)
A potential script decision is made when a person discounts his own free child needs in
order to survive. Only after several discounts does the decision become part of the script
unless the situation carried a great deal of significance such as the death of a parent or
sibling.
Script Decisions are the best the child can manage in the circumstances. Yesterday’s
best choice made by the child in a land of giants may now be very limiting to the grown
adult. People follow their script because of the pay off, a familiar feeling, attempting to
avoid the loss of love and in an attempt to gain love.
SCRIPT MESSAGES come from:
17. 1) MODELING by parents, siblings, others demonstrating how to = the Programme
(accepted Adult messages).
2) ATTRIBUTIONS, the big person in Parent defining the little person in some way,
e.g. “You’re just like .....”.
3) SUGGESTIONS, indirectly giving the message from parent, e.g. “Keep at it until
it’s right”. (Be Perfect).
4) INJUNCTIONS from the child ego state making demands on the person, either
DO or DON’T.
NB: Messages can frequently contradict each other.
DRIVERS (Described by Taibi Kahler) From the Parent Ego State stating that the
child will be OK if he/she follows a message which says:-
You will be OK if you.....
Try Hard - Be Strong - Hurry Up - Be Perfect - Please Me –
TWELVE INJUNCTIONS (Described by the Gouldings in the book Changing Lives
Through Re-decision Therapy).
Injunctions come from the infants parents scared or angry Child ego state:-
Don’t be, Don’t be you, Don’t, Don’t be Important, Don’t belong, Don’t be close, Don’t
be well / sane, Don’t think, Don’t feel, Don’t be a child, Don’t grow, Don’t succeed.
It is important to note that the child responds to these injunctions and makes a script
decision... It is these negative script decisions which will possibly causing difficulty as a
grown up.
Permissions are also given to the child, these will be the opposite to the injunctions, e.g.
Do think, etc. The script can be elicited in various ways, the questionnaire being one, and
it is drawn out on a script matrix.
The matrix is one of the earliest pieces of work done as a Transactional Analyst. The
analyst will then design interventions based upon the information within the matrix. In
therapy the injunctions are always to be dealt with first rather than Drivers which may well
be the thing that keeps the person going. E.g.
"I will be perfect then I can live." -- No matter how tempted don’t invite this person to
stop being perfect, until they have made a decision to live regardless of how imperfect
they are!
The OK Corral
18. One of Berne's best know concepts is the idea that folks are born OK, The phrase I am OK
- You are OK has become a part of folk language...
In infancy, often pre-verbally the infant will make a decision as to how they related to
others and themselves ... This is called their existential life position.
Early life experiences will determine the person’s Existential or Life position. Once decided
upon, the Life Position influences how the person thinks, feels and behaves.
There are four basic life positions and Frank Ernst developed these into the well known OK
Corral.
I am not Ok with me
You are ok with me
I am Ok with me
You are ok with me
I am not Ok with me
You are not ok with me
I am not with me
You are not ok with me
WORKING WITH A FAIRY STORY
Is one of the ways of making a re-decision in therapy or at any other time.
The following stories were told to me by a 42 year old lady who had worked the land
most of life but now works hard in a factory.
She had a tragic script in which she had planned to die at the age of 48, having already
written her farewell note and will.
Early on in my work with her she described herself as a person who was frozen in her
relationship with others. She went onto tell me her favorite fairy story was the little
matchstick girl, often told her as an infant.
THE LITTLE MATCHSTICK GIRL
One Christmas Eve there was a little girl who was trying to sell her matches, but everyone
was too busy getting ready for Christmas, and so did not want her matches.
As the day got colder and turned into night she had not sold a single match, so she had
no money to buy any food. She found a corner to shelter from the wind and snow, but
she was getting colder. She struck all her matches one by one to get what warmth she
could, but they soon ran out, so she tried to get to sleep.
The next morning a little boy went out to play on his new sledge and found her frozen to
death.
19. NEW ENDING
The client struggled for some time with writing a new ending to the story... however she
eventually did do so... this became a turning point in her life. She had made a redecision
to live into old age.
The new ending:
As she was about to light her last match a little old lady came to her to buy her matches.
As it was her last one, the girl said that she could take it, the money would not be enough
to buy her food.
However, the old lady was alone and so she asked the girl to come home with her to
keep her company. The old lady found the girl a good worker and they became good
companions. A few years later the girl met a nice young man and they got married, had
three boys, and lived happily ever after.
PS: Even with this new ending you might be able to see there are still elements which in
an ideal world we may want to change... However this new ending did fit with the clients
experience of life, she did and always had worked hard in order to survive financially.
SCRIPT QUESTIONNAIRE
These questions are designed to gain information from the client which enables the
therapist to construct a script matrix, a picture of both the messages which were passed
onto the infant and the decisions which the infant made.
1. Imagine your mother sitting front of you and saying: “I am happy with you when you
... ..”
2. Do the same for your father.
3. When you were little, what was it about you that most upset or scared your mother?
4. When your mother lets you know that she does not like you being like this, what do
you feel?
5. What do you do when you feel like this?
6. What was it about you that most upset or scared your father?
7. How do you feel when he lets you know this?
8. What do you do when you feel like this?
9. What phrase or sentence describes your mother and her life best?
10. What phrase or sentence describes your dad and his life best?
20. The Script Matrix
Claude Steiner (1974) "Scripts People Live"
In the above diagram I deliberately have called them mother and father power in order
to reflect their power imbalance over their infant. The Infant makes decisions in response
to each of the messages:
D = Driver messages (Often called counter injunction)
P = Programme (How to's...)
I = Injunction (Don'ts, or script messages)
John James Game Plan
A SIMPLE WAY TO EXPLORE THE GAMES AND RACKETEERING YOU PLAY:
1) What is it that happens over and over again?
2) How does it start?
3) Then what happens?
4) What happens next?
5) How does it end?
6) How do you feel when it ends?
21. 7) How may the others feel when it ends?
A game is a series of complimentary ulterior transactions followed by one of the players
switching ego states, leading to a moment of confusion, followed by a familiar feelings
and thoughts which reinforces the players life script.
Games are a way of exchanging high value strokes, and often get called Dramas, a mini
version of the life script.
Games are a way of both avoiding intimacy and are often a way of attempting to gain
intimacy.... they have advantages and disadvantages!
If two people are involved in a process which involves exchanging ulterior
complimentary transactions but neither switch ego states then they can be said to be
Racketeering.
Racketeering is a process of exchanging familiar and safe strokes from a familiar role...
two parties can continue this for a life time!
The married couple never face up to their need for intimacy, instead they get along fine,
both never addressing their underlying fears that the other may one day leave them.
Every night they go through the same routine, she cooks, he washes up, they watch TV
and don't ever talk, both avoiding their deep feelings of loneliness.
If they do attempt to talk they fear the other may get upset, but never check this out,
they decide to take the familiar route to the TV.
To move into intimacy one of them will have to risk breaking the familiar pattern.... at that
point intimacy is possible, however, due to fear it is also possible that a game may
ensue.
As the other party fears abandonment and so escalates their fears into an argument,
which does not address their fears, but the consequence is that the first person retreats to
the familiar pattern, and a return to the racketeering.
Rackets is a term used for familiar feelings which are acceptable to the script and yet
which may not be the authentic feeling associated with any situation.
As one client said recently to me: I will see my the person I want to be my lover again
tonight, I fear her, I fear losing contact with her, but that is not acceptable so I giggle
and act as if I am shy... I actually feel embarrassed... and end up apologizing for my
blushes. She laughs and I feel even more inadequate.
There are three popular ways of illustrating Games
1) The Karpman Drama Triangle.
Steve Karpman one of Berne's colleagues was writing in the Transactional Analysis Bulletin
(1966) about how drama roles get acted out within fairy stories drew what has become
22. perhaps the best known diagram from TA. I have seen it within a health promotion
booklet, and within a Gestalt book, neither crediting Karpman nor TA!
In a game the players start in their familiar favored position, when one of the players
switches roles the game is completed.
This simple diagram demonstrates how we occupy one of three roles:
VICTIM: Hopeless, helpless, and powerless, beyond the reality. “You can make me feel
bad or good”.
RESCUERS: Appear nice and helpful. “I can make you feel good”.
A person is rescuing when he/she:
Is doing something he doesn’t¬ want to do
Is doing something he was not¬ asked to do
Is doing something he can’t do¬
Is doing more than 50% of the¬ work
Is not asking for what he wants¬
PERSECUTOR: “I can make you feel bad”.
People frequently take up the persecutor role in order to avoid being the victim.
2) TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE GAME
23. This illustrates the ulterior transactions taking place.
3) THE FORMULA ‘G’
Berne, in his book ‘What Do You Say After You Say Hello’ says that only transactions which
fit this game formula are games and any other series of transactions are not games.
Con + Gimmick = Response > Switch > Cross up > Pay off
Con = the hook which invites the person into the game, E.g. “Please help me”.
Gimmick = the interest in the hook. E.g. “Oh yes, I’m a good helper”.
Response = there may be several rounds of racketeering involved with the hook and
gimmick, but the problem is not solved.
Switch = the first and second person switch ego state and position on the drama Triangle.
Cross up = the immediate sense of unease when the person realizes the fact that they
have been had.
Pay Off = always enhances the script, and original life position. When working to resolve
games discover why the person is playing the game and invite them to get their needs
met in a straight way. That is without the ulterior transactions.
Names of and degrees of Games
Berne named many games, most of these could be summed up as either Kick me or Kick
you, and Possibly kick them... A classic example is where a husband complains to his wife
that if it were not for her then he could.....
That game is a "If it were not for you game." The competition is to see who is going to get
kicked... both players will play from their favored life position of being either one down
and getting kicked or one up and kicking the other.
Each game reinforces the script and life positions of the players, these outcomes are
described as a first, second or third degree pay off.
A first degree pay off is one which leads to amusement, along with possibly mild
embarrassment.
A second degree game is where the players really do not want others to know about it...
there is shame and a desire to cover it up.
A third degree pay off is where there is serious damage done to the players, and ends up
in court or hospital or worse.
24. WHY PLAY GAMES?
To further the script, maintain life position on the OK Corral. To satisfy stroke needs and
excitement needs. To satisfy need for time structure and to maintain predictable patterns
of behaviour. Games avoid responsibility and intimacy. An important role for games is to
keep others around for strokes when the racketeering process is running out.
The 6 advantages of Games:
1. Biological advantage: gaining attention and stimulation, which are essential for our
well being.
2. Existential advantage: Confirming the life position.
3. Internal psychological advantage: Defending against internal fears and old
unwanted feelings.
4. External psychological advantage: the avoidance of a feared situation by playing
the game.
5. Internal social advantage: Providing players with pseudo-intimacy,
6. External social advantage: This is relating to the opportunity to talk with others,
outside of the game about the game.
To stop the game confront the Discount.
Therapy Planning for Change
ASSESSMENTS
During the assessment phase much good therapy can be done. However it is not directly
seen as change work until you have agreed a contract for change and the client has
closed their escape hatches (see below).
Outcomes to be aimed for (Treatment Contract)
Type of therapeutic interventions (group/individual)
The script / Racket System, Game analysis and other diagnostic assessments.
ESCAPE HATCHES are used to escape a person’s own responsibility, therefore when
appropriate clients are invited to close their escape hatches at the earliest possible time:-
Closing the ESCAPE HATCHES is an important part of T. A. therapy.
1 ) Taking one’s own life, or harming oneself.
25. Closed by an Adult decision “to live and take care of myself .
2) To act in a crazy way.
Closed by an Adult decision to “stay sane and to keep Adult available”.
3) To set up to become physically sick.
Closed with an Adult decision to “take care of myself and to live a healthy life”.
4) To harm or kill someone else.
Closed with an Adult decision to “let others live and take care of themselves”.
Usually the closure is put “No matter how I feel, or what others do or say, I will ......”
THERAPY CONTRACT
Both the TA practitioner and the client agree stating the areas in which the client wishes
to make changes and the outcomes expected.
Contracting questions are:
What do you want to Change?
What specifically are you wanting to change now?
What needs to happen for you to make this change?
What are you willing to do in order to make this change?
How might you sabotage yourself?
How will you and I know when you have made the change?
How will you reward yourself for making the change?
(Credit to M. James "Born to Win" 1976)