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TOYO KOREA TOYO KOREA Training for M Training for Metallurg etallurgy y - - Fundamental Fundamental - - October 29,30 2009 T TO OY YO O E EN NG GI IN NE EE ER RI IN NG G C CO OR RP PO OR RA AT TI IO ON N
2 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Outline Outline Oct. 29th • Fundamental of Metallurgy, Corrosion and Welding Oct. 30th • Wet H2S cracking (HIC, SSC etc) and NACE standards • Materials Selection for Oil and Gas Production facilities • Materials Selection for Oil Refineries
3 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Contents Contents • Fundamental of Metallurgy • Engineering Materials (*) Short questions • Materials Damages (Corrosion, Cracking etc.) (*) Short questions • Welding effects on Material Failures (*) Short questions
4 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Crystal Crystal - - face-centered cubic lattice (fcc) body-centered cubic lattice (bcc) hexagonal close packing lattice (hcp) tetragonal lattice
5 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Structure Structure - - Ferrite • bcc • Carbon steel, Cr-Mo etc. • Brittle material • Magnetic material Austenite • fcc • Type304SS、Ni alloy etc. • Non-brittle material • Non-magnetic material Ferritic-Austenitic, Duplex • Ferritic (bcc) and austenitic (fcc) • Duplex SS • Magnetic material Martensite • Tetragonal lattice • Type410SS etc. • Brittle material • Magnetic material
6 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 austenite ferrite ferrite pearlite austenite Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Heat Treatment Heat Treatment - - Temperature [℃] Temperature [℃]
7 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 1. annealing - heating to and holding at a suitable temperature and then cooling at a suitable rate for such purposes as: reducing hardness, improving machinability, facilitating cold working, producing a desired microstructure, or obtaining desired mechanical, physical, or other properties 2. normalizing - a process in which a ferrous metal is heated to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and is subsequently cooled in still air at room temperature 3. quenching - rapid cooling of a heated metal 4. solution heat treatment - heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to allow one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold the constituents in solution 5. tempering -reheating a hardened metal to a temperature below the transformation range to improve toughness Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Heat Treatment Heat Treatment - -
8 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Solution treatment (1030-1150℃) ASTM A351 Solution treatment(1010-1150℃) ASTM A240 Stainless steel Quenching & Tempering ASTM A508 Annealing, annealing, normalizing & tempering ASTM A234 Gr WP22 410-590N/mm2：annealing or normalizing 520-690N/mm2：normalizing & tempering ASTM A387 Gr 22) Low alloy steel As fabricated（hot rolled), ,annealing or normalizing (cold rolled) ASTM A106 Gr A As rolled (t≦50mm) Normalizing (t＞50mm) ASTM A204 Gr A Carbon Steel Heat Treatment Typical ASTM material Material Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Heat Treatment Heat Treatment - -
9 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Structure vs. Hardness（CCT diagram） CCT : Continuous Cooling Transformation Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Heat Treatment Heat Treatment - -
10 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Ductile fracture Brittle fracture Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Brittleness Brittleness - -
11 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Evaluation methods Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Brittleness Brittleness - - (Ref. ASME SECTIONⅧ DIV1 PART UCS-66)
12 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Contents Contents • Fundamental of Metallurgy • Engineering Materials • Materials Damages (Corrosion, Cracking etc.) • Welding and Material Failures
13 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Classifications of Materials Classifications of Materials Metallic Materials • Ferrous（Cast irons, carbon steels, Cr-Mo steels, Stainless steels etc.） • Non-Ferrous（Ni alloys, Cu alloys, Ti etc.） Non-metallic Materials • Organic materials（plastic resin, rubbers, fluorocarbon resin, FRP etc.） • Inorganic materials（ceramics, glass lining etc.）
14 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Carbon steel & Cast Iron Carbon steel & Cast Iron Temperature [℃] Carbon content •Cast iron •Gray cast iron •high tension cast iron •White cast iron •Malleable cast iron •ductile cast iron •spherical graphite cast iron
15 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Stainless Steels Stainless Steels Stainless Steels category structure Cr Cr-Ni Austenite Ferrite-Austenite Precipitation Hardening (PH) Martensite Ferrite
16 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 18-8 - C 18-8 - C 18-8 C 0.1% Intergranular Corrosion Resistance C≦0.08% Intergranular Corrosion Resistance C≦0.03% 302 304 304L + Ti, Nb 321 Intergranular Corrosion Resistance High Temp. Strength 347 - C 18-8-Mo Intergranular Corrosion Resistance C≦0.03% + Mo 316L Acid Corrosion Resistance 316 + Mo + Ni, Cr, Mo Corrosion Resistance 317 (Hastelloy) + Cu + Ni, Cr, Cu Acid Corrosion Resistance Acid Corrosion Resistance (Carpenter20Cb) (Carpenter20Cb-3) + Ni, Cr + Ni, Cr High Temp. Strength High Temp. Strength Corrosion Resistance Oxidation Resistance 310, 310S Oxidation Resistance Incoloy800 (Inconel) - C 12Cr + Cr + Cr,Mo -C, N +Cr, Mo Corrosion Resistance C<0.15 Corrosion Resistance Corrosion Resistance 420 410 430 Toughness 444 XM27 + Al Weldability 405 447J1 S31500 329J3L URANUS50 NAS45 DIN4533 329J1 329J4L DIN4582 DIN4460 18-8-Ti 18-8-Nb 18-8-Mo 18-8-Mo-Cu Ni-Mo-(Cr) 18-8-3.5Mo 13Cr-0.3C 17Cr 20-35-2Mo-3Cu-Nb 25-20 20-32-Ti, Al Ni-Cr-Fe Alloy 20-30-2Mo-3Cu-Nb 18-27Cr 12Cr-0.2Al 19Cr-2Mo 26Cr-1Mo 30Cr-2Mo 18Cr-4Ni-3Mo-Si 20Cr-5Ni-Ti 25Cr-5Ni-1.5Mo 27Cr-4Ni-1.5Mo 22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-0.14N 20Cr-4Ni-Mo-Cu 25Cr-6Ni-3Mo 20Cr-5Ni-Mo-Cu 25Cr-7Ni-1.5Mo-Nb Stainless Steels Stainless Steels
17 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Ni alloy Ni alloy
18 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Ni alloy Ni alloy For HCl Hastelloy B For HAZ Hastelloy B-2 Low C For oxidizing service Hastelloy C Cr addition For HAZ Hastelloy C-276 Low C Low cost Hastelloy G Fe addition Heat resistant Hastelloy C-4 Ti addition Corrosion resistant Hastelloy C-22 High Cr content For hot cracking Hastelloy G-3 Low C、Nb addition Corrosion resistant Hastelloy G-30 High Cr content Localized corrosion Hastelloy H High Mo content
19 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 B111(SB111) B171(SB171) C71500 Cu30Ni B111(SB111) B171 C71000 Cu20Ni For polluted seawater B111(SB111) B171(SB171) C70600 Cu10Ni Cupronickel As and Al to prevent dezincification and erosion B111(SB111) C68700 CuZnAlAs Aluminum Brass B111 B171(SB171) C61400 CuZnAlFe B111(SB111) C60800 CuZnAlAs Aluminum Bronze B171(SB171) C46500 CuZnAs B171(SB171) C46400 CuZn Naval Brass B111(SB111) B171(SB171) C44500 CuZnP B111(SB111) B171(SB171) C44400 CuZnSb Sn to prevent dezincification B111(SB111) B171(SB171) C44300 CuZnAs Inhibited Admiralty Brass Description ASTM(ASME) UNS No. Metal Grade Category Cu Alloys Cu Alloys
20 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Ti Alloys Ti Alloys B265,B338,B381 - Gr.34(F-34) (Ti-Ru-Pd-Cr-Ni) B265,B338,B381 - Gr.33(F-33) (Ti-Ru-Pd-Cr-Ni) B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R53400 Gr. 12(F-12) (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni) Ti, Alloy B265, B338(SB265,SB338, SB381) R52254 Gr. 27(F-27) (Ti-0.1Ru) B265, B338(SB265, SB338, SB381) R52404 Gr. 26(F-26) (Ti-0.1Ru) Ti, Unalloyed plus Ru B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R52252 Gr. 17(F-17) (Ti-0.06Pd) B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R52402 Gr. 16(F-16) (Ti-0.06Pd) Ti, Unalloyed plus Pd B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R52250 Gr. 11(F-11) (Ti-0.15Pd) B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R52400 Gr. 7(F-7) (Ti-0.15Pd) Ti, Unalloyed plus Pd B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB381) R50700 Gr. 4(F-4) B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R50550 Gr. 3(F-3) B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R50400 Gr. 2(F-2) B265,B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R50250 Gr. 1(F-1) Ti, Unalloyed ASTM(ASME) UNS No. Metal Grade Category．
21 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Mostly for plate-type HE B551,(SB551) R60706 Zircadyne706 Zr-2.5Nb Same corrosion resistance as pure Zr, but twice of strength. B551, B493 B523, B658 ( SB551,SB493 SB523, SB658) R60705 Zircadyne705 Zr-2.5Nb Mostly for nuclear power plant B551, B493 B523, B658 ( SB551,SB493 SB523, SB658) R60704 Zircadyne704 Zr-1.5Sn Zr-Alloy Largest applied in process plant. High corrosion resistant but low strength. B551, B493 B523, B658 ( SB551,SB493 SB523, SB658) R60702 Zircadyne702 Pure Zr Zr Unalloyed Description ASTM(ASME) UNS No. Metal Grade Category Zr Zr Alloys Alloys
22 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Natural rubber（hard, soft） Synthetic rubber（SBR、NBR、EPDM） Rubber Fluorocarbon resin Vinyl chloride resin Polyethylene resin Polypropylene resin thermoplastic resin Unsaturated polyester resin Vinyl ester resin Epoxy resin Furan resin Phenol resin heat-hardening resin (*) FRP Materials Category Non Non- -metallic metallic - - Organic materials Organic materials - -
23 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Non Non- -metallic metallic - - Organic materials Organic materials - - FRP (Filament winding method)
24 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Non Non- -metallic metallic – – Inorganic materials Inorganic materials - - resin-impregnated graphite Graphite Carbon Block Titan nitride Silicon nitride silicon carbide Zirconia Alumina Ceramics (Conventional parts) Zirconia Titania Alumina Ceramics (thermal spray) Glass Glass lining Material Category
25 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Non Non- -metallic materials metallic materials • Applicable temperature • Expected service life • Practical experience • Form of damages • Inspection methods etc. Important Issues
26 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Short Questions Short Questions 1.What is the type of microstructure of carbon steels with/without heat treatment? 2.How to test the brittleness? 3.What are the types of SS? 4.What should be considered when non- metallic materials are used? 5.How do you choice the materials between Hastelloy-B and C?
27 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Contents Contents • Fundamental of Metallurgy • Engineering Materials • Materials Damages (Corrosion, Cracking etc.) • Welding effects on Material Failures
28 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Forms of material damages Forms of material damages 装置材料の損傷分類 腐食 55.6% 素材欠陥 ／製作不良 23.0% 疲労 9.6% クリープ 4.3% その他 7.5% 腐食形態 その他 16.8% エロージョン ・コロージョン 5% 水素損傷 10.6% 孔食 15.1% 割れ 21.3% 全面腐食 31.4%
29 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Corrosive services Corrosive services Carburization, Metal dusting, temper embrittlement, sigma embrittlement, 475 embrittlement, Creep embrittlement, Graphitization, Nitriding etc. High temp. deterioration Oxidation, Sulfidation, Polythionic acid SCC, Naphthenic acid, Halogen gas, hydrogen attack etc. High temp. Corr. Dry (High temp.) Wet H2S (SSC、HIC、NH4HS corrosion), Amine (MEA, DEA), CO2, Galvanic corr. Cathodic protection, Hydrogen embrittlement, Erosion Others Neutral water, Chloride environment (SCC, pitting, crevice corr., intergranular corr.), seawater, BFW, steam, Soil, Atmosphere, Corrosion Under Insulation etc. Water, soil, atmosphere H2SO4, Dew point Corr., HCl, HNO3, HF, HPO3 HCOOH, CH3COOH, NaOH, NH3 etc. Acid wet
30 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Anodic reaction ： Fe → Fe2+ + 2e－ Cathodic reaction ： 1/2O2 + H2O + 2e－ → 2OH- Fe e－ Fe2+ （Anodic reaction) OH－ O2 + H2O (Cathodic reaction) Metal Solution Ionic conduction Electrochemical Electrochemical Corrosion Corrosion
31 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Typical Forms of Corrosion Typical Forms of Corrosion (NACE)
32 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 General Corrosion General Corrosion (Fontana, Corrosion Engineering) Corrosion rate & Corrosion allowance
33 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Galvanic Corrosion Galvanic Corrosion Seawater Carbon Steel Copper Anode（Corrosion) Cathode（resist)
34 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Pitting Pitting
35 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Crevice Corrosion Crevice Corrosion
36 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 How to prevent localized corrosion How to prevent localized corrosion Alloy Producer UNS No. Cr Ni Mo N other PRE Ferrite Stainless Steels MONIT Nyby-Udde holm S44635 25 4 4 0.015 0.5Ti 38 SEA-CURE Trent Tube S44660 27.5 1.2 3.5 0.025 0.5Ti 39 AL 29-4C Allegheny S44735 29 0.3 4 0.02 0.5Ti 42 Austenitic Stainless Steels 316SS - S31600 17 12 2.5 - - 25 904L Avesta N08904 20 25 4.5 - 1.5Cu 35 SANICRO 28 Sandvik N08028 27 31 3.5 - 1.0Cu 39 AL-6XN Allegheny N08367 20 24 6 - 2.0Cu 46 254SMO Avesta S31254 20 18 6.1 0.2 0.7Cu 46 654SMO Avesta S32654 24 22 7.3 0.5 0.5Cu,3Mn 63 Duplex Stainless Steels SAF2205 Sandvik S31803 22 5 3 0.14 - 34 Ferralium 255 Allegheny S32550 26 5 3 0.17 2.0Cu 39 DP3 (DP3N) Sumitomo Metal S31260 25.3 7 3.3 0.3 0.4W 42 Zeron 100 Weir Material S32760 25 7 3.5 0.25 0.7Cu,0.7W 42 SAF2507 Sandvik S32750 25 7 4 0.30 - 43 DP3W Sumitomo Metal S39274 25 7 3 0.28 2.0W 43 High PRE High resistance Pitting Resistant Equivalent (PRE)
37 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Chloride content and temperature are important factors. How to prevent localized corrosion How to prevent localized corrosion Pitting
38 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 How to prevent localized corrosion How to prevent localized corrosion Crevice Corrosion
39 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 How to prevent localized corrosion How to prevent localized corrosion Crevice Corrosion (Ti)
40 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 SCC and HE SCC and HE Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE)
41 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 SCC z Mechanism : Active Path Corrosion z Services : Chloride, Acid, Alkaline etc. z Materials : Stainless Steels, Carbon steel (*) Combination between service and materials is very important HE z Mechanism : Embrittlement z Services : wet H2S service, High Hydrogen service etc. z Materials : Carbon steel (*) Hardness is crucial factor Typical forms of SCC and HE Typical forms of SCC and HE
42 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 <Environment> ・Corrosive agent (Chloride, alkaline etc.) ・Temperature <stress> ・Residual stress (fabrication, welding) ・Stress by operation <Material> ・Austenitic SS ・Carbon steel ・Non-ferrous metal SCC occurs in superposition of the above three factors How to prevent SCC
43 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 How to prevent Chloride SCC How to prevent Chloride SCC
44 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Short Questions Short Questions 1.1mpy equals to ?mm/y. 2.What is the cathodic reactant of carbon steel in seawater? 3.What PRE stands for? 4.What are the differences between SCC and HE? 5.How to prevent chloride SCC of CW Heat Exchanger tubes of SS?
45 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Contents Contents • Fundamental of Metallurgy • Engineering Materials • Materials Damages (Corrosion, Cracking etc.) • Welding effects on Material Failures
46 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Weldability (during fabrication) – Mechanical property at weld (welding metal, HAZ) – Shape defect (Undercut etc.) – Blowhole, Lack of fusion – Weld crack (cold crack, hot crack) – Weld residual stress Welded Joint Performance (during operation) – Fatigue fracture, Embrittlement – Integranular Corrosion, SCC – High temperature embrittlement – Creep rupture – Hydrogen Attack Weldability Weldability vs. Welded Joint Performance vs. Welded Joint Performance
47 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Fabricator, Sub-contractor Service conditions and weld joint performance Code (ASME etc.) Engineering company Welding techniques Welding Requirements for Engineering Welding Requirements for Engineering
48 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Welding Welding and Material failure and Material failure Initial defects Initiation and propagation of cracking Failure By welding… • Heat effects on Material’s quality (sensitization, hardness etc.) • Residual stress • Shape distortion In service… • Operating pressure (stress) • Corrosiveness (SCC, HE etc.) • Operating temp. (High temp.) • Initial Material defects • defects during fabrication etc.
49 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Residual Stress as SCC Residual Stress as SCC Simulation analysis of residue stress after welding
© 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Effects on ESCC リフティングラグ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Residual Stress as SCC Residual Stress as SCC
51 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Residual stress vs. SR temperature Residual Stress as SCC Residual Stress as SCC
52 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 PWHT condition as per ASME Residual Stress as SCC Residual Stress as SCC
53 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 53 Environment Material Stress Residual stress by welding Stress relief PWHT in field PWHT PWHT Case Study
54 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 PWHT PWHT Case Study
55 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Short Questions Short Questions 1.Describe weldability and weld joint performance. 2.How initiate the residual stress? 3.How to relief residual stress?
56 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Summary Summary 1. Metallic materials are influenced by heat treatments. 2. Corrosion are based on wet electrochemical reaction. 3. There are several forms of corrosion such as metal loss and cracking. 4. Welding procedures are important to achieve materials soundness such as controlling residual stress.

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Training for Metallurgy Fundamentals by COMPANY

  • 1. TOYO KOREA TOYO KOREA Training for M Training for Metallurg etallurgy y - - Fundamental Fundamental - - October 29,30 2009 T TO OY YO O E EN NG GI IN NE EE ER RI IN NG G C CO OR RP PO OR RA AT TI IO ON N
  • 2. 2 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Outline Outline Oct. 29th • Fundamental of Metallurgy, Corrosion and Welding Oct. 30th • Wet H2S cracking (HIC, SSC etc) and NACE standards • Materials Selection for Oil and Gas Production facilities • Materials Selection for Oil Refineries
  • 3. 3 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Contents Contents • Fundamental of Metallurgy • Engineering Materials (*) Short questions • Materials Damages (Corrosion, Cracking etc.) (*) Short questions • Welding effects on Material Failures (*) Short questions
  • 4. 4 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Crystal Crystal - - face-centered cubic lattice (fcc) body-centered cubic lattice (bcc) hexagonal close packing lattice (hcp) tetragonal lattice
  • 5. 5 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Structure Structure - - Ferrite • bcc • Carbon steel, Cr-Mo etc. • Brittle material • Magnetic material Austenite • fcc • Type304SS、Ni alloy etc. • Non-brittle material • Non-magnetic material Ferritic-Austenitic, Duplex • Ferritic (bcc) and austenitic (fcc) • Duplex SS • Magnetic material Martensite • Tetragonal lattice • Type410SS etc. • Brittle material • Magnetic material
  • 6. 6 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 austenite ferrite ferrite pearlite austenite Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Heat Treatment Heat Treatment - - Temperature [℃] Temperature [℃]
  • 7. 7 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 1. annealing - heating to and holding at a suitable temperature and then cooling at a suitable rate for such purposes as: reducing hardness, improving machinability, facilitating cold working, producing a desired microstructure, or obtaining desired mechanical, physical, or other properties 2. normalizing - a process in which a ferrous metal is heated to a suitable temperature above the transformation range and is subsequently cooled in still air at room temperature 3. quenching - rapid cooling of a heated metal 4. solution heat treatment - heating an alloy to a suitable temperature, holding at that temperature long enough to allow one or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooling rapidly enough to hold the constituents in solution 5. tempering -reheating a hardened metal to a temperature below the transformation range to improve toughness Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Heat Treatment Heat Treatment - -
  • 8. 8 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Solution treatment (1030-1150℃) ASTM A351 Solution treatment(1010-1150℃) ASTM A240 Stainless steel Quenching & Tempering ASTM A508 Annealing, annealing, normalizing & tempering ASTM A234 Gr WP22 410-590N/mm2：annealing or normalizing 520-690N/mm2：normalizing & tempering ASTM A387 Gr 22) Low alloy steel As fabricated（hot rolled), ,annealing or normalizing (cold rolled) ASTM A106 Gr A As rolled (t≦50mm) Normalizing (t＞50mm) ASTM A204 Gr A Carbon Steel Heat Treatment Typical ASTM material Material Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Heat Treatment Heat Treatment - -
  • 9. 9 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Structure vs. Hardness（CCT diagram） CCT : Continuous Cooling Transformation Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Heat Treatment Heat Treatment - -
  • 10. 10 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Ductile fracture Brittle fracture Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Brittleness Brittleness - -
  • 11. 11 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Evaluation methods Metallurgy Metallurgy - - Brittleness Brittleness - - (Ref. ASME SECTIONⅧ DIV1 PART UCS-66)
  • 12. 12 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Contents Contents • Fundamental of Metallurgy • Engineering Materials • Materials Damages (Corrosion, Cracking etc.) • Welding and Material Failures
  • 13. 13 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Classifications of Materials Classifications of Materials Metallic Materials • Ferrous（Cast irons, carbon steels, Cr-Mo steels, Stainless steels etc.） • Non-Ferrous（Ni alloys, Cu alloys, Ti etc.） Non-metallic Materials • Organic materials（plastic resin, rubbers, fluorocarbon resin, FRP etc.） • Inorganic materials（ceramics, glass lining etc.）
  • 14. 14 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Carbon steel & Cast Iron Carbon steel & Cast Iron Temperature [℃] Carbon content •Cast iron •Gray cast iron •high tension cast iron •White cast iron •Malleable cast iron •ductile cast iron •spherical graphite cast iron
  • 15. 15 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Stainless Steels Stainless Steels Stainless Steels category structure Cr Cr-Ni Austenite Ferrite-Austenite Precipitation Hardening (PH) Martensite Ferrite
  • 16. 16 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 18-8 - C 18-8 - C 18-8 C 0.1% Intergranular Corrosion Resistance C≦0.08% Intergranular Corrosion Resistance C≦0.03% 302 304 304L + Ti, Nb 321 Intergranular Corrosion Resistance High Temp. Strength 347 - C 18-8-Mo Intergranular Corrosion Resistance C≦0.03% + Mo 316L Acid Corrosion Resistance 316 + Mo + Ni, Cr, Mo Corrosion Resistance 317 (Hastelloy) + Cu + Ni, Cr, Cu Acid Corrosion Resistance Acid Corrosion Resistance (Carpenter20Cb) (Carpenter20Cb-3) + Ni, Cr + Ni, Cr High Temp. Strength High Temp. Strength Corrosion Resistance Oxidation Resistance 310, 310S Oxidation Resistance Incoloy800 (Inconel) - C 12Cr + Cr + Cr,Mo -C, N +Cr, Mo Corrosion Resistance C<0.15 Corrosion Resistance Corrosion Resistance 420 410 430 Toughness 444 XM27 + Al Weldability 405 447J1 S31500 329J3L URANUS50 NAS45 DIN4533 329J1 329J4L DIN4582 DIN4460 18-8-Ti 18-8-Nb 18-8-Mo 18-8-Mo-Cu Ni-Mo-(Cr) 18-8-3.5Mo 13Cr-0.3C 17Cr 20-35-2Mo-3Cu-Nb 25-20 20-32-Ti, Al Ni-Cr-Fe Alloy 20-30-2Mo-3Cu-Nb 18-27Cr 12Cr-0.2Al 19Cr-2Mo 26Cr-1Mo 30Cr-2Mo 18Cr-4Ni-3Mo-Si 20Cr-5Ni-Ti 25Cr-5Ni-1.5Mo 27Cr-4Ni-1.5Mo 22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-0.14N 20Cr-4Ni-Mo-Cu 25Cr-6Ni-3Mo 20Cr-5Ni-Mo-Cu 25Cr-7Ni-1.5Mo-Nb Stainless Steels Stainless Steels
  • 17. 17 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Ni alloy Ni alloy
  • 18. 18 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Ni alloy Ni alloy For HCl Hastelloy B For HAZ Hastelloy B-2 Low C For oxidizing service Hastelloy C Cr addition For HAZ Hastelloy C-276 Low C Low cost Hastelloy G Fe addition Heat resistant Hastelloy C-4 Ti addition Corrosion resistant Hastelloy C-22 High Cr content For hot cracking Hastelloy G-3 Low C、Nb addition Corrosion resistant Hastelloy G-30 High Cr content Localized corrosion Hastelloy H High Mo content
  • 19. 19 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 B111(SB111) B171(SB171) C71500 Cu30Ni B111(SB111) B171 C71000 Cu20Ni For polluted seawater B111(SB111) B171(SB171) C70600 Cu10Ni Cupronickel As and Al to prevent dezincification and erosion B111(SB111) C68700 CuZnAlAs Aluminum Brass B111 B171(SB171) C61400 CuZnAlFe B111(SB111) C60800 CuZnAlAs Aluminum Bronze B171(SB171) C46500 CuZnAs B171(SB171) C46400 CuZn Naval Brass B111(SB111) B171(SB171) C44500 CuZnP B111(SB111) B171(SB171) C44400 CuZnSb Sn to prevent dezincification B111(SB111) B171(SB171) C44300 CuZnAs Inhibited Admiralty Brass Description ASTM(ASME) UNS No. Metal Grade Category Cu Alloys Cu Alloys
  • 20. 20 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Ti Alloys Ti Alloys B265,B338,B381 - Gr.34(F-34) (Ti-Ru-Pd-Cr-Ni) B265,B338,B381 - Gr.33(F-33) (Ti-Ru-Pd-Cr-Ni) B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R53400 Gr. 12(F-12) (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni) Ti, Alloy B265, B338(SB265,SB338, SB381) R52254 Gr. 27(F-27) (Ti-0.1Ru) B265, B338(SB265, SB338, SB381) R52404 Gr. 26(F-26) (Ti-0.1Ru) Ti, Unalloyed plus Ru B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R52252 Gr. 17(F-17) (Ti-0.06Pd) B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R52402 Gr. 16(F-16) (Ti-0.06Pd) Ti, Unalloyed plus Pd B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R52250 Gr. 11(F-11) (Ti-0.15Pd) B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R52400 Gr. 7(F-7) (Ti-0.15Pd) Ti, Unalloyed plus Pd B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB381) R50700 Gr. 4(F-4) B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R50550 Gr. 3(F-3) B265, B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R50400 Gr. 2(F-2) B265,B338,B381(SB265,SB338,SB381) R50250 Gr. 1(F-1) Ti, Unalloyed ASTM(ASME) UNS No. Metal Grade Category．
  • 21. 21 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Mostly for plate-type HE B551,(SB551) R60706 Zircadyne706 Zr-2.5Nb Same corrosion resistance as pure Zr, but twice of strength. B551, B493 B523, B658 ( SB551,SB493 SB523, SB658) R60705 Zircadyne705 Zr-2.5Nb Mostly for nuclear power plant B551, B493 B523, B658 ( SB551,SB493 SB523, SB658) R60704 Zircadyne704 Zr-1.5Sn Zr-Alloy Largest applied in process plant. High corrosion resistant but low strength. B551, B493 B523, B658 ( SB551,SB493 SB523, SB658) R60702 Zircadyne702 Pure Zr Zr Unalloyed Description ASTM(ASME) UNS No. Metal Grade Category Zr Zr Alloys Alloys
  • 22. 22 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Natural rubber（hard, soft） Synthetic rubber（SBR、NBR、EPDM） Rubber Fluorocarbon resin Vinyl chloride resin Polyethylene resin Polypropylene resin thermoplastic resin Unsaturated polyester resin Vinyl ester resin Epoxy resin Furan resin Phenol resin heat-hardening resin (*) FRP Materials Category Non Non- -metallic metallic - - Organic materials Organic materials - -
  • 23. 23 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Non Non- -metallic metallic - - Organic materials Organic materials - - FRP (Filament winding method)
  • 24. 24 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Non Non- -metallic metallic – – Inorganic materials Inorganic materials - - resin-impregnated graphite Graphite Carbon Block Titan nitride Silicon nitride silicon carbide Zirconia Alumina Ceramics (Conventional parts) Zirconia Titania Alumina Ceramics (thermal spray) Glass Glass lining Material Category
  • 25. 25 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Non Non- -metallic materials metallic materials • Applicable temperature • Expected service life • Practical experience • Form of damages • Inspection methods etc. Important Issues
  • 26. 26 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Short Questions Short Questions 1.What is the type of microstructure of carbon steels with/without heat treatment? 2.How to test the brittleness? 3.What are the types of SS? 4.What should be considered when non- metallic materials are used? 5.How do you choice the materials between Hastelloy-B and C?
  • 27. 27 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Contents Contents • Fundamental of Metallurgy • Engineering Materials • Materials Damages (Corrosion, Cracking etc.) • Welding effects on Material Failures
  • 28. 28 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Forms of material damages Forms of material damages 装置材料の損傷分類 腐食 55.6% 素材欠陥 ／製作不良 23.0% 疲労 9.6% クリープ 4.3% その他 7.5% 腐食形態 その他 16.8% エロージョン ・コロージョン 5% 水素損傷 10.6% 孔食 15.1% 割れ 21.3% 全面腐食 31.4%
  • 29. 29 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Corrosive services Corrosive services Carburization, Metal dusting, temper embrittlement, sigma embrittlement, 475 embrittlement, Creep embrittlement, Graphitization, Nitriding etc. High temp. deterioration Oxidation, Sulfidation, Polythionic acid SCC, Naphthenic acid, Halogen gas, hydrogen attack etc. High temp. Corr. Dry (High temp.) Wet H2S (SSC、HIC、NH4HS corrosion), Amine (MEA, DEA), CO2, Galvanic corr. Cathodic protection, Hydrogen embrittlement, Erosion Others Neutral water, Chloride environment (SCC, pitting, crevice corr., intergranular corr.), seawater, BFW, steam, Soil, Atmosphere, Corrosion Under Insulation etc. Water, soil, atmosphere H2SO4, Dew point Corr., HCl, HNO3, HF, HPO3 HCOOH, CH3COOH, NaOH, NH3 etc. Acid wet
  • 30. 30 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Anodic reaction ： Fe → Fe2+ + 2e－ Cathodic reaction ： 1/2O2 + H2O + 2e－ → 2OH- Fe e－ Fe2+ （Anodic reaction) OH－ O2 + H2O (Cathodic reaction) Metal Solution Ionic conduction Electrochemical Electrochemical Corrosion Corrosion
  • 31. 31 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Typical Forms of Corrosion Typical Forms of Corrosion (NACE)
  • 32. 32 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 General Corrosion General Corrosion (Fontana, Corrosion Engineering) Corrosion rate & Corrosion allowance
  • 33. 33 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Galvanic Corrosion Galvanic Corrosion Seawater Carbon Steel Copper Anode（Corrosion) Cathode（resist)
  • 34. 34 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Pitting Pitting
  • 35. 35 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Crevice Corrosion Crevice Corrosion
  • 36. 36 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 How to prevent localized corrosion How to prevent localized corrosion Alloy Producer UNS No. Cr Ni Mo N other PRE Ferrite Stainless Steels MONIT Nyby-Udde holm S44635 25 4 4 0.015 0.5Ti 38 SEA-CURE Trent Tube S44660 27.5 1.2 3.5 0.025 0.5Ti 39 AL 29-4C Allegheny S44735 29 0.3 4 0.02 0.5Ti 42 Austenitic Stainless Steels 316SS - S31600 17 12 2.5 - - 25 904L Avesta N08904 20 25 4.5 - 1.5Cu 35 SANICRO 28 Sandvik N08028 27 31 3.5 - 1.0Cu 39 AL-6XN Allegheny N08367 20 24 6 - 2.0Cu 46 254SMO Avesta S31254 20 18 6.1 0.2 0.7Cu 46 654SMO Avesta S32654 24 22 7.3 0.5 0.5Cu,3Mn 63 Duplex Stainless Steels SAF2205 Sandvik S31803 22 5 3 0.14 - 34 Ferralium 255 Allegheny S32550 26 5 3 0.17 2.0Cu 39 DP3 (DP3N) Sumitomo Metal S31260 25.3 7 3.3 0.3 0.4W 42 Zeron 100 Weir Material S32760 25 7 3.5 0.25 0.7Cu,0.7W 42 SAF2507 Sandvik S32750 25 7 4 0.30 - 43 DP3W Sumitomo Metal S39274 25 7 3 0.28 2.0W 43 High PRE High resistance Pitting Resistant Equivalent (PRE)
  • 37. 37 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Chloride content and temperature are important factors. How to prevent localized corrosion How to prevent localized corrosion Pitting
  • 38. 38 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 How to prevent localized corrosion How to prevent localized corrosion Crevice Corrosion
  • 39. 39 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 How to prevent localized corrosion How to prevent localized corrosion Crevice Corrosion (Ti)
  • 40. 40 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 SCC and HE SCC and HE Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE)
  • 41. 41 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 SCC z Mechanism : Active Path Corrosion z Services : Chloride, Acid, Alkaline etc. z Materials : Stainless Steels, Carbon steel (*) Combination between service and materials is very important HE z Mechanism : Embrittlement z Services : wet H2S service, High Hydrogen service etc. z Materials : Carbon steel (*) Hardness is crucial factor Typical forms of SCC and HE Typical forms of SCC and HE
  • 42. 42 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 <Environment> ・Corrosive agent (Chloride, alkaline etc.) ・Temperature <stress> ・Residual stress (fabrication, welding) ・Stress by operation <Material> ・Austenitic SS ・Carbon steel ・Non-ferrous metal SCC occurs in superposition of the above three factors How to prevent SCC
  • 43. 43 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 How to prevent Chloride SCC How to prevent Chloride SCC
  • 44. 44 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Short Questions Short Questions 1.1mpy equals to ?mm/y. 2.What is the cathodic reactant of carbon steel in seawater? 3.What PRE stands for? 4.What are the differences between SCC and HE? 5.How to prevent chloride SCC of CW Heat Exchanger tubes of SS?
  • 45. 45 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Contents Contents • Fundamental of Metallurgy • Engineering Materials • Materials Damages (Corrosion, Cracking etc.) • Welding effects on Material Failures
  • 46. 46 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Weldability (during fabrication) – Mechanical property at weld (welding metal, HAZ) – Shape defect (Undercut etc.) – Blowhole, Lack of fusion – Weld crack (cold crack, hot crack) – Weld residual stress Welded Joint Performance (during operation) – Fatigue fracture, Embrittlement – Integranular Corrosion, SCC – High temperature embrittlement – Creep rupture – Hydrogen Attack Weldability Weldability vs. Welded Joint Performance vs. Welded Joint Performance
  • 47. 47 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Fabricator, Sub-contractor Service conditions and weld joint performance Code (ASME etc.) Engineering company Welding techniques Welding Requirements for Engineering Welding Requirements for Engineering
  • 48. 48 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Welding Welding and Material failure and Material failure Initial defects Initiation and propagation of cracking Failure By welding… • Heat effects on Material’s quality (sensitization, hardness etc.) • Residual stress • Shape distortion In service… • Operating pressure (stress) • Corrosiveness (SCC, HE etc.) • Operating temp. (High temp.) • Initial Material defects • defects during fabrication etc.
  • 49. 49 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Residual Stress as SCC Residual Stress as SCC Simulation analysis of residue stress after welding
  • 50. © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Effects on ESCC リフティングラグ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Residual Stress as SCC Residual Stress as SCC
  • 51. 51 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Residual stress vs. SR temperature Residual Stress as SCC Residual Stress as SCC
  • 52. 52 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 PWHT condition as per ASME Residual Stress as SCC Residual Stress as SCC
  • 53. 53 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 53 Environment Material Stress Residual stress by welding Stress relief PWHT in field PWHT PWHT Case Study
  • 54. 54 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 PWHT PWHT Case Study
  • 55. 55 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Short Questions Short Questions 1.Describe weldability and weld joint performance. 2.How initiate the residual stress? 3.How to relief residual stress?
  • 56. 56 © 2009 2009 T TOYO OYO E ENGINEERING NGINEERING C CORPORATION ORPORATION Security Level 3 Summary Summary 1. Metallic materials are influenced by heat treatments. 2. Corrosion are based on wet electrochemical reaction. 3. There are several forms of corrosion such as metal loss and cracking. 4. Welding procedures are important to achieve materials soundness such as controlling residual stress.