International trade involves the exchange of goods and services between nations. Nations can trade freely with no barriers or implement trade barriers like tariffs, quotas, and embargoes. Tariffs are taxes on imported goods that raise their price, while quotas limit imports to create shortages. Embargoes completely ban trade with another country, usually for political reasons. While trade barriers protect domestic industries and jobs, they also increase prices for consumers by restricting competition.
The Textiles in Germany industry profile is an essential resource for top-level data and analysis covering the Textiles industry. It includes data on market size and segmentation, plus textual and graphical analysis of the key trends and competitive landscape, leading companies and demographic information. Scope * Contains an executive summary and data on value, volume and/or segmentation* Provides textual analysis of Textiles in Germany's recent performance and future prospects* Incorporates in-depth five forces competitive environment analysis and scorecards * Includes a five-year forecast of Textiles in Germany* The leading companies are profiled with supporting key financial metrics * Supported by the key macroeconomic and demographic data affecting the market Highlights * Detailed information is included on market size, measured by value and/or volume * Five forces scorecards provide an accessible yet in depth view of the market's competitive landscapeWhy you should buy this report * Spot future trends and developments * Inform your business decisions * Add weight to presentations and marketing materials * Save time carrying out entry-level researchMarket DefinitionThe textiles market includes yarns, fabrics, non-apparel, and apparel finished products. The value of each segment is for consumption, defined as domestic production plus imports minus exports, all valued at manufacturer prices. The yarns segment covers yarns for sewing, weaving, knitting, etc, made of cotton, wool, artificial, synthetic, or other fibers, but does not include the production of the fibers before spinning, fabrics, covers, woven, non-woven, and knitted fabrics (including knitted products such as sweaters). Apparel covers all other clothing except leather and footwear. Non-apparel products include technical, household, and other made-up non-clothing products. All currency conversions use constant average 2009 exchange rates.For the purposes of this report, Europe consists of Western Europe and Eastern Europe.Western Europe comprises Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.Eastern Europe comprises the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine.
The Textiles in Germany industry profile is an essential resource for top-level data and analysis covering the Textiles industry. It includes data on market size and segmentation, plus textual and graphical analysis of the key trends and competitive landscape, leading companies and demographic information. Scope * Contains an executive summary and data on value, volume and/or segmentation* Provides textual analysis of Textiles in Germany's recent performance and future prospects* Incorporates in-depth five forces competitive environment analysis and scorecards * Includes a five-year forecast of Textiles in Germany* The leading companies are profiled with supporting key financial metrics * Supported by the key macroeconomic and demographic data affecting the market Highlights * Detailed information is included on market size, measured by value and/or volume * Five forces scorecards provide an accessible yet in depth view of the market's competitive landscapeWhy you should buy this report * Spot future trends and developments * Inform your business decisions * Add weight to presentations and marketing materials * Save time carrying out entry-level researchMarket DefinitionThe textiles market includes yarns, fabrics, non-apparel, and apparel finished products. The value of each segment is for consumption, defined as domestic production plus imports minus exports, all valued at manufacturer prices. The yarns segment covers yarns for sewing, weaving, knitting, etc, made of cotton, wool, artificial, synthetic, or other fibers, but does not include the production of the fibers before spinning, fabrics, covers, woven, non-woven, and knitted fabrics (including knitted products such as sweaters). Apparel covers all other clothing except leather and footwear. Non-apparel products include technical, household, and other made-up non-clothing products. All currency conversions use constant average 2009 exchange rates.For the purposes of this report, Europe consists of Western Europe and Eastern Europe.Western Europe comprises Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.Eastern Europe comprises the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine.
GATT-TRIPS.ppt Trade Regulations and Industrial PoliciesUSAYATUNMAHERA2
trade liberalization legislation
presidential authority to negotiate bilateral tariff reduction if reciprocal in nature
most favored nation clause – agreement by two nations to maintain tariffs to each other as low as those applied to any other nation
now called normal trade relations
two exceptions – preferential tariffs on:
imports from developing nations
imports from nations that are members of the same free trade area
critics: WTO dispute settlement effectively supersedes decisions by U.S. government
counterargument: WTO findings cannot force the U.S. to change its laws
U.S. may choose to change its laws, compensate foreign countries, or do nothing & live with repercussions from other nations
economists: benefits of membership, namely normal trade relations with all members, compared with the costs
The dispute-settlement system favors large nations because retaliatory tariffs might different impact on different nations.
If a small nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, the result will be a decrease in national welfare. (Chapter 4)
If a large nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, demand and price throughout the world may change making imports less expensive improving the terms of trade ratio for the large nation.
Purpose of WTO is supposedly to reduce trade barriers not increase them; monetary fines would be a more suitable penalty.
The dispute-settlement system favors large nations because retaliatory tariffs might different impact on different nations.
If a small nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, the result will be a decrease in national welfare. (Chapter 4)
If a large nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, demand and price throughout the world may change making imports less expensive improving the terms of trade ratio for the large nation.
Purpose of WTO is supposedly to reduce trade barriers not increase them; monetary fines would be a more suitable penalty.
The dispute-settlement system favors large nations because retaliatory tariffs might different impact on different nations.
If a small nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, the result will be a decrease in national welfare. (Chapter 4)
If a large nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, demand and price throughout the world may change making imports less expensive improving the terms of trade ratio for the large nation.
Purpose of WTO is supposedly to reduce trade barriers not increase them; monetary fines would be a more suitable penalty.
The dispute-settlement system favors large nations because retaliatory tariffs might different impact on different nations.
If a small nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, the result will be a decrease in national welfare. (Chapter 4)
If a large nation imposes a retaliatory tariff, demand and price throughout the world may change making imports less expensive improving the terms of trade ratio for the large nation.
Purpose of WTO is supposedly to reduce trade barriers not increase them; monetary fines would be a more suitable penalty.
A small and appropriate ppt on EXTERNAL or International trade.You will find everything serially. Hope this will help u guys..........IF something is missing plz comment..,.. and let me know... THANK U
2. IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall TTrraaddee -- DDeeffiinniittiioonn
International trade involves the
exchange of goods or services between
nations.
This is described in terms of
– EExxppoorrttss:: tthhee ggooooddss aanndd sseerrvviicceess ssoolldd iinn ffoorreeiiggnn
mmaarrkkeettss..
– IImmppoorrttss:: tthhee ggooooddss oorr sseerrvviicceess bboouugghhtt ffrroomm
ffoorreeiiggnn pprroodduucceerrss..
3. FFrreeee TTrraaddee vvss.. TTrraaddee BBaarrrriieerrss
Nations can trade freely with each other
or there are trade barriers.
– Free Trade: Nothing gets in the way from
two nations trading with each other.
– Trade Barriers: Trade is difficult because
the barriers get in the way.
There are costs and benefits related to
free trade as well as trade barriers.
6. FFrreeee TTrraaddee -- CCoossttss
The domestic country can lose money
because more people are buying foreign
goods
– Example: In the U.S., people might want to buy a
foreign automobile like a Honda or Toyota instead
of an American made car.
Less money will go into the domestic market
place and this can cause factories to be
closed and jobs to be eliminated.
7. TTrraaddee BBaarrrriieerrss –– TThhrreeee TTyyppeess
Trade barriers are things that hinder or get in
the way of trading.
They can be cultural, physical , or economic.
– Cultural barriers: language,
currency, belief system.
– Physical barriers: mountains, deserts,
canyons,etc.
• Example: The Alps Mountains in Europe
– Economic barriers: government rules that
restrict, block or discourage international trade
between countries. (tariff, quota, embargo)
8. TTrraaddee BBaarrrriieerrss -- EEccoonnoommiicc
The most common trade restrictions
are:
– tariffs--which are taxes on imports.
– quotas--which are limits on the quantity
that can be imported.
– embargos--which are a complete trade
block usually for political purposes.
11. EEmmbbaarrggooss
Embargos are government orders
which completely prohibits trade with
another country.
If necessary, the military actually sets
up a blockade to prevent movement of
merchant ships into and out of shipping
ports.
12. EEmmbbaarrggooss
The embargo is the harshest type of trade
barrier and is usually enacted for political
purposes to hurt a country economically and
thus undermine the political leaders in
charge.
– EXAMPLE: the United Kingdom has placed an
embargo on a Chinese toy-making company
because they were using lead-based paint in their
toys. UK no longer trades with this company.
– EXAMPLE 2: US placed an embargo on Cuba
after the Cuban Missile Crisis (still in effect today).
13. TTrraaddee BBaarrrriieerrss -- BBeenneeffiittss
Most barriers to trade are designed to prevent
imports from entering a country.
Trade barriers provide many benefits:
– protect homeland industries from competition
– protect jobs
– help provide extra income for the government.
– Increases the number of goods people can choose
from.
– Decreases the costs of these goods through
increased competition
14. TTrraaddee BBaarrrriieerrss -- CCoossttss
Tariffs increase the price of imported
goods.
Less competition from world markets
means there is an increase in the price.
The tax on imported goods is passed
along to the consumer so the price of
imported goods is higher.
