Trace Minerals in Poultry.pptx

› Need for trace minerals
› Physiological role of trace minerals
› Source trace minerals
› Absorption of trace minerals
› Trace mineral interactions during absorption
› Trace mineral requirement
› The need for organic trace minerals
› Organic and inorganic trace minerals
› Types of organic trace minerals

Need Of Trace Minerals
› Trace minerals play a vital role in various metabolic, enzymatic and biochemical
reactions leading to:
1. Better growth rate
2. Increased egg production
3. Improved feed efficiency
› Trace minerals have a very important role in the mechanism of nutrient circulation in
the animal organism.

Cont. …
› Deficiency or imbalance of any of these vital micronutrients results in:
1. Deficiency disease
2. Metabolic disorders
3. Poor growth rate
4. Low egg production
5. Low hatchability
6. Low feed efficiency

Physiological Role Of Trace Minerals
1. As part of larger organic molecules as;
– Iron is a part of hemoglobin and cytochrome.
– Iodine is a part of thyroxin.
2. As an essential accessory factors to enzymes;
– For example; copper, manganese, selenium, and zinc.

Cont. …
If any of these minerals is deficient, the functional activity
of the organic moiety requiring the presence of the mineral
will be decreased.

Zinc
Role Deficiency Symptoms
• Essential component of 200 Enzyme systems. • Poor semen quality.
• Major role in Immune system and certain
reproductive hormones.
• Retardation in growth
• Essential for proper sexual maturity and reproductive
capacity.
• Leg abnormality with long bones becoming shorter,
thickened and crooked.
• Hatched chicks are weak with skeletal deformities.
• Delayed feathering.

Manganese
• Activator of enzyme system in the metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acid.
• Retarded growth
• Plays a role in collagen formation, bone growth, urea
formation, eggshell formation and the function of the
immune system.
• Characteristic crippling leg deformity called perosis.
• Involved in enzymes related with oxidative
phosphorylation in mitochondria.
• Reduction in eggshell strength.
• Reduction in hatchability.

Cobalt
• Required for Vitamin B12 Synthesis. • Loss of appetite.
• Activation of enzymes. • High embryo mortality.
• Erythropoiesis. • Low hatchability.
• Synthesis of pyrimidine.

Copper
• It is a necessary component of number of enzymes
which function in increased structural strength,
elasticity of connective tissues and blood vessels.
• Anaemia.
• Helps in the maturation of erythrocytes. • Enlarged heart .
• Fragile bones.
• Leg weakness.

Iron
• Constituent of haemoglobin and myoglobin for oxygen
transport and cellular use.
• Depigmentation of feathers.
• Component of many enzymes containing protein such
as cytochrome C, peroxidase, catalase etc.
• Stunted growth.
• Hypochromic microcytic anaemia.
• Heart hypertrophy.

Magnesium
• Essential constituent of bones. • Rapid decrease in egg production.
• Activator of various enzyme systems those concerned
with the transfer of phosphate from ATP to ADP and
metal enzyme complexes.
• Reduced mobilization of magnesium from skeletal
systems.

Selenium
• Functions as Antioxidant. • Stunted growth.
• Protection of unsaturated tissue lipids against
peroxidation.
• Exudative diathesis.
• Poor feather development.
• Degeneration of pancreas.

Iodine
• It is required for synthesis of thyroid hormone,
thyroxin, which regulates the rate of metabolism.
• Increase in the size of thyroid gland called goitre.
• Regulates rate of cellular oxidation. • Retention of yolk in the hatched chicks.
• Regulates neuromuscular functions. • Lower hatchability

Molybdenum
• Constituent of enzyme Xanthine oxidase involved in
the metabolism of purines.
• Retarded growth.
• Synthesis of haemoglobin. • Copper Poisoning.

Source Trace Mineral
The requirements for trace minerals are often fulfilled
by concentrations present in conventional feed
ingredients.

Source Trace Mineral
› Soils vary in their content of trace minerals, and
plants vary in their uptake of minerals.
› Consequently, feedstuffs grown in certain
geographic areas may be marginal or deficient in
specific elements.
› Thus, poultry diets may require supplementation to
ensure adequate intake of trace minerals.

Absorption Of Trace Minerals
1. Trace minerals are usually supplemented in inorganic salts.
2. They get dissociated after entering the digestive system.
3. The free metal ion first gets attached to an organic molecule or escort.

Cont. …
› Trace minerals will not be absorbed in cases of:
1. Antagonistic reactions of ingredients in the animal digestive system.
2. If minerals are not able to find an escort, there are limited ligand /escort availability.
› The unabsorbed minerals would be excreted.

Trace Mineral Interactions During Absorption
› Many interactions occur between various minerals such as:
1. Copper and molybdenum
2. Selenium and mercury
3. Calcium and zinc
4. Calcium and manganese
› Excessive concentrations of one element may result in a deficiency in the amount
available to the bird of some other element.

Cont. …
Trace Mineral Minerals interfering with absorption
Zinc Copper Calcium Iron Cadmium
Manganese Magnesium Phosphorus Calcium Iron Potassium Cobalt
Cobalt Manganese Zinc Iodine Iron
Copper Sulfur Zinc Iron Molybdenum
Iron Manganese Zinc Phosphorus Cadmium Cobalt
Iodine High dietary nitrites
Selenium Cadmium Zinc Mercury Lead Copper Sulfur

Cont. …
› Formulators of poultry diets should be aware of;
1. The possible mineral interactions
2. The potential effects of chemical form (cation-anion combination) of mineral sources may have
on their utilization by poultry .

Cont. …
The balance between dietary minerals
is:
Bioavailable
concentrations
Animal
requirements

Cont. …
› Supplementation of minerals to animals above the requirements / needs is also a
common practice as a safety margin to prevent any likelihood of deficiencies.
Note
› If one mineral is supplemented in feed ingredients at levels higher than the need of
animal it may negatively affect the availability of other minerals.

Trace Mineral Requirement
› The requirement of micronutrients differs between broilers and layers according to
their activities;
1. Broilers are expected to grow fast in a very short duration.
2. Layers are slow growing birds with a productive lifespan of 72 weeks.
3. Broilers are expected to put on weight rapidly.
4. Layers are expected to remain lean to produce eggs.

Cont. …
› There is no definite ratio between different trace mineral requirements for these two
categories.
› If we assume the example of Iron and Copper;
– Iron requirement in layers is high than that of broilers.
– Copper requirement is just opposite, i.e requirement of copper is low in layers as
compared to broilers.

Requirements Of Trace Minerals For Broiler
Minerals NRC 1994 Leeson Std. Techna France
All values are in mg/Kg of feed
Iron (mg) 80 80 28.8
Iodine (mg) 0.35 0.4 2.7
Copper (mg) 8 10 22.5
Manganese (mg) 60 70 81
Zinc (mg) 40 80 81
Selenium (mg) 0.15 0.3 0.4

Requirements Of Trace Minerals
For Broiler Breeders
Avian Cobb 100 Ross Hybro Hubbard Average Values
Iron (mg) 30 80 80 60 50 60
Iodine (mg) 0.75 2- 1.2 1 1.24
Copper (mg) 3 15 8 14 10 10
Manganese (mg) 100 100 100 120 60 96
Zinc (mg) 80 60 80 100 70 78
Selenium (mg) 0.3 0.225 0.15 0.25 0.2 0.225

For Layers
Minerals NRC 1994 Leeson Std. Techna France
Iron (mg) 60 80 48.3
Iodine (mg) 0.35 0.4 0.8
Copper (mg) 4 8 5
Manganese (mg) 30 70 65
Zinc (mg) 35 60 55
Selenium (mg) 0.1 0.3 0.25

For Layer Breeders
Minerals Babcock Bovans Hyline Average Values
Iron (mg) 20 35 50 35
Iodine (mg) 0.3 1 0.5 0.6
Copper (mg) 5 10 8 7.66
Manganese (mg) 35 70 65 56.66
Zinc (mg) 35 70 65 56.66
Selenium (mg) 0.3 0.25 0.15 0.23

The Need for Organic Trace Minerals
› Modern poultry production considers birds as a sophisticated machine, expected to
be highly performing.
› This extremely efficient performances require a close examination of the nutritional
profile of diets in which trace minerals are of particular interest especially in high
producing animals.

Different Salts Available
For Inorganic Trace Minerals
Mineral Salt
Zinc Zinc carbonate
Zinc sulphate
7 H2O
Zinc oxide Zinc chloride Zinc sulpahte
1 H2O
Manganese Manganese carbonate
Manganese chloride
2 H2O
Manganous oxide
Manganese sulphate
4 H2O
Cobalt Cobalt carbonate
Cobalt sulphate
7 H2O
Cobalt oxide
Cobalt chloride
6 H2O
Copper Copperous chloride Copper oxide Copper sulphate
Copper sulpahte
5 H2O
Iodine Calcium Iodate Potassium Iodate Potassium Iodide Sodium Iodide
Iron Iron carbonate Ferrous chloride 4H2O Iron sulphate
Ferrous Sulphate
7 H2O
Ferric citrate
Selenium Sodium selenite Selenium phosphate

Organic and Inorganic Trace Minerals
› Inorganic sources of trace minerals are
efficiently absorbed and utilized up to a point.
› Beyond a certain level, inorganic
supplementation of trace minerals does not
evoke a positive response and may in fact
hamper performance.

Organic and Inorganic Trace Minerals
› So, beyond a certain level of supplementation, organic
forms of the essential trace minerals should be
incorporated in a ration in order to maximize animal
performance.

Cont. …
The beneficial effect of Organic Trace minerals over inorganic was shown in a study in
India conducted by Ganpule and Koshy, 2002;

Effect of Independent supplementation of Micro Nutrients
on Broiler breeder Performance (47-67 Weeks of age)
Parameters Inorganic 120% of inorganic Organic
Broken Eggs % 1.63 1.74 1.91
Fertility % 88.59 88.49 89
% Embryonic Mortality 4.95 5.12 4.99
% Cull Chicks 1.63 1.72 1.62
Chicks per Breeder 62.58 61.75 65.51

Advantages of Organic Trace Minerals
1. Lower inoculation rate
– Providing supplemental trace mineral sources that are readily bioavailable to the
animal will allow for a lower inclusion rate in the diet and thus minimize mineral
losses in animal excreta.
2. Environmental safety
– However in the future, if regulations are placed on the amount of certain trace
minerals that can appear in animal excreta, organic trace minerals may become
more widely used.

Cont. …
3. Increased bioavailability
– Complexed trace minerals have increased bioavailability when compared to
inorganic trace minerals.
4. Superior metabolic activity
– Complexed trace minerals have been shown to exhibit superior metabolic
activity and to enhance animal performance.

Disadvantages of Organic Trace Minerals
1. High cost
– Use of organic trace minerals has been limited because of their high cost relative to inorganic
sources.

Types Of Organic Trace Minerals
› There are many chemical and structural differences between various types of
organic trace minerals used in livestock diets.
› Bioavailability differs between trace mineral sources.

Cont. …
› There are 6 categories of organic trace minerals as defined by the Association of
American Feed Control Officials;
1. Metal (specific amino acid) complex
2. Metal amino acid complex
3. Metal proteinate
4. Metal amino acid chelate
5. Metal polysaccharide
6. Metal organic acid

1- Metal (Specific Amino Acid) Complex
› It is the most noted and researched category of these is the metal (specific amino
acid) complexes.
› This is a very consistent and defined molecule with a specific chemical structure.
› Examples of this type of organic trace mineral would be:
1. Zinc methionine
2. Manganese methionine
3. Copper lysine
4. Iron methionine

2- Metal Amino Acid Complexes
› They are very similar to the metal (specific amino acid) complexes.
› The only difference between them is that “the amino acid is not specified in this
group”
– The metal is still complexed to an amino acids, but that the amino acids are not specified.

Cont. …
Note
› Individual amino acids will have the ability to donate electrons from both the nitrogen
and oxygen atoms.
› By utilizing only individual amino acids, the total molecular weight of the complex is
kept low.

3- Metal Protienate
Manufacturing process;
1. An incomplete digestion of a protein source.
2. Then, this incomplete digestion process yields varying lengths of peptide chains.
3. Then, this peptide chain is exposed to either a single metal or several metal atoms
at once.
Note;
› Metal proteinates are less consistent and vary in production and research results.

4- Metal Chelates
› Metal chelates are the same as proteinates except that there is a maximum
molecular weight that is given to chelates, 800 daltons.
› The metal to amino acid ration is 1: 1 up to 1: 3
– Thus accounting for the increased molecular weight of chelates compared to complexes.
– Increasing ligand size decreases bond strength and may reduce absorption.

5- Metal Polysaccharides
› They result from mixing a soluble metal salt with a polysaccharide solution.
› The polysaccharide matrix envelops the trace mineral and may provide some
physical protection from gut degradation.

6- Metal Organic Acid Salts
› They are highly soluble forms of organic acids.
› They dissolve and rapidly dissociate in the digestive tract of the animal.
› They don’t offer any improvement over inorganic sources.

Contact us on;
ossama.motawae@eurekaeg.com
+201023985680

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