1. Sources, RDA, Biochemical Functions
& Clinical Significance of
MANGANESE, COPPER AND
ZINC
Dr. Muhammad Afzal Alvi
MBBS, M.Phil (Biochemistry)
PhD Scholar
Assistant Professor
3. Conti….
• Iron
• Types of iron in the body
• Significance of iron
• RDA of iron
• Sources of iron
• Storage forms of iron
• Clinical significance if iron
• Iodine
• Importance of iodide
• RDA and sources of iodine
• Clinical significance of iodine
4.
5. Conti….
• Copper
• Biological importance of copper
• Sources of copper
• RDA of cooper
• Clinical significance of copper
• Zinc, biological importance
• Clinical significance
• Manganese , its importance, sources and clinical
significance
7. • Total body copper is about 100 mg.
• It is present in all tissues.
• The highest concentrations are found in liver, kidney,
• Significant amount in cardiac and skeletal muscle & in
bone.
8. Copper Roles in the Body
• Serves as a constituent of several enzymes.
• Involve reactions that consume oxygen or oxygen
radicals
• Copper-containing enzymes catalyze the oxidation
of ferrous iron to ferric iron, which allows iron to
bind to transferrin
9. • Copper- and zinc-containing enzymes participate
in the body’s natural defense against the oxidative
damage of free radicals.
• Copper enzymes help to manufacture collagen,
inactivate histamine, and degrade serotonin.
12. Metabolism
• Absorbed from upper small intestine.
• Absorbed copper is transported to the liver bound
to albumin & exported to peripheral tissues.
13. • Metallothionein is a family of cysteine-rich
transport protein that facilitates copper absorption.
14. DEFICIENCY
Copper deficiency is caused by malnutrition,
malabsorption & nephrotic syndrome (increased loss)
Clinical features:
• Neutropaenia (decreased number of neutrophils)
• Hypochromic anemia in the early stages.
15. • Osteoporosis & various bone & joint abnormalities,
due to impairment in copper-dependent cross-
linking of bone collagen and connective tissue.
• Decreased pigmentation of skin due to depressed
copper dependent tyrosine kinase activity.
18. • Zinc is a versatile trace element
• Required as a cofactor by more than 100 enzymes.
• Virtually all cells contain zinc,
• But the highest concentrations are found in muscle
and bone
19. Zinc Roles in the Body
• Zinc supports the work of numerous proteins in the
body, such as the metalloenzymes.
• Stabilizes cell membranes, helping to strengthen
their defense against free-radical attacks
20. • Participates in the synthesis, storage, and release of
the hormone insulin in the pancreas.
• Zinc interacts with platelets in blood clotting.
21. • Needed to produce the active form of vitamin A
(retinal) in visual pigments and the retinol-binding
protein that transports vitamin A
• It is essential to normal taste perception, wound
healing, sperm production, and fetal development
24. Enteropancreatic Circulation of Zinc
• Some zinc from food is absorbed by the small
intestine and sent to the pancreas to be
incorporated into digestive enzymes that return to
the small intestine.
29. • Zinc deficiency hinders digestion and absorption,
causing diarrhea
• It also impairs the immune response, making
infections likely—among them, GI tract infections
30. • Chronic zinc deficiency damages the central
nervous system
• May lead to poor motor development and cognitive
performance.
• Zinc deficiency directly impairs vitamin a
metabolism, vitamin a–deficiency symptoms often
appear.
31. Toxicity symptoms
• High doses (more than 50 milligrams) of zinc may
cause
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• Headaches
• exhaustion
34. Manganese
• The human body contains a tiny 20 milligrams of
manganese.
• Found in the bones and metabolically active organs
such as the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.
35. Manganese Roles in the Body
• Cofactor for many enzymes
• Facilitate the metabolism of carbohydrate, lipids, and
amino acids.
• Manganese-containing metalloenzymes assist in bone
formation
• The conversion of pyruvate to a TCA cycle compound
39. Manganese Deficiency
• Manganese requirements are low,
• Many plant foods contain significant amounts of
this trace mineral, so deficiencies are rare.
40. Manganese Toxicity
• Toxicity is more likely to occur from an environment
contaminated with manganese than from dietary
intake